User:ThatRandomOccitan/Provisional Government

A provisional government, also called an interim, emergency, or transitional government,^[1] is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse, revolution, civil war, or some combination thereof.

Provisional governments generally come to power in connection with the sudden, catastrophic and irreversible collapse of the previous political system, resulting from revolution, coup d'état, civil war, debellatio, economic collapse, the death of a strongman ruler, or other circumstances which have resulted in state collapse. Questions of democratic transition and state-building are often fundamental to the formation and policies of such governments.

Provisional governments maintain power until a permanent government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an election.^[2] They are usually heavily involved with the process of defining the legal and constitutional basis of their permanent successors (or at least the constituent assembly entrusted to draw up a such an arrangement), including institutional structure, human rights regimes, macroeconomic structure, and foreign relations.^[3]

Provisional governments differ from caretaker governments, which are responsible for governing within an established parliamentary system and serve temporarily after an election, vote of no confidence or cabinet crisis, until a new government can be appointed.^[3] Caretaker governments operate entirely within the existing constitutional framework and most countries tightly circumscribe their authority, either by convention or more formal legal means. Conversely, provisional governments, which typically arise from catastrophic institutional collapse, often have the ability to rule by decree in the absence of a functional legislature (at least until a constituent assembly or other transitional legislative assembly can be convened) and, of necessity given their role in crisis response, exercise broad powers with few restrictions (often without even a national constitution).

In opinion of Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz, provisional governments can be classified to four groups:^[4]

Revolutionary provisional governments (when the former regime is overthrown and the power belongs to the people who have overthrown it).
Power sharing provisional governments (when the power is shared between former regime and the ones who are trying to change it).
Incumbent provisional governments (when the power during transitional period belongs to the former regime).
International provisional governments (when the power during the transitional period belongs to the international community).

The establishment of provisional governments is frequently tied to the implementation of transitional justice.^[5] Provisional governments may be responsible for implementing transitional justice measures as part of the path to establishing a permanent government structure.

The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. Irregularly convened assemblies during the English Revolution, such as Confederate Ireland (1641–49), were described as "provisional". The Continental Congress, a convention of delegates from 13 British colonies on the east coast of North America became the provisional government of the United States in 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. The government shed its provisional status in 1781, following ratification of the Articles of Confederation, and continued in existence as the Congress of the Confederation until it was supplanted by the United States Congress in 1789.

The practice of using "provisional government" as part of a formal name can be traced to Talleyrand's government in France in 1814. In 1843, American pioneers in the Oregon Country, in the Pacific Northwest region of North America established the Provisional Government of Oregon—as the U.S. federal government had not yet extended its jurisdiction over the region—which existed until March 1849. The numerous provisional governments during the Revolutions of 1848 gave the word its modern meaning: a temporary central government appointed following the overthrow or collapse of the previous regime, with a mandate to prepare for national elections.

Africa

As of 2026, nine African countries currently have provisional governments: Burkina Faso, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, South Sudan, and Sudan.

Name	Country	Established	Disestablished	Leader	Notes	Refs.
Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic	Algerian Republic (claimed) French Algeria (de facto)	19 September 1958	25 September 1962	President Ferhat Abbas (1958-1961) Benyoucef Benkhedda (1961-1962)	Established in exile by the FLN during the Algerian War	—
Derg	Socialist Ethiopia	12 September 1974	22 February 1987	Chairman Aman Andom (1974) Mengistu Haile Mariam (1974) Tafari Benti (1974-1977) Mengistu Haile Mariam (1977-1987)	Formed during the Ethiopian Civil War following the overthrow of emperor Haile Selassie. Ultimately absorbed into the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.	—
Zimbabwe Rhodesia		1 June 1979	21 December 1979	President Josiah Zion Gumede	Short-lived and internationally unrecognized sovereign state formed in the waning years of the Rhodesian Bush War, in contrast with the reestablished Southern Rhodesia. Ultimately dissolved in favor of granting independence to Southern Rhodesia as Zimbabwe.	—
Southern Rhodesia (United Kingdom)		21 December 1979	18 April 1980	Governor Christopher Soames	Temporary government under British supervision before independence as Zimbabwe	—
Transitional Military Council	Republic of the Sudan	6 April 1985	6 May 1986	Chairman Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab	Interim government of Sudan following the 1985 Sudanese coup d'état, dissolved following the 1986 Sudanese parliamentary election.	—
Transitional Government of National Unity	South West Africa (Republic of South Africa)	17 June 1985	28 February 1989	Chairman Various	Interim government during the end of the South African Border War	—
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO	People's Republic of Mozambique	19 October 1986	6 November 1986	Collective Leadership	Interim ruling body of the People's Republic of Mozambique following the death of president Samora Machel in the 1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash. Dissolved following the election of Joaquim Chissano as Machel's successor later that year.	—
Interim Government of Somalia	Somali Republic	26 January 1991	January 1997	President Ali Mahdi Muhammad	Established after the collapse of the Somali Democratic Republic and the onset of the Somali Civil War.	—
Transitional Government of Ethiopia	Ethiopia	28 May 1991	21 August 1995	President Meles Zenawi	Established upon the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front's overthrow of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia at the end of the Ethiopian Civil War. Succeeded by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.	—
Provisional Government of Eritrea	State of Eritrea	27 April 1991	24 May 1993	Secretary-General Isaias Afwerki	Established after independence from Ethiopia	—
Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council	Republic of the Gambia	22 July 1994	6 November 1996	Chairman Yahya Jammeh	Interim ruling body of the Gambia following the 1994 Gambian coup d'état. Dissolved after Yahya Jammeh, the head of the ruling council, was elected and inaugurated as president.	—
Transitional National Government of Somalia	Somali Republic	20 April 2000	14 October 2004	President Abdiqasim Salad Hassan	Established at the Somalia National Peace Conference in opposition to the Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council, formed by rival political factions. Succeeded by the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia.	—
Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	Democratic Republic of the Congo	7 April 2003	5 February 2007	President Joseph Kabila	Established in 2003 following the conclusion of the Second Congo War.	—
National Transitional Legislative Assembly of Liberia	Republic of Liberia	August 2003	January 2006	Speaker George Dweh (2003-2005) George Koukou (2005-2006)	Liberia's legislative body during the country's transition from civil war to democratic rule.	—
Transitional Federal Government of Somalia	Somali Republic	14 October 2004	20 August 2012	President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (2004-2008) Aden Madobe (2008-2009) Sheikh Sharif Ahmed (2009-2012)	Established as the successor to the Transitional National Government of Somalia as part of an effort to end the Islamic Courts Union's rule over the nation. Dissolved following the ratification of a new constitution which declared Somalia an Islamic state.	—
Transitional Darfur Regional Authority	Darfur Region (Republic of the Sudan)	23 April 2007	21 September 2011	Chairman Minni Minnawi (2007-2010) Shartai Jaafar Abdel Hakam (2010-2011)	Established in the Darfur region of Sudan following the 2006 Abuja Agreement during the War in Darfur.	—
High Transitional Authority	Republic of Madagascar	17 March 2009	25 January 2014	Chairman Andry Rajoelina	Established following Marc Ravalomanana's overthrow and the end of the Third Republic of Madagascar during the 2009 Malagasy political crisis. Dissolved following the 2013 Malagasy general election, which established the Fourth Republic of Madagascar.	—
Kabyle Provisional Government	Republic of Kabylia (claimed) People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (de facto)	1 June 2010	Present	President Ferhat Mehenni	Formed as a provisional government-in-exile, in opposition to the incumbent government of Algeria, with the intent of establishing an independent nation in Kabylia.	—
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces	Arab Republic of Egypt	11 February 2011	30 June 2012	Chairman Muhammad Hussein Tantawy	Interim government of Egypt formed following the resignation of president Hosni Mubarak during the 2011 Egyptian revolution. Dissolved following the election and inauguration of Mohamed Morsi as president.	—
National Transitional Council	Libya	27 February 2011	8 August 2012	Chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil	Formed during the 2011 civil war in Libya against the Gaddafi-led government	—
Interim government of Egypt	Arab Republic of Egypt	4 July 2013	8 June 2014	Interim President Adly Mansour	Established following the June 2013 Egyptian protests and subsequent coup	—
Government of National Accord	State of Libya	17 December 2015	10 March 2021	Chairman of the Presidential Council Fayez al-Sarraj	Interim ruling body of Libya formed upon the signing of the Skhirat agreement. Ultimately merged with the rival Second Al-Thani Cabinet to form the Government of National Unity following the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum.	—
Interim Government of Ambazonia (Ayuk Tabe cabinet)	Federal Republic of Ambazonia (claimed) Republic of Cameroon (de facto)	31 October 2017	Present	President Sisiku Julius Ayuk Tabe (2017-2018, 2019-Present) Samuel Ikome Sako (2018-2019)	Formed as a provisional government-in-exile in opposition to the government of Cameroon shortly after the onset of the Anglophone Crisis. Later splintered into three opposing cabinets in 2019, each claiming to be the sole legitimate representative of an independent Ambazonia.	—
Government of Southern Cameroons (Sako cabinet)	Federal Republic of Ambazonia (claimed) Republic of Cameroon (de facto)	2 May 2019	Present	President Samuel Ikome Sako (2019-Present)	Split from the main Interim Government following the dismissal of Sako by Ayuk Tabe	—
Transitional Sovereignty Council	Republic of the Sudan	21 August 2019 (first) 11 November 2021 (Second)	25 October 2021 (first) Present (Second)	President Abdel Fattah al-Burhan	Established in August 2019 after 8 month-long protests against President Bashir and a subsequent military coup.	—
Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity	Republic of South Sudan	22 February 2020	Present	President Salva Kiir Mayardit	Transitional government formed in 2020	—
National Committee for the Salvation of the People	Republic of Mali	18 August 2020	18 January 2021	Chairman Assimi Goïta (2020) Interim President Bah Ndaw (2020-2021)	Military Junta formed following the 2020 Malian coup d'état	—
Transitional Government of Mali	Republic of Mali	18 January 2021	Present	Interim President Bah Ndaw (2021) Assimi Goïta (2021-2025) President Assimi Goïta (2025-Present)	formed following the dissolution of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People by president Bah Ndaw.	^[6]^[7]
Transitional Government of Tigray	Tigray National Regional State ( Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia)	7 November 2020	23 March 2023	Chief Executive Officer Mulu Nega (2020-2021) Abraham Belay (2021-2023)	Established as the government of the Tigray Region in areas within federal government control after war broke out against the Tigrayan government.	—
Government of National Unity	State of Libya	15 April 2021	Present	Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh	The UN-supported Government of National Unity in Libya (2021–present), a merger of the Government of National Accord and the rival Second Al-Thani Cabinet formed following the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum in Sirte.	—
Transitional Military Council	Republic of Chad	20 April 2021	10 October 2022	President Mahamat Déby	Formed in 2021 following the death of Chadian President Idriss Déby.	—
National Committee of Reconciliation and Development	Republic of Guinea	5 September 2021	17 January 2026	President Mamady Doumbouya	Formed in 2021 following the death of Chadian President Idriss Déby.	—
Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration	Burkina Faso	23 January 2022	Present	Interim President Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba (2022) Ibrahim Traoré (2022-Present)	Formed on 24 January 2022, the group took over after a coup in January. Its leader Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba suffered a coup himself later that year. Afterwards, Ibrahim Traoré took power as the leader of the military junta and interim president of Burkina Faso.	—
Interim Government of Ambazonia (Anu cabinet)	Federal Republic of Ambazonia (claimed) Republic of Cameroon (de facto)	February 2022	Present	President Marianta Njomia (2022) Chris Anu (2022-Present)	Split from the Sako cabinet following his dissolution of the Restoration Council in 2022	—
National Transitional Council	Republic of Chad	10 October 2022	29 December 2024	Prime Minister Saleh Kebzabo (2022-2024) Succès Masra (2024) Allamaye Halina (2024)	Formed in 2022 to replace the Transitional Military Council	—
Interim Regional Administration of Tigray	Tigray National Regional State ( Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia)	23 March 2023	Present	Chief Administrator Getachew Reda (2023-2025) Tadesse Werede (2025-Present)	Established as a provision of the Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement which ended the Tigray war.	^[8]
National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland	Republic of Niger	26 July 2023	Present	President Abdourahamane Tchiani	Military junta formed following the 2023 Nigerien coup d'état	—
Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions	Gabonese Republic	30 August 2023	2 May 2025	Chairman Brice Oligui Nguema	Established following the 2023 Gabonese coup d'état, dissolved following the 2025 Gabonese presidential election.	—
Kamil Idris government	Republic of the Sudan	31 May 2025	Present	Prime Minister Kamil Idris	announced by the Transitional Sovereignty Council in February 2025 following widespread territorial gains during the third Sudanese civil war. Intended as a technocracy, the government's stated goal is to lay groundwork for free and fair elections in the country.	^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]
Council of the Presidency for the Re-Foundation of the Republic of Madagascar	Republic of Madagascar	14 October 2025	Present	President Michael Randrianirina	Interim military junta of Madagascar following the 2025 Malagasy coup d'état and subsequent dissolution of all national institutions except the National Assembly. The junta is expected to oversee a two-year transitional period culminating in a new presidential election.	^[15]^[16]^[17]
High Military Command for the Restoration of National Security and Public Order	Republic of Guinea-Bissau	26 November 2025	Present	Spokesperson Dinis Incanha (2025) President Horta Inta-A Na Man (2025-Present)	Interim military junta of Guinea-Bissau following the 2025 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état.	—

Americas

Name	Country	Established	Disestablished	Leader	Notes	Refs.
Second Continental Congress	United Colonies of North-America (1775-1776) United States of America (1776-1781)	10 May 1775	1 March 1881	President Various	Interim ruling body of the United Colonies and United States immediately before and after declaring independence from the British Empire. Following the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, the Continental Congress was absorbed into the Congress of the Confederation, which subsequently became the United States Congress upon ratification of the Constitution.	—
Primera Junta	Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Kingdom of Spain)	25 May 1810	18 December 1810	President Cornelio Saavedra	Interim ruling body of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata following Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros' resignation during the May Revolution. Succeeded by the Junta Grande after seven months in power.	—
Government Junta of Chile	Captaincy General of Chile (Kingdom of Spain)	18 September 1810	4 July 1811	President Mateo de Toro Zambrano (1810-1811) Juan Martínez de Rozas (1811) Fernando Márquez de la Plata (1811)	Interim government of Chile following the deposition and imprisonment of King Ferdinand VII of Spain by Napoleon.	—
Junta Grande	Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Kingdom of Spain)	18 December 1810	23 September 1811	President Cornelio Saavedra (1810-1811) Domingo Matheu (1811)	Successor to the Primera Junta. Aimed to facilitate the transition to a junta that represented all cities in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, only to meet limited recognition within its own territory. Succeeded by the First Triumvirate.	—
Provisional Government of Mexico	Mexican Nation	31 March 1823	10 October 1824	President Various	Interim ruling body of Mexico following the dissolution of the First Mexican Empire. Succeeded by the First Mexican Republic following the ratification of the 1824 Constitution.	—
Provisional governorship of José Rondeau	Oriental State of Uruguay	22 December 1828	17 April 1830	Governor José Rondeau	Interim ruling body of Uruguay following the Preliminary Peace Convention, in which the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata recognized the country's independence. Dissolved following Rondeau's resignation.	—
Texian Consultation	Texas	3 November 1835	2 March 1836	Governor Henry Smith (1835-1836) James W. Robinson (1836)	Interim ruling body of Mexican Texas during the Texas Revolution. Ultimately collapsed due to political tensions following the Matamoros Expedition.	—
Provisional Government of Oregon	Oregon Country	18 February 1841	3 March 1849	Supreme Judge Ira Babcock (1841-1842) Chairman Ira Babcock (1842-1843) Executive Committee (1843-1845) Governor George Abernethy (1845-1849)	Interim ruling body of Oregon Country formed by settling pioneers in the midst of the Oregon boundary dispute. While the government was established during the Champoeg Meetings in 1841, it did not exercise rule until the adoption of the Organic Laws of Oregon and the meetings' conclusion two years later, with the organic laws specifying that the government would only administer the territory "until such time as the United States of America extend their jurisdiction over us." While the 1846 Oregon Treaty resolved the boundary dispute by formally partitioning the region between the US-administered Oregon Territory and unorganized UK-administered territory (later restructured as the Colony of British Columbia), the provisional government remained in place until the appointment of Joseph Lane as governor.	^[18]
Interim government of California	Territory of California (United States of America)	7 July 1846	20 December 1849	Military Governor Various	Military government of California established during the Mexican–American War. Dissolved following the ratification of the California Statehood Act, which admitted California to the Union as the 31st state.	—
U.S. provisional government of New Mexico	New Mexico (United States of America)	22 September 1846	9 September 1850	Military Governor Stephen W. Kearny (1846) Governor Charles Bent (1846-1847) Donaciano Vigil (1847-1848) John M. Washington (1848-1849) John Munroe (1849-1850)	Interim ruling body of New Mexico following the region's occupation by the United States during the Mexican–American War. Succeeded by the New Mexico Territory in 1850 before being admitted to the Union as the 47th state in 1912.	—
Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861	State of Georgia ( United States of America)	16 January 1861	23 March 1861	Governor Joseph E. Brown	Interim ruling body of the State of Georgia during the leadup to its secession from the United States.	—
Provisional Congress of the Confederate States	Confederate States of America	4 February 1861	17 February 1862	President Howell Cobb	Interim ruling body of the Confederate States of America following the member states' secession from the United States of America. Dissolved following the election and inauguration of Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederate States of America.	—
Confederate government of Kentucky	Commonwealth of Kentucky (Confederate States of America)	28 November 1861	c. 1865	Governor George W. Johnson (1861-1862) Richard Hawes (1862-1865)	shadow government formed by pro-Confederate state legislators in Kentucky. Though it never replaced the official state government, it was recognized by and admitted to the Confederate States of America. No documentation exists regarding when the provisional government dissolved, but historians assume that it did so upon the conclusion of the American Civil War.	^[19]^[20]
Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861–1863	State of Missouri ( United States of America)	28 February 1861	17 February 1862	President Howell Cobb	Interim ruling body of the Confederate States of America following the member states' secession from the United States of America. Dissolved following the election and inauguration of Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederate States of America.	—
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan	Saskatchewan	19 March 1885	20 May 1885	Spiritual Leader Louis Riel	Formed by revolting Métis during the North-West Rebellion. Dissolved following Canada's victory in the Battle of Batoche.	—
Military Government of Porto Rico	Porto Rico	18 October 1898	12 April 1900	Military Governor John R. Brooke (1898) Guy Vernor Henry (1898-1899) George Whitefield Davis (1899-1900)	Established after Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States following the Spanish–American War. Dissolved following the ratification of the Foraker Act, which established the Insular Government of Porto Rico.	—
Military Government of Cuba	Cuba	1 January 1899	20 May 1902	Military Governor John R. Brooke (1899) Leonard Wood (1899-1902)	Established after Spain ceded Cuba to the United States following the Spanish–American War. Dissolved following the ratification of the Platt Amendment and the establishment of the Republic of Cuba.	—
Provisional Government of Cuba	Republic of Cuba	28 September 1906	6 February 1909	Provisional Governor William Howard Taft (1906) Charles Edward Magoon (1906-1909)	A military occupation government established by the United States following the collapse of Tomás Estrada Palma's administration. Dissolved following the election of José Miguel Gómez, after which American officials deemed the country sufficiently restabilized.	—
Government Junta of Chile	Socialist Republic of Chile	4 June 1932	8 July 1932	President Arturo Puga (1932) Carlos Dávila (1932)	Formed following the overthrow of president Juan Esteban Montero. Dissolved shortly after its establishment along with the Socialist Republic of Chile due to widespread public opposition.	—
Pentarchy of 1933	Republic of Cuba	5 September 1933	10 September 1933	Collective Leadership	Interim ruling body of Cuba following the deposition of Gerardo Machado. Ousted after five days in power by the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario, which appointed the One Hundred Days Government in their place.	—
One Hundred Days Government	Republic of Cuba	10 September 1933	15 January 1934	President Ramón Grau	Interim ruling body of Cuba after the Pentarchy of 1933 was ousted by the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario. Overthrown in a military coup by Fulgencio Batista, who installed Carlos Mendieta as president of Cuba.	—
Government Junta of Bolivia	Republic of Bolivia	21 July 1946	10 March 1947	President Néstor Guillén (1946) Tomás Monje (1946-1947)	Established following the ousting of Gualberto Villarroel and the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement in the 1946 La Paz riots. Dissolved following the election and inauguration of Enrique Hertzog as President of Bolivia.	—
Founding Junta of the Second Republic	Republic of Costa Rica	8 May 1948	8 November 1949	President José Figueres Ferrer	Interim government of Costa Rica led by president José Figueres Ferrer, established following the overthrow of Teodoro Picado Michalski in the Costa Rican Civil War. Dissolved after Ferrer stepped down in favor of Otilio Ulate Blanco.	^[21]
Republic of New Afrika	Republic of New Afrika (claimed) State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Alabama, State of Georgia, State of South Carolina, State of Texas, State of Florida ( United States of America) (de facto)	31 March 1968	Present	President Robert F. Williams (1968-1971) Imari Obadele (1971-1991) Sah Ankh Sa Ma’a (1991-Present)	Established as a black nationalist and black separatist provisional government in opposition to the federal government of the United States, with the intent of creating an independent country in present-day East Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Florida	^[22]^[23]^: 276
People's Revolutionary Government	Grenada	13 March 1979	19 October 1983	Prime Minister Maurice Bishop (1979-1983) Bernard Coard (1983)	Interim ruling body of Grenada following the New Jewel Movement's takeover of the government. Deposed in a coup d'état on 19 October 1983	—
Junta of National Reconstruction	Republic of Nicaragua	16 June 1979	10 January 1985	Coordinator Daniel Ortega	Interim ruling body of Nicaragua after the overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle during the Nicaraguan Revolution. Dissolved following the election and inauguration of Daniel Ortega as president.	—
Revolutionary Military Council of Grenada	Grenada	19 October 1983	25 October 1983	Head Hudson Austin	Interim governing body formed following the overthrow of the People's Revolutionary Government, Overthrown in the United States invasion of Grenada, which installed the Interim Advisory Council, headed by Paul Scoon, with Nicholas Brathwaite as prime minister.	^[24]^[25]
Interim Advisory Council	Grenada	9 December 1983	4 December 1984	Chairman Nicholas Brathwaite	interim ruling body of Grenada following the deposition of the People's Revolutionary Government during the American invasion.Dissolved following the 1984 Grenadian general election, which resulted in the formation of a new cabinet headed by Herbert Blaize as prime minister.	^[24]^[25]
National Council of Government	Republic of Haiti	7 February 1986	7 February 1988	President Henri Namphy	Interim ruling body of Haiti, after the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier.	—
Interim government of Pedro Carmona	Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela	12 April 2002	13 April 2002	President Pedro Carmona	Established during the 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt following the overthrow of president Hugo Chávez. Dissolved following Chávez's return to power in the wake of the coup's failure.	—
Interim government of Juan Guaidó	Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela	23 January 2019	5 January 2023	President Juan Guaidó	established in January 2019 by the National Assembly led by Juan Guaidó, in dispute with the incumbent government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela led by Nicolás Maduro during the Venezuelan presidential crisis. The transitional government was supported and recognized by the United States, the European Union, the Lima Group, and many other Western countries, ultimately dissolving in 2022 upon declaring that it had failed to achieve its goals.	^[26]^[27]^[28]

Presidency of Francisco Sagasti (2020–2021), established on November 17, 2020, as a result of various political and economic hardships during the Peruvian political crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, including two presidential impeachments and one presidential resignation. Political analysts in Peru characterized the administration as a "transitional government" and an "emergency government,"^[29] which was eventually succeeded by the Bellido cabinet following the inauguration of Pedro Castillo on July 28, 2021.
Transitional Presidential Council (2024–2026), established in April 2024 to exercise the powers and duties of the President of Haiti either until an elected president is inaugurated or until 7 February 2026. The council was officially sworn in as the head of state of Haiti following the resignation of acting prime minister Ariel Henry on 24 April. Dissolved upon the 7 February 2026 deadline, with presidential powers being transferred to acting prime minister Alix Didier Fils-Aimé.^[30]

Asia

Judean provisional government (66–68), formed by rebelling Pharisees and Sadducees during the First Jewish–Roman War with the intent of establishing a Halachic state in Judea. Dissolved following the massacre of its members during the Zealot Temple siege.
Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899), established in the Spanish East Indies during the Spanish–American War. Succeeded by the First Philippine Republic following the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution.
Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1898–1902), established after the United States' military victory in the Battle of Manila and formalized by the Treaty of Paris, which officially ceded the territory from Spain. Succeeded by the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands following the Philippine–American War and the passage of the Philippine Organic Act.
Tianjin Provisional Government (1900–1902), formed by the Eight-Nation Alliance to administer territory recaptured from the Boxer movement during the Boxer Rebellion. Dissolved after ceding control of the Tianjin area back to the Qing dynasty, though the Eight-Nation Alliance maintained a military presence to ensure open access to Beijing.
Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912), established after the success of the Wuchang uprising

World War I and Interbellum

Provisional Government of India (1915), government-in-exile based in Kabul, Afghanistan
Republic of Van (1915), established as a puppet government of the Russian Empire in occupied Western Armenia. Dissolved in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk following the February Revolution and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic's withdrawal from World War I.
Alash Orda (1917–1918), established as the interim governing body of the newly formed Alash Autonomy in opposition to rival Bolshevik councils aligned with Vladimir Lenin.
Turkestan Autonomy (1917–1918), established in the former territory of Russian Turkestan following the expulsion of the Russian Provisional Government by the Tashkent Soviet, with whom the Autonomy shared de facto dual power. Ultimately dissolved in the aftermath of a civil conflict following a failed coup against the Soviet, who subsequently established the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
South West Caucasian Republic (1919), established in Kars
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919), established in exile based in Shanghai, China and later in Chongqing, during the Japanese occupation of Korea
Jewish National Council (1920–1948), established by the Assembly of Representatives in Mandatory Palestine as the main executive body of the entity's Jewish community. Succeeded by the provisional government of Israel after declaring independence in 1948.
Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923), established as an alternative government to the Allied-occupied Ottoman Empire during the Turkish War of Independence
Provisional Government of Mongolia (1921–1924), established by the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party upon the organization's formation in Kyakhta.^[31]^[32] Succeeded by the Mongolian People's Republic following the ratification of the first constitution.
Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946), established by the Tydings–McDuffie Act to replace the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and facilitate the transition to independence from the United States. From 1942 to 1945, the Commonwealth operated as a government-in-exile in opposition to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines and consequent establishment of the Second Philippine Republic as a puppet state. Ultimately succeeded by the independent Third Republic of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1946 Treaty of Manila.

World War II

Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40), established by the Empire of Japan after its invasion of Eastern China
Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945), commonly known as Azad Hind, established by Indian nationalists in southeast Asia, had nominal sovereignty over Axis-controlled Indian territories, and had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union. It was headed by Subhas Chandra Bose, who was the Head of the State and Prime Minister, who was also Supreme Commander of the Indian National Army. The government had its own cabinet and banks, and was the first government to recruit women for combat roles.
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence and Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (1945), established at the close of World War II following the Allied reconquest of Japanese-occupied Asia by Indonesian rebels and Japanese advisors. Future Indonesian President Sukarno and Vice President Mohammed Hatta were largely involved in both organizations, and they were ultimately succeeded by the present-day Government of Indonesia in accordance with the Constitution of Indonesia (which was drafted during the two committees' existence).

Cold War and aftermath

People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946), a provisional government established following the surrender of Japan at the conclusion of World War II, which resulted in the restoration of Korean independence. Following the division of Korea, the PRK was outlawed by the United States in favor of the American military government, while the Soviet Union incorporated it into the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea.
United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948), an interim government formed by the United States concurrently with the People's Republic of Korea following the peninsula's independence from Japan. Later incorporated into South Korea following the division of Korea and the American ban on the People's Republic.
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the Soviet Civil Administration following the division of Korea and the absorption of the People's Republic of Korea. Succeeded by the People's Committee of North Korea.
Interim Government of India (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the newly created Constituent Assembly of India to administer what would become the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan in the transitional period between British rule and independence.
People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948), the successor government to the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea during the latter period of Soviet occupation. Ultimately incorporated into North Korea.
Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1948–1949), an emergency government established by Sjafruddin Prawiranegara in Sumatra following the capture of Yogyakarta, the then-Indonesian capital, by the Netherlands. Dissolved following the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement.
Provisional government of Israel (1948–1949), successor to the Jewish National Council, established after Israel's declaration of independence and in place until after the first Knesset elections.
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949), established as a puppet government by French during the First Indochina War. Succeeded by the State of Vietnam.
Provisional Government of the Syrian Arab Republic (1949), established by national consensus to draft a new constitution and reintroduce civilian rule after a series of military governments.
State of Vietnam (1949–1955), formed as a successor to the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam during the First Indochina War. Succeeded by South Vietnam following the 1954 Geneva Conference, which ceded the northern half of the country to North Vietnam.
Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1958–1961), established in opposition to the Sukarno administration.^[33] Dissolved following the withdrawal of American support and the failure of its and the Permesta's rebellion against the government.
National Council for the Revolutionary Command (1963), interim ruling body of Syria following the 1963 Syrian coup d'état.
National Operations Council (1969-1971), established after the 13 May incident
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976), established during the Vietnam War against the United States and Republic of Vietnam
Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (1970–1972), established after the declaration of freedom of Bengalis exiled to Calcutta.
Sayem ministry (1975–1978), interim government of Bangladesh following the assassination of Khaled Mosharraf. Dissolved after Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem's successor, Ziaur Rahman, formed a provisional Council of Ministers in advance of the 1979 Bangladeshi general election.^[34]
Provisional Government of East Timor (1975–1976), established as a puppet state following the success of the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. Ultimately dissolved following the country's annexation as a province of Indonesia.
Interim Government of Iran (1979) (1979), a provisional government established after the Iranian Revolution. Dissolved and replaced by the Council of the Islamic Revolution following the onset of the Iran hostage crisis.^[35]
Interim Government of Iran (1979–80) formed by the Council of the Islamic Revolution to succeede the Interim Government of Iran (1979) in the wake of the Iran hostage crisis.^[35] Dissolved upon the establishment of the first Islamic Consultative Assembly.
National Council of Resistance of Iran (1981–present), formed by the People's Mujahedin of Iran based in Paris and later Albania. It serves as a government-in-exile opposing the clerical government.
South Lebanon security belt administration (1985–2000), established to administer Israeli-occupied Lebanon following the dissolution of the State of Free Lebanon during the 1982 Lebanon War. Dissolved following Hezbollah's victory in the South Lebanon conflict and the subsequent collapse of the South Lebanon Army.
Provisional Government of the Philippines (1986–1987), established after the People Power Revolution. Dissolved following the ratification of the current Constitution of the Philippines.
Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1988–present), after it was entrusted with the powers and responsibilities of the Provisional Government of the State of Palestine.^[36]^[37]
Shahabuddin Ahmed ministry (1990–1991), interim government of Bangladesh formed following the resignation of Hussain Muhammad Ershad during the 1990 uprising. Dissolved following the election and inauguration of Khaleda Zia as prime minister.
Republic of Kuwait (1990), established as a puppet state by Ba'athist Iraq during the Gulf War. Subsequently annexed and divided into the Kuwait Governorate and the Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District before Iraq's withdrawal at the end of the war.
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993), formed following the 1991 Paris Peace Agreements to govern and stabilize Cambodia following the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and the Third Indochina War. Dissolved following the restoration of the Cambodian monarchy and consequent reestablishment of the Kingdom of Cambodia.
Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998), an opposition government formed by remnants of the Khmer Rouge following the establishment of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the withdrawal of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Dissolved due to widespread pro-peace sentiment among those left in the Khmer Rouge after the death of Pol Pot.
Palestinian National Authority (1994–present), the administrative organization, established to govern parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, following the Oslo Accords.^[38]
Provisional Legislative Council (1996/1997–1998), interim legislature of Hong Kong in the leadup to and immediately following the handover to China. While the council was formed in 1996,^[39]^: 6 it did not exercise rule until the following January.^[40]^[41]

21st century

As of 2025 in Asia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, the State of Palestine (under both Fatah and Hamas), Syria, and Yemen currently have provisional governments.

Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002), established following the overthrow of the first Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan during the War in Afghanistan. Succeeded by the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.
Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004), formed as the successor to the Afghan Interim Administration. Succeeded by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan following the election and inauguration of the First Karzai cabinet.
Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq (2003–2004) with the Iraqi Interim Governing Council, established to act as a caretaker administration in Iraq following the 2003 invasion of Iraq pending the hand over of power to the Iraqi people and the creation of a democratically elected civilian government.
Iraqi Interim Government (2004–2005) and the Iraqi Transitional Government (2005–2006) were both provisional authorities established after the hand over of power to the Iraqi people following the 2003 invasion of Iraq to govern pending the adoption of a permanent constitution.
2006 Thai interim civilian government, established by the Council for National Security following the 2006 Thai coup d'état. Dissolved following the enacting of the 2007 constitution of Thailand.
Syrian Interim Government (2013–2025), established by the Syrian National Coalition during the Syrian Civil War. Ultimately absorbed into the Syrian caretaker government following the fall of the Assad regime.^[42]^[43]
Supreme Political Council of Yemen (2015–present), established by the Houthi Movement after the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, currently participating in the Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) against the governments of Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and the Presidential Leadership Council
Southern Transitional Council of South Yemen (2016–2026), established by the separatist Southern Movement during the Yemeni civil war with the intent of reestablishing an independent polity within the former borders of South Yemen.^[44]^[45] Dissolved under disputed circumstances^[46] following its defeat in the 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign.^[47]^[48]
Syrian Salvation Government (2017–2024), established by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in the Idlib Governorate.^[49] Ultimately absorbed into the Syrian caretaker government following the fall of the Assad regime.^[50]
Interim government of Kyrgyzstan (2020–2021), established in 2020 in the aftermath of the 2020 Kyrgyzstani protests
National Unity Government of Myanmar (2021–present), established in exile by the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw in opposition to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état^[51]
Military cabinet of Min Aung Hlaing (2021–2025), established by the State Administration Council as a formalization of its rule six months after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état^[52] Succeeded by the Cabinet of Nyo Saw following the lifting of Myanmar's state of emergency.^[53]^[54]
Presidential Leadership Council (2022–present), established by internationally recognized outgoing president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to seek a "comprehensive political solution" to the Yemeni Civil War^[55]^[56]
Israeli war cabinet (2023–2024), established following the outbreak of the Gaza war and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu's declaration of a state of emergency. The war cabinet was later dissolved after former ministers Benny Gantz and Gadi Eisenkott left the coalition.
Karenni State Interim Executive Council (2023–present), formed by Karenni resistance groups during the Myanmar civil war in opposition to the State Administration Council.
Hamas temporary committee (2024–present), established following the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh to facilitate communication with chairman Yahya Sinwar and maintain governance of Hamas during the Gaza war.^[57]^[58] Later transitioned to committee rule following Sinwar's own killing, pending elections in March 2025.^[59]^[60]^[61]
Interim government of Muhammad Yunus (2024–present), formed following the expulsion of prime minister Sheikh Hasina and consequent dissolution of the 12th Jatiya Sangsad during the Student–People's uprising. The interim government is expected to remain in office until the appointment of a new Prime Minister of Bangladesh following the next Bangladeshi general election.^[62]
Syrian caretaker government (2024–2025), established following the fall of the Assad regime during the Syrian civil war. Syrian Salvation Government leader Ahmed al-Sharaa announced the transitional administration's formation on Telegram,^[63]^[64] while National Coalition president Hadi al-Bahra stated that the government's goals are to draft a new constitution and establish "a safe, neutral, and quiet environment" for free elections within 18 months.^[65] Succeeded by the Syrian transitional government in 2025.^[66]
Syrian transitional government (2025–present), established by Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa to implement the five-year transitional period dictated by the Constitutional Declaration of Syria.^[67]
Karki interim cabinet (2025–present), established following the resignation of Nepalese prime minister K. P. Sharma Oli during the 2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests. The interim government is expected to remain in office until a successor administration is appointed in the 2026 Nepalese general election.^[68]^[69]
Board of Peace and National Committee for the Administration of Gaza (2026–present), mandated by the United Nations to manage, respectively, the reconstruction and daily governance of the Gaza Strip in the aftermath of the Gaza war (under Resolution 2803).

Europe

Confederate Ireland (1642–1652), formed by Catholic aristocrats, landed gentry, clergy, and military leaders after the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Overthrown by the Commonwealth of England in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
National Convention (1792–1795), interim ruling body of the Kingdom of France and the French First Republic during the French Revolution. Succeeded by the French Directory following the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the drafting of a new constitution.
Provisional Council of the Duchy of Masovia (1794), interim government of the Masovian Voivodeship established during the Kościuszko Uprising. Ultimately subordinated to the Supreme National Council.
Provisional Representatives of the People of Holland (1795–1796), interim government of the Batavian Republic following the abolition of the Dutch Republic in the Batavian Revolution. Abolished following the States General of the Batavian Republic's replacement by the National Assembly.
Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission (1812–1813), established by Napoleon during the French invasion of Russia.^[70] Merged with the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland to create the united Kingdom of Poland.
Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815), interim ruling body of the Southern Netherlands following the collapse of French rule during the War of the Sixth Coalition. Dissolved following the annexation of the region by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
French Provisional Government of 1814, interim ruling body of the First French Empire following the surrender of Paris and deposition of Napoleon during the War of the Sixth Coalition. Succeeded by the government of the first Bourbon restoration following Louis XVIII's return to the throne and the reestablishment of the Kingdom of France.
First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832), established by anti-Ottoman rebels during the Greek War of Independence. Succeeded by the Kingdom of Greece following the assassination of Augustinos Kapodistrias and subsequent intervention by Great Britain, France and Russia.
Provisional Government of Belgium (1830–1831), established as a successor to the Revolutionary Committee following the success of the Belgian Revolution. Dissolved following the proclamation of the Constitution of Belgium and the consequent establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium.
Wellington caretaker ministry (1834), interim ruling body of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland following William IV's dismissal of William Lamb's administration. Arthur Wellesley recommended Robert Peel as Lamb's successor; because Peel was in the Kingdom of Sardinia at the time, Wellesley headed a caretaker administration until Peel's return to Britain.
French Provisional Government of 1848, interim ruling body of the French Second Republic established after the French Revolution of 1848, which ended the July Monarchy. Succeeded by the French Executive Commission of 1848.
Provisional Government of Milan (1848), formed by Milanese insurgents during the First Italian War of Independence. Dissolved following the Austrian Empire's victory in the Battle of Custoza.
Dictator Executive Commission in Warsaw and National Civil Government (1863), interim ruling bodies of Congress Poland during the January Uprising, formed as the successor to the underground Polish National Government. The coexisting provisional governments were both de jure ruled by Marian Langiewicz, whose arrest led to their dissolution in favor of a single coalition government.
Provisional Government of Spain (1868–1871), established after the Spanish Glorious Revolution pending the election of a new Constitutional Monarch.
Government of National Defense (1870–1871), interim ruling body of the French Third Republic following the collapse of the Second French Empire during the Franco-Prussian War. Replaced by the Cabinet Dufaure I following the 1871 French legislative election.
Provisional Government of the Portuguese Republic (1910–1911), established in the aftermath of the Republican Revolution that overthrow the Portuguese monarchy.