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  • v
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Theresa May
  • Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2016–2019)
  • Leader of the Conservative Party (2016–2019)
  • Home Secretary (2010–2016)
  • MP for Maidenhead (1997–2024)
Home Secretary
  • National Crime Agency
  • Draft Communications Data Bill
  • Investigatory Powers Bill
  • Policing and Crime Bill 2016
  • Police and crime commissioners
  • Home Office hostile environment policy
  • Operation Yewtree
  • Murder of Jo Cox
Premiership
  • First ministry
  • Second ministry
    • Conservative–DUP agreement
    • list of resignations
    • 2018 cabinet reshuffle
    • 2018 Conservative Party vote of no confidence
  • International trips
  • Boris Johnson as Foreign Secretary
  • Jeremy Hunt's tenure as Health Secretary
  • Brexit
    • Article 50 invocation
    • negotiations
    • European Union (Withdrawal) Bill 2019
    • Chequers plan
    • Irish backstop
    • Brexit withdrawal agreement
    • meaningful vote
    • European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020
    • vote of confidence
  • Windrush scandal
  • 2019 state visit by Donald Trump to the United Kingdom
  • Resignation Honours
Politics
  • Electoral history
  • Conservative Party
  • One-nation conservatism
Elections
  • 2016 (party leadership)
  • 2017 (local)
  • 2017 (general)
  • 2018 (local)
  • 2019 (local)
  • 2019 (European)
Family
  • Philip May (husband)
Slogans
  • "Strong and stable"
  • "Brexit means Brexit"
See also
  • "Running through fields of wheat"
  • The Abuse of Power
  • ← David Cameron
  • Boris Johnson →

  • Category
  • v
  • t
  • e
David Cameron
  • Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2010–2016)
  • Foreign Secretary (2023–2024)
  • Leader of the Opposition (2005–2010)
  • Leader of the Conservative Party (2005–2016)
  • MP for Witney (2001–2016)
Premiership
  • Cameron–Clegg coalition
  • Second Cameron ministry
  • 2010 coalition negotiations
  • Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement
  • Nick Clegg's tenure as Deputy Prime Minister
  • Chancellorship of George Osborne
    • Austerity programme
    • 2010 budget
    • 2011 budget
    • 2012 budget
    • 2013 budget
    • 2014 budget
    • March 2015 budget
    • July 2015 budget
    • 2016 budget
  • Theresa May's tenure as Home Secretary
  • Iain Duncan Smith's tenure as Work and Pensions Secretary
  • Michael Gove's tenure as Education Secretary
  • Jeremy Hunt's tenure as Health Secretary
  • Big Society
  • Muscular liberalism
  • Project Merlin
  • Austerity programme
  • Cash for Access scandal
  • 2012 cabinet reshuffle
  • 2014 cabinet reshuffle
  • 2016 EU referendum
  • Resignation Honours
  • Piggate
  • 2012 Ecuador diplomatic crisis
  • International trips
  • State visit by Barack Obama to the United Kingdom
Foreign Secretary
  • November 2023 British cabinet reshuffle
  • International trips
Politics
  • Political positions
  • Shadow Cabinet
    • Opposition frontbench
  • Witney
  • The A-List
  • Cameron Cutie
  • Our Society, Your Life
  • Greensill scandal
Electoral history
  • 2005 (party leadership)
  • 2006 (local)
  • 2007 (local)
  • 2008 (local)
  • 2009 (local)
  • 2009 (European)
  • 2010 (local)
  • 2010 (general)
  • 2011 (local)
  • 2012 (local)
  • 2013 (local)
  • 2014 (local)
  • 2014 (European)
  • 2015 (general)
  • 2015 (local)
  • 2016 (local)
Family
  • Samantha Cameron (wife)
  • Alexander Cameron (brother)
  • Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet (grandfather)
Public image
  • 1987 Bullingdon Club photograph
  • Notting Hill set (2004)
  • Dave the Chameleon (2006)
  • WebCameron (2006)
  • Make Me a Tory (2007)
  • The Trial of Tony Blair (2007)
  • Headcases (2008 TV series)
  • When Boris Met Dave (2009)
  • The Cobra (2010 novel)
  • Friends (2010)
  • Britain's Economy: Cameron and Clegg Face the Audience (2010)
  • Chipping Norton set (2010)
  • The Audience (2013 play)
  • Coalition (2015)
  • Cameron's Coup (2015)
  • Call Me Dave (2015)
  • Newzoids (2015–2016 TV series)
  • Brexit: The Uncivil War (2019)
  • For the Record (2019)
  • ← Gordon Brown
  • Theresa May →

  • Category
  • v
  • t
  • e
Gordon Brown
  • Chancellor of the Exchequer (1997–2007)
  • Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007–2010)
  • Leader of the Labour Party (2007–2010)
Politics
  • Blair–Brown deal
  • Chancellorship
    • Five economic tests
    • Financial Services Authority
    • 10p tax rate
    • Sale of UK gold reserves, 1999–2002
  • Premiership
  • International prime ministerial trips
  • Brown ministry
  • Electoral history
  • 2010 Dissolution Honours
  • We not only saved the world
  • Not flash, just Gordon
  • Post neoclassical endogenous growth theory
  • Dunfermline East
  • Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath
Ideology
  • Brownism
  • New Labour
  • Third Way
Elections
  • 2007 (Party leadership)
  • 2010 (General)
  • Post-election events
Shadow Cabinet elections
  • 1987
  • 1988
  • 1989
  • 1990
  • 1991
  • 1992
  • 1993
  • 1994
  • 1995
  • 1996
Publications
  • Courage: Eight Portraits (2007)
  • Britain's Everyday Heroes (2007)
  • The Change We Choose (2010)
  • Beyond the Crash (2010)
  • My Life, Our Times (2017)
In the media
  • Spitting Image (1984–1996 TV series)
  • The Deal (2003)
  • 2DTV (2001–2004 TV series)
  • The Trial of Tony Blair (2007)
  • Headcases (2008 TV series)
  • "Pinewood Derby" (2009)
  • The Hunt for Tony Blair (2011)
  • The Audience (2013 play)
  • Coalition (2015)
Family
  • Sarah Brown (wife)
  • Andrew Brown (brother)
  • ← Tony Blair
  • David Cameron →

  • Category
  • v
  • t
  • e
Tony Blair
  • Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997–2007)
  • Leader of the Labour Party (1994–2007)
  • Leader of the Opposition (1994–1997)
  • MP for Sedgefield (1983–2007)
Politics
  • New Labour, New Life for Britain
  • Premiership
  • Blair ministry
    • First, 1997–2001
    • Second, 2001–2005
    • Third, 2005–2007
  • Blair–Brown deal
  • Electoral history
  • Shadow Cabinet of Tony Blair
  • 1999 British cabinet reshuffle
  • Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo
  • State visit by George W. Bush to the United Kingdom
  • 2006 cabinet reshuffle
Ideology
  • Blairism
  • New Labour
  • Third Way
General elections
  • 1997
  • 2001
  • 2005
Party election
  • 1994
Shadow Cabinet elections
  • 1987
  • 1988
  • 1989
  • 1990
  • 1991
  • 1992
  • 1993
Post-premiership
  • 2007 Sedgefield by-election
  • Tony Blair Institute for Global Change
  • Quartet on the Middle East
  • Africa Progress Panel
  • Tony Blair Faith Foundation
  • Commission for Africa
Books
  • A Journey
Related topics
  • Ugly Rumours
  • Respect agenda
  • Blatcherism
  • Cool Britannia
  • Blair Babes
  • Tony's Cronies
  • Iraq Inquiry
  • People's princess
  • Hand of history
  • Tonibler
Family
  • Cherie Blair (wife)
  • Euan Blair (son)
  • Leo Blair (father)
  • Nicky Blair (son)
  • William Blair (brother)
  • ← John Major
  • Gordon Brown →
  •   Category
  • v
  • t
  • e
John Major
  • Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1990–1997)
  • Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1987–1989)
  • Foreign Secretary (1989)
  • Chancellor of the Exchequer (1989–1990)
Politics
  • Premiership
  • Major ministry
    • First, 1990–1992
    • Second, 1992–1997
  • Shadow Cabinet
  • One-nation conservatism
  • Huntingdonshire
  • Huntingdon
National
  • Budgets
    • 1991 budget
    • 1992 budget
    • March 1993 budget
    • November 1993 budget
    • 1994 budget
    • 1995 budget
    • 1996 budget
  • Citizen's Charter
    • Charter Mark
    • Cones Hotline
  • Early 1990s recession
  • Black Wednesday
  • National Lottery
  • Further and Higher Education Act 1992
  • Grant-maintained schools
  • Maastricht Rebels
  • 1993 Newbury by-election
  • Northern Ireland peace process
    • Downing Street mortar attack
    • Downing Street Declaration
  • 1993 reviews of the British honours system
  • Council Tax
  • Child Support Agency
  • 1993 vote of confidence
  • Back to Basics
  • Privatisation of British Rail
  • Criminal Justice and Public Order Act
  • 1995 Conservative Party leadership election
  • Cullen Report (Dunblane massacre)
  • Cash for Questions
    • Committee on Standards in Public Life
  • Arms-to-Iraq affair
    • Scott Report
  • United Kingdom BSE outbreak
  • Wirral South by-election
  • Resignation Honours
International
  • Gulf War
    • Iraqi no-fly zones
    • Sanctions against Iraq
  • Harare Declaration
  • Maastricht Treaty
  • Bosnian War
  • Operation Gabriel
General elections
  • 1992
  • 1997
European Parliament Election
  • 1994
Party elections
  • 1990
  • 1995
Books
  • John Major: The Autobiography (1999)
  • More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years (2007)
  • My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall (2012)
Family
  • Norma Major (wife)
  • Terry Major-Ball (brother)
  • Tom Major-Ball (father)
Cultural depictions
  • Thatcher: The Final Days (TV, 1991)
  • Independence Day UK (Radio, 1996)
  • Margaret (TV, 2009)
  • The Iron Lady (Film, 2011)
  • The Audience (Play, 2013)
  • The Crown season 5 (TV, 2022)
  • ← Margaret Thatcher
  • Tony Blair →
  • Category
  • v
  • t
  • e
Margaret Thatcher
  • Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990)
  • Leader of the Conservative Party (1975–1990)
  • MP for Finchley (1959–1992)
Member of Parliament
  • Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960)
  • Circular 10/70 (1970)
  • Shadow cabinet
  • "Britain Awake" (1976)
  • Vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)
Ideology
  • Thatcherism
  • Conservatism
  • Free market
  • Union democracy
Premiership
  • Ministers
    • Wets and dries
  • Cold War
    • 1st term
    • 2nd–3rd term
1st ministry
(1979–1983)
  • Budget (1979)
  • Budget (1980)
  • "The lady's not for turning" (1980)
  • Budget (1981)
    • Gang of 25
  • Irish hunger strike (1981)
  • Budget (1982)
  • Falklands War (1982)
    • "Rejoice"
    • Sinking of the ARA General Belgrano
    • Diana Gould exchange
    • "White flags over Port Stanley"
  • Budget (1983)
2nd ministry
(1983–1987)
  • Budget (1984)
  • Brighton hotel bombing (1984)
  • GCHQ trade union ban (1984)
    • CCSU case
  • Miners' strike (1984–85)
  • Budget (1985)
  • Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985)
  • Local Government Act (1985)
    • Rate-capping rebellion
  • Westland affair (1986)
  • Budget (1986)
  • Budget (1987)
3rd ministry
(1987–1990)
  • Budget (1988)
  • Broadcasting restrictions (1988)
  • "Sermon on the Mound" (1988)
  • Bruges speech (1988)
  • Budget (1989)
  • Ambulance strike (1989–90)
  • Community Charge (1989–90)
    • Poll tax riots
  • Budget (1990)
  • Gulf War (1990)
  • "No. No. No." (1990)
  • Geoffrey Howe's resignation speech (1990)
  • Resignation Honours (1990)
Party elections
  • 1975
  • 1989
  • 1990
General elections
  • 1979
  • 1983
  • 1987
Books
  • The Downing Street Years (1993 autobiography)
  • The Path to Power (1995 memoir)
  • Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World (2003)
Family
  • Denis Thatcher (husband)
    • Thatcher baronets
  • Mark Thatcher (son)
  • Carol Thatcher (daughter)
  • Alfred Roberts (father)
  • "We have become a grandmother" (1989)
Cultural depictions
Film and
television
  • Anyone for Denis? (1982 TV play)
  • Spitting Image (1984–1996 TV series)
  • The New Statesman (1987–1991 TV series)
  • Thatcher: The Final Days (1991 film)
  • The Falklands Play (2002 play)
  • Jeffrey Archer: The Truth (2002 TV film)
  • The Alan Clark Diaries (2004 TV series)
  • Pinochet in Suburbia (2006 docudrama)
  • The Long Walk to Finchley (2008 film)
  • Margaret (2009 film)
  • The Queen (2009 TV serial)
  • The Iron Lady (2011 film)
  • The Hunt for Tony Blair (2011 episode)
  • In Search of La Che (2011 film)
  • The Crown (2020 TV series)
  • Reagan (2024 film)
Plays
  • Handbagged (2010)
  • The Audience (2013)
Statues
  • London Guildhall (1998)
  • Palace of Westminster (2007)
  • Grantham (2022)
Paintings
  • Richard Stone portrait (2009)
Related
  • Blatcherism
  • Death and funeral
  • Honours
  • Thatchergate
  • ← James Callaghan
  • John Major →
  •  Category
  • v
  • t
  • e
James Callaghan
Premiership
  • 1976–1979
General elections
  • 1979
Referendums
  • 1979 Scottish devolution referendum
  • 1979 Welsh devolution referendum
Party elections
  • Deputy leadership 1960
  • Leadership 1963
  • Leadership 1976
Constituencies
  • Cardiff South
  • Cardiff South East
  • Cardiff South and Penarth
Family
  • Audrey Callaghan (wife)
  • Margaret Jay (daughter)
  • Peter Jay (son-in-law)
Cultural depictions
  • The Audience (Play, 2013)
Related articles
  • 1976 sterling crisis
  • Winter of Discontent
  • 1979 vote of no confidence
  • 1979 budget
  • Resignation Honours
  • Father of the House
  • ← Harold Wilson
  • Margaret Thatcher →
  • Category
  • v
  • t
  • e
Harold Wilson
Premierships
  • 1964–1970
  • 1974–1976
General elections
  • 1964
  • 1966
  • 1970
  • February 1974
  • October 1974
Party elections
  • 1960 leadership
  • 1962 deputy leadership
  • 1963 leadership
Shadow Cabinet elections
  • 1952
  • 1953
  • 1954
  • 1955
  • 1956
  • 1957
  • 1958
  • 1959
  • 1960
Referendum
  • 1975 European Communities membership
Constituencies
  • Ormskirk
  • Huyton
Resignation Honours
  • 1970
  • 1976
Family
  • Mary Wilson (wife)
  • Robin Wilson (son)
  • Harold Seddon (Uncle)
Media and popular culture
  • Mrs. Wilson's Diary
  • Yesterday's Men (TV documentary, 1971)
  • The Lavender List (TV, 2006)
  • Longford (TV, 2006)
  • Made in Dagenham (Film, 2010)
  • The Audience (Play, 2013)
  • The Crown (TV, 2019)
  • Stonehouse (TV, 2023)
Related articles
  • Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
  • Beira Patrol
  • D-notice affair
  • Gnomes of Zurich
  • Harold Wilson plot allegations
    • Clockwork Orange
  • Harry letters affair
  • In Place of Strife
  • Wilson Doctrine
  • Bibliography
  • Category
  • v
  • t
  • e
Edward Heath
Premiership
  • Heath ministry
  • Accession to the European Communities
    • European Communities Act 1972
  • Local Government Act 1972
  • 1972 miners' strike
    • Three-Day Week
Opposition leadership
  • Shadow cabinets
    • First
    • Second
  • Declaration of Perth
Elections
Party elections
  • 1965
  • 1975
General elections
  • 1966
  • 1970
  • February 1974
  • October 1974
Constituencies
  • Bexley
  • Sidcup
  • Old Bexley and Sidcup
Cultural depictions
  • Heathco Newsletter (Private Eye parody)
  • "Teach Yourself Heath" (Single, 1975)
  • The Long Walk to Finchley (TV film, 2008)
  • Margaret (TV film, 2009)
  • The Queen (TV serial, 2009)
  • The Iron Lady (Film, 2011)
  • The Crown
    • S3 E8: "Dangling Man"
    • S3 E9: "Imbroglio"
Related articles
  • Arundells
  • A Question of Europe
  • 1987 University of Oxford Chancellor election
  • Elm Guest House hoax
    • Operation Midland
    • Operation Whistle
  • Father of the House
  • Morning Cloud (yachts)
  • v
  • t
  • e
Alec Douglas-Home
Premiership
  • Ministry
  • 1964 general election
Constituencies
  • Lanark
  • Kinross and Western Perthshire
Family
  • Charles Douglas-Home, 13th Earl of Home (father)
  • Elizabeth Douglas-Home (wife)
  • William Douglas Home (brother)
  • David Douglas-Home, 15th Earl of Home (son)
  • Charles Douglas-Home (nephew)
See also
  • Earl of Home
  • The Hirsel
  • Peerage Act 1963
  • 1963 Kinross and Western Perthshire by-election
  • 1964 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
  • D'Oliveira affair
  • v
  • t
  • e
Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton
Constituencies
  • Stockton-on-Tees
  • Bromley
Family
  • Daniel MacMillan (grandfather)
  • Lady Dorothy Macmillan (wife)
  • Maurice Macmillan (son)
  • Alexander Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton (grandson)
  • Lady Caroline Faber (daughter)
  • Mark Faber (grandson)
  • David Faber (grandson)
  • Julian Amery (son-in-law)
  • Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire (brother-in-law)
Career
  • 1945 Bromley by-election
  • Macmillan government
    • US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
    • 1959 United Kingdom general election
    • Wind of Change speech
    • Night of the Long Knives
    • Beeching reports
    • Vassall affair
    • Profumo affair
    • Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Depictions
  • Supermac (1958 cartoon)
  • Never So Good (play, 2008)
  • The Crown (TV, 2017)
Related
  • Birch Grove
  • The Middle Way (1938)
  • 1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election
  • 1963 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
  • Earl of Stockton
  • Macmillan Publishers
  • St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes
  • v
  • t
  • e
Anthony Eden
Premiership
  • Eden ministry
  • 1955 general election
  • Suez Crisis
    • Operation Musketeer
Constituency
  • Warwick and Leamington
Family
  • Sir William Eden (father)
  • Beatrice Beckett (1st wife)
  • Clarissa Eden, nee Spencer-Churchill (2nd wife)
  • Nicholas Eden, 2nd Earl of Avon (son)
Cultural depictions
  • Edward & Mrs. Simpson (TV, 1978)
  • Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (TV, 1981)
  • The Queen (TV, 2009)
  • Upstairs Downstairs (TV, 2010)
  • The Audience (Play, 2013)
  • Churchill's Secret (TV, 2016)
  • The Crown (TV, 2016–2017)
  • Darkest Hour (Film, 2017)
See also
  • Earl of Avon
  • Eden baronets
  • Anthony Eden hat
  • Windlestone Hall
  • v
  • t
  • e
Winston Churchill
Life
  • Early life, 1874–1904
  • In politics, 1900–1939
    • Liberal Party, 1904–1924
    • Chancellor, 1924–1929
    • "Wilderness" years, 1929–1939
  • World War II, 1939–1945
  • Later life, 1945–1965
  • Electoral history
  • As a painter
  • As a writer
  • Racial views
  • His pets
  • Death and funeral
Ministries
  • Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945
    • timeline
    • conferences
  • Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945
  • Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955
Writings
  • The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898)
  • Savrola (1899 novel)
  • The River War (1899)
  • London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900)
  • Ian Hamilton's March (1900)
  • Lord Randolph Churchill (1906)
  • The World Crisis (1923–1931, five volumes)
  • My Early Life (1930)
  • Marlborough: His Life and Times (1933–1938, four volumes)
  • Great Contemporaries (1937)
  • Arms and the Covenant (1938)
  • "Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942)
  • The Second World War (1948–1953, six volumes)
  • A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–1958, four volumes)
  • Collected Works, 34 volumes, published 1973.
Speeches
  • "A total and unmitigated defeat"
  • "Blood, toil, tears and sweat"
  • "Be ye men of valour"
  • "We shall fight on the beaches"
  • "This was their finest hour"
  • "Never was so much owed by so many to so few"
  • "Iron Curtain"
Legacy and
depictions
  • Bibliography of Winston Churchill
  • Awards and honours
  • International Churchill Society
  • Churchill War Rooms and Museum
  • National Churchill Museum (Fulton, Missouri)
  • Churchill College, Cambridge
    • Churchill Archives Centre
  • Memorial Trusts
  • Schools and higher education (various)
  • Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario
    • others
  • Epstein busts
  • Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel
  • The Roaring Lion
  • Sutherland portrait
  • Cultural depictions
  • "Churchillian Drift"
Statues
  • London
    • Palace of Westminster
    • Parliament Square
    • Woodford
  • Halifax
  • Paris
  • Toronto
  • Washington, D.C.
Related
  • Blenheim Palace
  • Chartwell
  • Norway Debate
  • "Operation Unthinkable"
  • Political positions
  • Siege of Sidney Street
  • St Martin's Church, Bladon
  • "Sword of Stalingrad"
  • "Terminological inexactitude"
  • "The Other Club"
  • Tonypandy riots
  • 1940 British war cabinet crisis
  • Bengal famine of 1943
  • Honorary U.S. citizenship
Family
  • Clementine Churchill (wife)
  • Diana Churchill (daughter)
  • Randolph Churchill (son)
  • Sarah Churchill (daughter)
  • Marigold Churchill (daughter)
  • Mary Soames (daughter)
  • Winston Churchill (grandson)
  • Lord Randolph Churchill (father)
  • Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill (mother)
  • Jack Churchill (brother)
  • John Spencer-Churchill (grandfather)
  • Frances Spencer-Churchill (grandmother)
  • Leonard Jerome (grandfather)
  • v
  • t
  • e
Clement Attlee
Premiership
  • Attlee ministry
General elections
  • 1935
  • 1945
  • 1950
  • 1951
  • 1955
Constituencies
  • Limehouse
  • Walthamstow West
Career
  • Simon Commission
  • 1935 party leadership election
  • Norway Debate
  • Wartime coalition government
    • 1940 War cabinet crisis
  • Potsdam Conference
  • Gen 75 Committee
    • Operation Hurricane
  • National Insurance Act 1946
  • National Health Service Act 1946
  • Anglo-American loan
  • Partition of India
  • Tanganyika groundnut scheme
  • Agriculture Act 1947
  • Transport Act 1947
  • Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain
Family
  • Violet Attlee (wife)
  • Martin Attlee (son)
Cultural depictions
  • The Gathering Storm (TV, 1974)
  • Edward & Mrs. Simpson (TV, 1978)
  • Goodnight Sweetheart (TV, 1999)
  • Bertie and Elizabeth (TV, 2002)
  • Dunkirk (TV, 2004)
  • Into the Storm (TV, 2009)
  • The Crown (TV, 2016)
  • Darkest Hour (Film, 2017)
  • Red Joan (Film, 2018)
Related articles
  • Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
  • Earl Attlee
  • Honours
  • Toynbee Hall
  • 1950 Dissolution Honours
  • 1951 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
  • Category


Part of a series on
Brexit

Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union


Glossary of terms
Background
  • European Communities Act
  • 1975 EC membership referendum
  • UK rebate
  • Bruges speech
  • No. No. No.
  • Maastricht Treaty (Rebels)
  • Black Wednesday
  • Treaty of Lisbon (Act)
  • European Union Act 2011
  • UK opt-outs from EU legislation
  • Euroscepticism in the UK
    • UK opinion polling on EU membership
  • Campaigns for a referendum
    • People's Pledge
    • Labour for a Referendum
  • Bloomberg speech
  • In or Out
  • 2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill (unsuccessful)
  • 2014 European Parliament election
  • 2014 UK Parliament by-elections
    • Clacton
    • Heywood and Middleton
    • Rochester and Strood
  • 2015 UK general election
  • 2015–16 EU membership renegotiation
2016 referendum
  • EU Referendum Act (Gibraltar)
  • EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations
  • EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations
  • Issues
  • Endorsements
  • Opinion polling
  • UK Government pro-EU leaflet

Campaigns
Leave campaigns
  • Vote Leave (official)
    • Business for Britain
    • Conservatives for Britain
    • BeLeave
  • Leave.EU
    • Bpoplive
  • The Freedom Association
    • Better Off Out
  • Grassroots Out
  • Labour Leave
  • Get Britain Out
  • Bruges Group
  • Campaign for an Independent Britain
  • Brexit: The Movie
Remain campaigns
  • Britain Stronger in Europe (official)
  • Labour In for Britain
  • European Movement UK
  • Britain in Europe
  • British Influence
  • Business for New Europe
  • Nucleus
  • Project Fear

Outcome
  • Results
  • Causes for result
  • International reactions
  • Immediate aftermath
    • 2016 Conservative Party election
    • 2016 Labour Party election
    • 2016 UKIP election
    • Department for Exiting the EU
    • Department for International Trade
  • Allegations of unlawful campaigning
  • Alleged Russian interference
Notice of withdrawal
  • Article 50 process
  • Miller case (Article 50)
  • EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
  • Brexit plan
  • Repeal Bill plan
  • 2017 UK general election
Negotiations
  • Negotiation positions
    • EU negotiation mandate
    • Chequers agreement
  • Timeline: 2017, 2018, 2019
  • 2019 European Parliament election
  • 2019 UK general election
Withdrawal agreement
  • Brexit divorce bill
  • Fish for finance
  • Irish backstop
  • No-deal Brexit
  • Northern Ireland Protocol
    • Northern Ireland Protocol Bill
  • Windsor Framework
Legislation
  • Withdrawal Act 2018 (Gibraltar)
  • Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018
  • Cooper–Letwin Act
  • Benn Act
  • 2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs
  • Public Vote Bill (not passed)
  • Terms of Withdrawal Bills (not passed)
  • Scottish EU Continuity Bill (blocked)
  • Withdrawal Agreement Act (Gibraltar)
  • Scottish EU Continuity Act
  • Internal Market Act
  • EU (Future Relationship) Act
  • Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act
Impact
  • Impact on the Irish border
    • Good Friday Agreement
  • Impact on the EU
  • Economic effects
  • Effects on Gibraltar
  • Scientific cooperation
  • Effects on popular culture
  • Retained EU law
  • 2021 Jersey dispute
  • Boriswave
EU–UK relations
  • Relations pre- and post-Brexit
  • EU–UK trade negotiation
  • EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)
  • Partnership Council
  • Partnership Assembly

Relations with EU member states
  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • Bulgaria
  • Croatia
  • Cyprus
    • Akrotiri and Dhekelia
  • Czech Republic
  • Denmark
  • Estonia
  • Finland
  • France
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Hungary
  • Ireland
    • Ireland–UK border
    • British–Irish Council
    • North/South Ministerial Council
  • Italy
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Luxembourg
  • Malta
  • Netherlands
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Romania
  • Slovakia
  • Slovenia
  • Spain
    • Status of Gibraltar
    • Gibraltar–Spain border
  • Sweden

  • Conjectured EEA membership
Opposition
  • Post-referendum opinion polling
  • New initiatives
    • Change Britain
    • More United
    • Open Britain
    • The New European
    • Unite to Remain
  • Led By Donkeys
    • Revoke Article 50 petition
  • Postcards from the 48%
  • Proposed second Scottish independence referendum

Calls for a second referendum
  • People's Vote
    • Britain for Europe
    • European Movement UK
    • For our Future's Sake
    • Healthier IN the EU
    • InFacts
    • Open Britain
    • Our Future Our Choice
    • Scientists for EU
  • Other organisations
    • Best for Britain
    • Bollocks to Brexit
    • Change UK
    • Liberal Democrats
    • Right to Vote
Timeline
Bloomberg speech Jan 2013
Referendum Bill blockedJan 2014
European Parliament election May 2014
2015 general election May 2015
Renegotiation begins Jun 2015
Referendum Act passed Dec 2015
Renegotiation concluded Feb 2016
Referendum held Jun 2016
David Cameron resigns as PM Jul 2016
Theresa May becomes PM Jul 2016
Article 50 judgement Jan 2017
Brexit plan presentedFeb 2017
Notification Act passed Mar 2017
Article 50 invoked Mar 2017
Repeal Bill plan presentedMar 2017
2017 general election Jun 2017
Brexit negotiations begin Jun 2017
Withdrawal Act passedJun 2018
Chequers plan presented Jul 2018
Withdrawal agreement plan presented July 2018
Withdrawal agreement released Nov 2018
Scottish Continuity Bill blockedDec 2018
Meaningful votes Jan–Mar 2019
Brexit delayed until 12 April Mar 2019
Cooper–Letwin Act passed Apr 2019
Brexit delayed until 31 October Apr 2019
European Parliament election May 2019
Theresa May resigns as PM Jul 2019
Boris Johnson becomes PM Jul 2019
Prorogation and annulment Aug–Sep 2019
Benn Act passed Sep 2019
Withdrawal agreement revised Oct 2019
Brexit delayed until 31 January Oct 2019
2019 general election Dec 2019
Agreement Act passed Jan 2020
UK leaves the European Union Jan 2020
Implementation period begins Jan 2020
UK–EU trade deal agreed Dec 2020
Future Relationship Act passed Dec 2020
Scottish Continuity Act passed Dec 2020
Implementation period ends Dec 2020
New EU–UK relationship begins Jan 2021
UK–EU trade deal ratified Apr 2021
Windsor Framework released Feb 2023
Windsor framework adopted Mar 2023
  • flag EU portal
  • flag UK portal
  • v
  • t
  • e
  • v
  • t
  • e
2016 UK European Union Membership referendum and Brexit
  • Renegotiation
  • Referendum results
  • Invocation of Article 50
  • Negotiations
  • Withdrawal agreement
    • Northern Ireland protocol
  • Trade negotiation
  • Trade and Cooperation Agreement
  • Windsor Framework
  • Timeline
Referendum question
"Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?"
Referendum legislation
  • European Union Referendum Act 2015
    • Gibraltar
  • European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016
  • The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016
Background
Treaties
  • Rome
  • 1972 Accession Treaty
  • Single European Act
  • Maastricht
  • Amsterdam
  • Nice
  • European Constitution
  • Lisbon
  • UK opt-outs from EU legislation
Legislation
  • European Communities Act 1972
    • Amendments: 1986
    • 1993
    • 1998
    • 2002
    • 2008
    • 2011
  • European Economic Area Act 1993
Proposed bills
  • European Union Bill 2004–05
  • European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills
  • European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14
Elections
  • 2014 European Parliament election
  • 2015 general election
By-elections
  • 2014 Clacton
  • 2014 Heywood and Middleton
  • 2014 Rochester and Strood
Other
  • UK accession
  • 1973 EC enlargement
  • UK membership
  • 1975 EC membership referendum
  • UK rebate
  • Bruges speech
  • No. No. No.
  • Black Wednesday
  • EEA
  • Maastricht Rebels
  • The European Union: In or Out
  • Bloomberg speech
  • Russian interference
  • Balance of Competences Review
  • 2015–16 renegotiation
  • Euroscepticism in the UK
Campaign
  • Issues
  • Opinion polling
  • Endorsements
  • Project Fear
  • Unlawful campaigning allegations
  • Brexit: The Movie
  • Pro-EU leaflet
  • Breaking Point (UKIP poster)
Campaign
organisations
Remain
  • Britain Stronger in Europe (official campaign)
  • Labour In for Britain
Leave
  • Vote Leave (official campaign)
    • Vote Leave bus
  • Leave.EU
  • BeLeave
  • Grassroots Out
  • Labour Leave
  • Campaign for an Independent Britain
  • The Freedom Association
    • Better Off Out
  • Get Britain Out
  • Bruges Group
Aftermath of
referendum
Political party
leadership elections
  • Conservative
    • 2016
    • 2019
    • Scottish, February 2020
  • Labour
  • UKIP
Opposition to Brexit
  • Proposed second referendum
    • People's Vote
  • Petition to revoke Article 50
  • Led By Donkeys
  • Bollocks to Brexit
Elections
  • 2017 local
  • 2017 general
  • 2018 local
  • 2019 local
  • 2019 European Parliament
    • Brexit Party
  • 2019 general
By-elections
  • 2016 Witney
  • 2016 Richmond Park
  • 2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham
  • 2017 Copeland
  • 2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central
  • 2019 Peterborough
  • 2019 Brecon and Radnorshire
Other
  • International reactions
  • March to Leave
  • Brexit Alliance
  • Blue Collar Conservativism
  • Brexit Party
  • Independent Alliance for Reform
Brexit process
  • Miller I case
  • Invocation of Article 50
  • Negotiations
    • Brexit divorce bill
    • 2017
    • 2018
    • 2019
  • Withdrawal agreement
    • Parliamentary votes
  • No-deal Brexit
    • Operation Yellowhammer
  • Prorogation of Parliament
    • Miller II / Cherry case
  • Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU
    • Fish for finance
  • EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)
Impact of Brexit
and
potential effects
on Northern Ireland and
the Republic of Ireland
  • 2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation
  • Brexit and the Irish border
  • Northern Ireland Protocol
    • proposed changes
  • Irish Sea border
  • Windsor Framework
Other
  • on Gibraltar
  • on the EU
  • Science and technology
  • Economic effects
  • EU–UK relations after Brexit
  • Boriswave
Brexit legislation
White papers
  • Brexit plan
  • Repeal Bill plan
  • Chequers plan
  • Brexit withdrawal agreement plan
Enacted
  • Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017
  • Withdrawal Act 2018 (Gibraltar)
  • Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018
  • Cooper–Letwin Act
  • Benn Act
  • Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020 (Gibraltar)
  • Internal Market Act 2020
  • Future Relationship Act 2020
  • UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020
  • Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023
Proposed
  • Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills
  • UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018
  • European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19
Related
  • Brexit 50p coin
  • Change Britain
  • Change UK
  • Chaos with Ed Miliband
  • European Research Group
  • "Enemies of the People"
  • Leave Means Leave
  • Led By Donkeys
  • More United
  • Northern Future Forum
  • The New European
  • Open Britain
  • Proposed second Scottish independence referendum
  • Reform UK
  • Rue du Brexit
  • Terminology (Glossary)
  • Tufton Street
  • United Ireland
  • Voting pencil conspiracy theory
  • Retained EU law
  • 2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy
Media depictions
  • Remainiacs (2017)
  • Postcards from the 48% (2018)
  • Not Tonight (2018)
  • Brexit: The Uncivil War (2019)
  • @BorderIrish (2018–2020)
  • Category
Part of a series of articles on
UK membership
of the European Union
(1973–2020)
Accession
  • Treaty of Accession 1972
  • 1972 EC Act
  • 1973 enlargement of the EC
1975 referendum
  • Referendum Act (results)
Treaty amendments
Single European Act, 1986 (UK ratification)
Maastricht Treaty, 1992 (UK ratification)
Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997 (UK ratification)
Treaty of Nice, 2001 (UK ratification)
Treaty of Lisbon, 2007 (UK ratification)

Related:

  • 2011 UK Act on new EU Treaty amendments
  • EU-related British Acts
  • Proposed European Constitution referendum
    • European Union Bill 2004–2005
MEPs for UK constituencies
Members 1973–1979 (elected by parliament)
Members 1979–1984 (1979 election)
Members 1984–1989 (1984 election)
Members 1989–1994 (1989 election)
Members 1994–1999 (1994 election)
Members 1999–2004 (1999 election)
Members 2004–2009 (2004 election)
Members 2009–2014 (2009 election)
Members 2014–2019 (2014 election)
Members 2019–2020 (2019 election)

Women

Officials and bodies
  • House of Lords EU Committee
  • House of Commons EU Committee
  • Permanent EU Representatives for UK
  • Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels
  • EU Representative in London
  • UK European Commissioners
  • Department for Exiting the European Union
Issues and events
  • Economy
    • The Euro
    • Black Wednesday
    • UK budget rebate
  • Nationality law
  • Euroscepticism in the UK
    • United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation
    • Maastricht Rebels
    • Balance of Competences Review
Withdrawal
  • 2015 UK general election
  • 2015–2016 membership renegotiation
  • 2016 EU membership referendum
    • Vote Leave
    • Britain Stronger in Europe
  • Notification of withdrawal
  • 2017 UK general election
  • Brexit negotiations
  • Impact of Brexit
  • Future relationship
    • Withdrawal agreement
    • No-deal Brexit
    • Impact on Irish border
    • Northern Ireland Protocol
  • Parliamentary votes
  • Proposed second referendum
  • 2019 UK general election
  • flag EU portal
  • flag UK portal
  • v
  • t
  • e
  • v
  • t
  • e
1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum
  • Results
Referendum question
"Do you think that the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community (the Common Market)?"
Legislation
  • Referendum Act 1975
Background
  • Treaty of Rome
  • 1970 United Kingdom general election
  • Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities
  • Treaty of Accession 1972
  • European Communities Act 1972
  • 1973 EC enlargement
  • February 1974 United Kingdom general election
  • October 1974 United Kingdom general election
Campaign organisations
Advocating a "Yes" vote
  • Britain in Europe
Advocating a "No" vote
  • National Referendum Campaign
Parties
For a "Yes" vote
  • Conservative Party
  • Liberal Party
  • Social Democratic and Labour Party
  • Alliance Party
  • Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party
Neutral/split
  • Labour Party
For a "No" vote
  • Scottish National Party
  • Plaid Cymru
  • Ulster Unionist Party
  • Democratic Unionist Party
  • Provisional Sinn Féin
  • Official Sinn Féin
  • National Front
  • Communist Party of Great Britain
Debates
  • A Question of Europe
Aftermath
  • European Assembly Elections Act 1978
  • 1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom
  • UK rebate
  • Single European Act
  • Black Wednesday
  • Maastricht Treaty
  • Lisbon Treaty
  • 2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership
  • 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
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