Portal:Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Bosnia and Herzegovina, often referred to as Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. Situated on the Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest, with a 20-kilometre-long (12-mile) coast on the Adriatic Sea in the south. Bosnia has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. Its geography is largely mountainous, particularly in the central and eastern regions, which are dominated by the Dinaric Alps. Herzegovina, the smaller, southern region, has a Mediterranean climate and is mostly mountainous. Sarajevo is the capital and the largest city.

The area has been inhabited since at least the Upper Palaeolithic, with permanent human settlement traced to the Neolithic cultures of Butmir, Kakanj, and Vučedol. After the arrival of the first Indo-Europeans, the area was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilisations. Most of modern Bosnia was incorporated into the Roman province of Dalmatia by the mid-first century BCE. The ancestors of the modern South Slavic peoples arrived between the sixth and ninth centuries. In the 12th century, the Banate of Bosnia was established as the first independent Bosnian polity. It gradually evolved and expanded into the Kingdom of Bosnia, which became the most powerful state in the western Balkans by the 14th century. The Ottoman Empire annexed the region in 1463 and introduced Islam. From the late 19th century until World War I, the country was under Austro-Hungarian rule. In the interwar period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After World War II, it was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1992, following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the republic proclaimed independence. This was followed by the Bosnian War, which lasted until late 1995 and ended with the signing of the Dayton Agreement.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has around 3.4 million inhabitants, composed chiefly of three main ethnic groups: Bosniaks, who form one half of the population, followed by Serbs at one-third and Croats at one-sixth; minorities include Jews, Roma, Albanians, Montenegrins, Ukrainians and Turks, who are among 17 recognized "national minorities". Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a presidency made up of one member from each of the three major ethnic groups (directorial system). The central government's power is minimal, as the country is largely decentralised; it consists of two highly autonomous confederal entities—the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska—and a third unit, the Brčko District, nominally under joint control, albeit governed by its own local government.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a developing country and an upper-middle income economy, dominated by industry and agriculture, followed by tourism and services; tourism has increased significantly in recent years. The country has a social security and universal healthcare system, while primary and secondary education is free. It is a member of the United Nations, Council of Europe, OSCE, CEFTA, and is also a founding member of the SEECP. Bosnia and Herzegovina has been an EU candidate country since 2022, and a NATO membership candidate since 2010. (Full article...)

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The Bijeljina massacre involved the killing of civilians by Serb paramilitary groups in Bijeljina on 1–2 April 1992 in the run-up to the Bosnian War. The majority of those killed were Bosnian Muslims. Members of other ethnicities were also killed, as well as Serbs deemed disloyal by the local authorities. The killings were committed by a local paramilitary group known as Mirko's Chetniks and by the Serb Volunteer Guard (SDG, also known as Arkan's Tigers), a Serbia-based paramilitary group led by Željko "Arkan" Ražnatović. The SDG were under the command of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), which was controlled by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević.

In September 1991, Bosnian Serbs had proclaimed a Serbian Autonomous Oblast with Bijeljina as its capital. In March 1992, the Bosnian referendum on independence was passed with overwhelming support from Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats. However, Bosnian Serbs either boycotted it or were prevented from voting by Bosnian Serb authorities.^{[citation needed]} A poorly organised, local Bosnian Muslim Patriotic League paramilitary group had been established in response to the Bosnian Serb proclamation. On 31 March, the Patriotic League in Bijeljina was provoked into fighting by local Serbs and the SDG. On 1–2 April, the SDG and the JNA took over Bijeljina with little resistance; murders, rapes, house searches, and pillaging followed. These actions were described as genocidal by the historian Professor Eric D. Weitz of the City College of New York. Professor Michael Sells of the University of Chicago concluded that they were carried out to erase the cultural history of the Bosnian Muslim people of Bijeljina. (Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various Bosnia and Herzegovina-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1BHRT headquarters in Sarajevo (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 2Estimated development of real GDP per capita of Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 1952 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 3The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 4Gimnazija Mostar in Mostar (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 5The University of Sarajevo's Faculty of Law (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 6Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), Republika Srpska (RS) and Brčko District (BD) (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 7The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, 28 June 1914 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 8Počitelj Citadel in Čapljina, built by King Tvrtko I of Bosnia in 1383. (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 9Ledger stone to Queen Catherine of Bosnia, the last queen of the House of Kosača. (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 10Administrative division of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina. (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 11Bosnia and Herzegovina's flag while part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 12Ban Kulin stone engraving with Bosnian Cyrillic (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 13People of Sarajevo in 1883 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 14The Bosnia Eyalet in 1683 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 15The Avaz Twist Tower in Sarajevo, the tallest building in Bosnia and Herzegovina (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 16Ottoman Bosnia - flag from 1878 (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 17Sarajevo City Hall (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 18Bosnian ćevapi with onions in a somun. (from Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 19Ivo Andrić with his wife Milica, upon learning he had won the Nobel Prize in Literature (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 20Ethnic structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina by municipalities in 2013, Green for Bosniaks, Orange for Croats and Blue for Serbs (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 21Kingdom of Bosnia 1377-1463 (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 22Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina during Habsburg times. (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 23Bosnian meat platter that contains, among other things, ćevapi, which is considered the national dish of Bosnia and Herzegovina (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 24Austro-Hungarian troops enter Sarajevo, 1878 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 25Vedran Smailović, the cellist of Sarajevo. (from Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 26The railway bridge over the Neretva River in Jablanica, twice destroyed during the 1943 Operation Weiss offensive (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 27Eternal flame memorial to military and civilian World War II victims in Sarajevo (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 28The Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium in Sarajevo hosted the opening ceremony of the 1984 Winter Olympics (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 29Edin Džeko playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2015 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 30The Mostar Bridge was commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1557 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 31Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team, 2016 (from Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 32Bosniaks dancing a traditional kolo (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 33"Keep/Protect Yugoslavia" (Čuvajte Jugoslaviju), a variant of the alleged last words of King Alexander, in an illustration of Yugoslav peoples dancing the kolo. (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 34The Banate in 1373, shortly before its elevation to kingdom (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 35Bosnian and Herzegovinian Partisans flag (1941-1945) (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 36"Keep/Protect Yugoslavia" (Čuvajte Jugoslaviju), a variant of the alleged last words of King Alexander I, in an illustration of Yugoslav peoples dancing the kolo (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 37The Jahorina Ski Resort, a 1984 Winter Olympics venue, is the biggest and most popular ski resort in Bosnia and Herzegovina (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 38Iron Age cult carriage from Banjani, near Sokolac (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 392nd c. Roman glass from Bosanski Novi (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 40UN troops in front of the Executive Council Building, burned after being struck by tank fire during the siege of Sarajevo, 1995 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 41Hval's Codex, illustrated Slavic manuscript from medieval Bosnia (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 42Serbs from Bosanska Krajina in traditional clothing (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 43Territorial evolution of the Bosnian Kingdom (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 44Željko Komšić, Croat member of the Bosnian Presidency, and Hillary Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State, 13 December 2011 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 45Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 46Coat of arms of the Banate of Bosnia (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 47A lamb roast and "kolo" (circle) dancing - Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1895 (from Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 48Tuzla government building burning after anti-government clashes on 7 February 2014 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 49Tuzla government building burning after anti-government clashes on 7 February 2014 (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 50Bosnia in the Middle Ages spanning the Banate of Bosnia and the succeeding Kingdom of Bosnia (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 51The Herzegovina Uprising of 1875–77 (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 52Sarajevo International Airport (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 53The Emperor's Mosque is the first mosque to be built (1457) after the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia. (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 54Alija Izetbegović during his visit to the United States in 1997. (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 55Coat of Arms of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 56Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 57Bosnia within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), 1942 (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 58Mogorjelo, an ancient Roman suburban Villa Rustica from the 4th century, near Čapljina (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 59Dissolution of Yugoslavia (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 60Illustration from the French magazine Le Petit Journal on the Bosnian Crisis: Bulgaria declares its independence and its prince Ferdinand is named Tsar, Austria-Hungary, in the person of Franz Joseph, annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II looks on helplessly (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Image 61Stećci from Radimlja, near Stolac (13th century) (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)

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...that linguist Asim Peco was an expert in the language of eastern Herzegovina?

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Princip in his prison cell on 4 July 1914

Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип, pronounced [ɡǎʋrilo prǐnt͡sip]; 25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. The assassination set off the July Crisis, a series of events that within one month led to the outbreak of World War I.

Princip was born in western Bosnia to a poor Serb family. Aged 13, he was sent to Sarajevo, the capital of Austrian-occupied Bosnia, to study at the Merchants' School. He later transferred to the gymnasium, where he became politically aware. In 1911, he joined Young Bosnia, a secret local society aiming to free Bosnia from Austrian rule and achieve the unification of the South Slavs. After attending anti-Austrian demonstrations in Sarajevo, he was expelled from school and walked to Belgrade, Serbia, to continue his education. During the First Balkan War, Princip traveled to Southern Serbia to volunteer with the Serbian army's irregular forces fighting against the Ottoman Empire but was rejected for being too small and weak. (Full article...)

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Did you know (auto-generated)

... that Ivan Ančić was the first Bosnian Franciscan to use the Latin script to write in his native language?
... that swimmer Anja Margetić refused to participate at the Mediterranean Games after learning she would not be able to compete under the flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina?
... that weightlifter Mehmed Skender was manning a machine gun when asked to join Bosnia and Herzegovina's first Olympic team?
... that the May 1995 Pale air strikes during the Bosnian War were the first offensive operations carried out by the Spanish Air Force since 1957?
... that Miroslav Kvočka was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity against non-Serb detainees in the Omarska concentration camp during the Bosnian War?
... that Bosnian sitting volleyball players Sabahudin Delalić, Ismet Godinjak, Adnan Manko, Asim Medić, and Dževad Hamzić have won medals at every Paralympics this century?

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This is a list of recognized content, updated weekly by JL-Bot (talk · contribs) (typically on Saturdays). There is no need to edit the list yourself. If an article is missing from the list, make sure it is tagged (e.g. {{WikiProject Bosnia and Herzegovina}}) or categorized correctly and wait for the next update. See WP:RECOG for configuration options.