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The Kazakhs, as part of the Kazakh Khanate, the Qing dynasty, the Russian Empire, the Alash Autonomy, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, the East Turkestan Republics, Mongolia, and the present day state of Kazakhstan, have fought many wars, both inside and outside their borders.
Legends of results: Victory Defeat Stalemate Internal civil war Ongoing war
Kazakh Khanate
editKazakh Khanate was established by Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan in 1465. Both khans came from Turco-Mongol clan of Tore which traces its lineage to Genghis Khan through dynasty of Jochids. The Tore clan continued to rule the khanate until its fall to the Russian Empire.
From 16th to 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate ruled and expanded its territories to eastern Cumania (modern-day West Kazakhstan), to most of Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan and the Syr Darya river with military confrontation as far as Astrakhan and Khorasan Province, which are now in Russia and Iran, respectively. The Khanate was later weakened by a series of Oirat, Dzungar and, especially, the Chinese (Manchu) invasions. These resulted in a decline and further disintegration into three Jüzes, which gradually lost their sovereignty and were incorporated to the expanding Russian Empire in the 19th century.
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Russian conquest of Central Asia
edit| Date | Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | Khan/Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1825—1836 | Sarzhan's rebellion | Kazakh rebels Khanate of Kokand(1834-1835) |
 Russian Empire Khanate of Kokand(1832, 1836) |
Defeat |
|
| 1836—1838 | Bukey Horde uprising | Kazakh rebels | Russian Empire Bukey Horde |
Defeat | |
| 1837—1847 | Kenesary's Rebellion |  Kazakh KhanateSupported by:: |
Russian Empire supported by: |
Defeat | |
| 1820s-1851 | Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov's struggle against Khiva and Kokand | Russian Empire Kazakh Khanate (until 1847) |
 Khanate of Khiva Khanate of Kokand |
Victory |
| Date | Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | Khan/Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1856-1860 | Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov's Uprising | Kazakh rebels | Russian Empire |
Defeat
|
|
| 1850-1868 | Russo–Kokand War | Russian Empire
|
Khanate of Kokand Kyrgyz Khanate |
Victory | |
| 1868-1869 | Uprising in Ural and Turgay Oblast | Kazakh rebels | Russian Empire |
Defeat
|
|
| 1870 | Adai rebellion | Aday rebels supported by |
Russian Empire |
Defeat |
|
| 1916-1917 | Central Asian revolt of 1916 |  Turkic tribes
supported by:
|
Russian Empire supported by: |
Defeat
|
|
Alash–Orda (1917–1920)
editKazakhs, tired of almost a century of Russian colonization, started to rise up. In the 1870s–80s, schools in Kazakhstan massively started to open, which developed elite, future Kazakh members of the Alash party. In 1916, after conscription of Muslims into the military for service in the Eastern Front during World War I, Kazakhs and Kyrgyzs rose up against the Russian government, with uprisings until February 1917.
The state was proclaimed during the Second All-Kazakh Congress held at Orenburg from 5–13 December 1917 OS (18–26 NS), with a provisional government being established under the oversight of Alikhan Bukeikhanov. However, the nation's purported territory was still under the de facto control of the region's Russian-appointed governor, Vassily Balabanov, until 1919. In 1920, he fled the Russian Red Army for self-imposed exile in China, where he was recognised by the Chinese as Kazakhstan's legitimate ruler.
Following its proclamation in December 1917, Alash leaders established the Alash Orda, a Kazakh government which was aligned with the White Army and fought against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War. In 1919, when the White forces were losing, the Alash Autonomous government began negotiations with the Bolsheviks. By 1920, the Bolsheviks had defeated the White Russian forces in the region and occupied Kazakhstan. On 17 August 1920, the Soviet government established the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, which in 1925 changed its name to Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, and finally to Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936.
| Date | Battle | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1918-1922 | Russian Civil War in Central Asia |  Alash-Orda
|
 RSFSR (until 1919) White Army (from 1919) |
Inconclusive
|
|
Soviet Union
editDuring most of the 20th century Kazakhstan was a Soviet Republic within USSR, participating in the wars USSR took a part in.
Despite the peaceful integration of Alash-Orda into the USSR, Kazakh people also participated in series of revolts against Soviet rule, the main wave of uprising had been caused by collectivisation and Asharshylyk:
| Date | Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | Leader(s)/Khan(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1921 | Anti-bolshevik revolt in Northern Kazakhstan |  Green Rebels
|
 USSR
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1928-1930 | Sarysu-sozak uprising
|
 Kazakh rebels
|
USSR
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1929 | Bostandyk uprising
|
Kazakh rebels
|
USSR
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1929 | Batpakkarin uprising | Kazakh rebels
|
USSR
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1929-1932 | Aday uprising of 1929 | Aday tribe members | USSR
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1930 | Sarbaz rebellion | Kazakh rebels
|
USSR
|
Defeat
| |
| 1930 | Balkash-Shokpar uprising | Kazakh rebels
|
USSR
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1930 | Baribay uprising | Kazakh rebels | USSR
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1930 | Asan uprising | Kazakh rebels
|
USSR
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1931 | Abralin uprising | Kazakh rebels
|
USSR
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1931 | Korday uprising | Kazakh rebels
|
USSR
|
Defeat
| |
| 1931 | Alak uprising | Kazakh rebels
|
USSR
|
Defeat
| |
Republic of China
editFollowing the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the Republic of China was proclaimed. Initially, the Chinese state attempted to provide a peaceful management, but repressive policies, the warlord chaos, Soviet intervention, and the increasing number of Han and Hui migration pushed Kazakhs to war against the Chinese state, aligning their goal with the Kyrgyz and the larger Uyghurs and Uzbeks for an independent East Turkestan:
| Date | Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | Leader(s)/Khan(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1931–1949 | Xinjiang Wars |  East Turkestan
|
 Republic of China
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1931–1934 | Kumul Rebellion | Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
|
Republic of China
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1935 | Charkhlik revolt | Uyghur and Kazakh rebels | Republic of China
|
Defeat
|
|
| 1937 | Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang | Republic of China
Turkic Muslim rebels |
 Xinjiang clique |
Defeat
|
|
| 1944–1946 | Ili Rebellion |  Second East Turkestan Republic |
Republic of China |
Victory
|
|
| 1949 | PRC's conquest of Xinjiang | Second East Turkestan Republic |
 People's Republic of China |
Defeat
|
Republic of Kazakhstan (1991–present)
editKazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union from 1988 to 1991.
See also
editReferences
edit- ↑ Atygaev 2023, p. 86.
- ↑ Trepavlov 2020, p. 202.
- ↑ Atygaev 2007, p. 397.
- 1 2 Remileva 2005, p. 74.
- ↑ М. Ивлев. Гибель Семиреченского казачьего войска (1917–20 гг.) //Альманах «Белая гвардия», № 8. Казачество России в Белом движении. М.: «Посев», стр. 225–235
- ↑ "Somalia Leaders Killed". New America Foundation. Washington, D.C. 19 May 2016.
Sources
editReferences
edit- Abuseitova, M. H. (1985). the Kazakh Khanate in the second half of the XVI century (in Russian). Almaty: «Science».
- Atygaev, Nurlan (2023). The Kazakh Khanate: essays on the foreign policy history of the XV-XVII centuries [not in English] (in Russian). Almaty: Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of the Yasavi Moscow State Technical University. ISBN 978-601-7805-24-1.
- Baumer, C. (2016). The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols. I.B. Tauris.
- Basin, V. Ya. (1971). Russia and the Kazakh Khanates in the XVI—XVIII centuries (in Russian). Almaty: «Science».
- Beckwith, C. I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press.
- Christian, D. (1998). A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Christian, D. (2018). A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260 – 2000. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Golden, P. B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. Oxford University Press.
- Hopkirk, P. (1992). The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia. Kodansha USA Inc.
- Isin, A. (2002). Restoration of Kazakh-Russian relations and relations between the Kazakh and Nogai states in the 70s of the 16th century (in Russian). Semipalatinsk: Tengri. ISBN 9965492298.
- Khalid, A. (2021). Central Asia: A New History from the Imperial Conquests to the Present. Princeton University Press.
- Kul-mukhamed, M. A.; Tagine, M. M.; Nurgazi, N. M. (2007). History of Kazakhstan in Russian sources. Tom VI (in Russian). Издатель «Dyke Press». ISBN 978-9965-798-44-3.
- Kushkumbaev, A. K. (2001). Kazakh military affairs in the XVI—XVII centuries (in Russian). Almaty: publishing house "Dyke Press". ISBN 9965-441-44-8.
- Moiseev, V. A. (1991). Dzungarian Khanate and Kazakhs XVII—XVIII (in Russian). Almaty: «Gylym».
- Sokol, E. D., Starr, S. F. (2016). The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Sultan, Akimbekov (2016). The History of the steppes: the phenomenon of the Genghis Khan state in the history of Eurasia (in Russian). Almaty: «Institute of Asian Studies». ISBN 978-601-7550-01-1.
- Trepavlov, V. V. (2016). History of Nogai Horde (in Russian). Kazan: Publishing house "Kazan real estate". ISBN 978-5-9907552-5-3.
- Vyatkin, M. (1941). Essays on the history of the Kazakh SSR (in Russian). Ogiz. Gospolizdat 1941.
- Zlatkin, I. Ya. (1983). history of Dzungarian Khanate (in Russian). Moscow: «Science».
- Barthold, V. V. (1956). Four Studies on the History of Central Asia. Vol. 1. Brill. p. 162. ISBN 978-90-04-00149-7.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Perdue, Peter (2005). China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01684-X.
- Remileva, E. (2005). Ойрат-монголы: Обзор истории европейских калмыков (in Russian). Munich: E. Remileva. ISBN 978-3-939165-18-7.
- Trepavlov, V.V. (2020), История Ногайской орды (in Russian), Moscow: Kvadriga, ISBN 978-5-91791-352-0
- Atygaev, Nurland (2007), И История казахской государственности (древность и средневековье): монографическое исследование (in Russian), Almaty: Adamdar, ISBN 9965-884-01-3
- Keller, Shoshana (2020). Russia and Central Asia: Coexistence, Conquest, Convergence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781487594343.