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Orenburg

Orenburg (Russian: Оренбу́рг, pronounced [ɐrʲɪnˈburk], Kazakh: Орынбор, romanized: Orynbor), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies in Eastern Europe, near the boundary of Europe and Asia, along the banks of the Ural River, being approximately 1,480 kilometers (920 mi) southeast of Moscow.

Orenburg
Оренбург
City[1]
City Hall
City Hall
Sovetskaya Street
Sovetskaya Street
Pedestrian bridge over the Ural River
Pedestrian bridge over the Ural River
Water tower
Water tower
Regional administration building
Regional administration building
Flag of Orenburg
Flag
Coat of arms of Orenburg
Coat of arms
Map
Interactive map of Orenburg
Orenburg is located in Orenburg Oblast
Orenburg
Orenburg
Location of Orenburg
Orenburg is located in European Russia
Orenburg
Orenburg
Orenburg (European Russia)
Orenburg is located in Russia
Orenburg
Orenburg
Orenburg (Russia)
Orenburg is located in Europe
Orenburg
Orenburg
Orenburg (Europe)
Coordinates: 51°47′N 55°06′E / 51.783°N 55.100°E / 51.783; 55.100
CountryRussia
Federal subjectOrenburg Oblast[1]
Founded1743[2]
Government
 • BodyCity Duma
 • HeadSergey Salmin [ru][3]
Area
[4]
 • Total
258.57 km2 (99.83 sq mi)
Elevation
150 m (490 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[5]
 • Total
548,331
 • Estimate 
(2025)[6]
536,515 (−2.2%)
 • Rank28th in 2010
 • Density2,120.6/km2 (5,492.4/sq mi)
 • Subordinated toCity of Orenburg[1]
 • Capital ofOrenburg Oblast,[1] Orenburgsky District[7]
 • Urban okrugOrenburg Urban Okrug[8]
 • Capital ofOrenburg Urban Okrug, Orenburgsky Municipal District
Time zoneUTC+5 (MSK+2 Edit this on Wikidata[9])
Postal code[10]
460000
Dialing code+7 3532
OKTMO ID53701000001
Websiteorenburg.ru

Orenburg is close to the border with Kazakhstan. Founded in the 18th century, the city was an important place for Kazakh–Russian trade in the 19th century, the founding place of the first two Kazakh republics in the 20th century, and then the first capital of the Kazakh ASSR from 1920 to 1925.

Etymology

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Several historians have tried to explain the origins of the city's name. It was traditionally accepted that the word "orenburg" means a fortress on the River Or.[11] In all probability, the word combination "orenburg" was proposed by I. K. Kirillov [ru], the founder of the city. In 1734, in accordance with his project, a package of governmental documents was worked out. This was the starting point for Orenburg as a fortress city near the meeting of the Or and Ural rivers.

On 7 June 1734, "A Privilege for Orenburg" (tsar's edict) was ordered by Empress Anna Ioannovna.

While the construction site of the main fortress changed many times (down the River Ural), the name "Orenburg" has not changed since its founding in 1743. Between 1938 and 1957, the city was referred to as Chkalov,[12][13] named after the famous Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov, although he was not born in and never lived in Orenburg, and never visited Orenburg. In 1954, Chkalov's five-meter bronze sculpture was erected on the occasion of his 50th birth anniversary; this was installed on a seven-meter pedestal on the Boulevard (the riverside promenade of the city, commonly named "Belovka").

History

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Foundation and early history

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In 1734, the Russian Empire began to expand its dominance and influence in Asia by building a fortified city called Orenburg on its eastern border (Southern Urals). For this purpose, in 1735, Ivan Kirilov, a cartographer and statistician, began to develop the settlement at the confluence of the rivers Or and Ural, and the first settlement was chosen during his expedition. He claimed that the town was needed "to open a transit route to Bukhara, Badakhshan, Balkh and India" and that "riches in the form of gold, lapis lazuli and garnets could be obtained from it". After his death, a new manager of the Orenburg expedition, Vasily Tatishchev, was appointed who did not consider the place suitable for building a city. Therefore, in 1739 he began preparations for the construction of a new town with the old name on Krasnaya Gora (Red Mountain), downstream of the Ural (Yaik) River. The old settlement was named the Orsk fortress (now the city of Orsk).[14]

On August 6, 1741, the new town was laid out. However, its construction never started. The place on Krasnaya Gora was not suitable for the construction of the city, as it was treeless, rocky and far from the river. A new manager of the Orenburg expedition Ivan Neplyuev was appointed, and on April 19, 1743, Orenburg was built up on the third attempt, at the place where the Berd settlement was earlier located, 75 kilometers (47 mi) from the Krasnaya Gora. In the summer of 1742, Neplyuev was assigned to build the city on the site of the rivers Yaik and Sakmara. The new place, surrounded by forests and fields where the Yaik and Sakumara rivers converge, was chosen by Neplyuev himself. Today it is the historical center of the city. The town built on the Red Mountain was named Krasnogorsk. Thus, in 1743 Ivan Neplyuev founded Orenburg on thesite of present-day Orsk, about 250 kilometers west of the Urals. This third Orenburg served as an important military outpost on the border with the nomadic Kazakhs. It became the center of the Orenburg Cossacks. In the first half of the 18th century, the Russian Empire constructed the Irtysh line [ru], a series of forty-six forts, including Orenburg,[15] to prevent Kazakh and Dzungar raids into Russian territory.[16]

Orenburg played a major role in Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1774), the largest peasant revolt in Russian history. At the time, it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor. Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 to March 26, 1774. The defense was organized by Governor of Orenburg lieutenant-general Reinsdorf.[17] General Golytsin defeated Pugachev at Berda, and later again at Kargala (north of Orenburg).[18] Most of the city was left in ruins, and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege. Government forces crushed revolt towards the end of 1774 by General Michelsohn at Tsaritsyn. Further reprisals against rebel areas were carried out by General Peter Panin. In 1786, a border court was established in Orenburg.[19]

Late modern period

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Map of Orenburg in 1828

Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a research trip for his books The History of Pugachev and his famous novel The Captain's Daughter. He met his friend Vladimir Dal here, who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language.

Around 300 Polish insurgents of the November Uprising were exiled in Orenburg in the 1830s.[20] Orenburg was the base for General Perovsky's expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva in the 1830s through 1850s. In 1841, Makhambet Otemisuly, Kazakh poet and resistance fighter against the Russian conquest of Kazakhstan, was brought to Orenburg to stand trial before a Russian court; he was released but barred from crossing the border.[21]

The city was an important center for Kazakh–Russian trade.[22] The Kazakhs sold raw hides, furs, wool, linen, cotton fabrics, dressing gowns, belts and sheep, and bought grain.[23] It was also the center of trade with Bukhara and Khiva.[23] Jäñgir-Kerei Khan, the last Khan of the Kazakh Bukey Horde, owned a trading post in Orenburg.[24]

In the mid-19th century, Vasily Vasilyevich Grigoryev, historian specializing in the history of Kazakhstan, established a large library in the city, dedicated to the history of Central Asia.[25]

After the incorporation of Central Asia into the Russian Empire, Orenburg became a trading station and, since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway, a prominent railway junction en route to the new Central Asian possessions and to Siberia. By 1885, the city had twelve Orthodox churches, five mosques, a Catholic church (built by the Poles) and a Lutheran church.[20] There was a military school, a school for Kazakh children, a women's educational institution, an armoury, a public garden, and 38 factories.[20] In 1910, a women's madrasa was established for Kazakh, Bashkir, Tatar and Uzbek women.[26]

Orenburg in 1910

Orenburg was one of the main centers for the publication of books by the Kazakh intelligentsia,[27] including poetry and works of Mirjaqip Dulatuli and Gumar Karash.[28] Kazakh press was published in Orenburg, i.e. the prominent newspaper Qazaq from 1913 to 1918, then the Kazakh Mungi newspaper from April to July 1918, and the Egemen Qazaqstan newspaper from December 1919.[29][30]

During World War I, several hundred Poles who had been interned by the Russians in Warsaw were sent to Orenburg.[31] During the Russian Civil War, Soviet power was first established in the city in 1917. On 27 October 1917, Alexander Dutov led an anti-communist uprising, which was suppressed by the Bolsheviks.[32] On 3 July 1918, the city was captured by anti-communist forces of Alexander Dutov.[33]

Madrasa in the 1910s, later the Tatar Pedagogical Technical School

In November 1917, autonomous Bashkiria was proclaimed in Orenburg.[34] In February 1918, leader of the Bashkir national liberation movement Zeki Velidi Togan was arrested in Orenburg by the Bolsheviks, but was later freed by the Whites.[34]

In December 1917, Orenburg hosted the Second All-Kazakh Congress, at which the Alash Autonomy, the first Kazakh state since Russian conquest of the Kazakh Khanate, was proclaimed.[35][36] Also, the armed forces of the Alash Autonomy were founded at the congress.[36]

Tatar and Bashkir Institutes of Public Education were established in 1917 and 1920, respectively, both soon converted into the Tatar and Bashkir Pedagogical Technical Schools.[37][38]

Kazakh capital

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In 1920, Orenburg (or Orynbor in Kazakh) became the first capital of the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (initially named the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic).[39] In October 1920, the Constituent Congress of the Soviets of the Kazakh ASSR was held in the city, and the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh ASSR was elected and the Revolutionary Committee was established.[39]

The Kazakh Institute of Public Education, the Kazakh state publishing house and the Kazakh Bureau of the Central Committee of the Komsomol were founded in Orenburg in 1919–1920, and the first conference of the latter was held in the city in 1921.[40][41] New Kazakh newspapers and magazines were founded in the city, including the youth magazines Örten and Jas Alaş in 1922 and 1923, respectively, and the Jas Kairat newspaper in 1925.[42] On 13–18 June 1924, the First Congress of Kazakh Scholars was held in the city, with the participation of Ahmet Baitursynuly, Alikhan Bukeikhanov and Mirjaqip Dulatuli, at which key decisions were made, that shaped the course of Kazakh science, literature, and education for decades to come.[43] Among these was the reform of the Kazakh alphabet, which boosted mass printing of Kazakh books, newspapers and textbooks.[43] In 1925, the Kazakh capital was moved to Kyzylorda, and Orenburg was separated from Kazakhstan and has been part of Russia ever since.[39]

Later history

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Our Lady of Kazan Cathedral was destroyed in the 1930s

From 1938 to 1957, the city bore the name Chkalov (Чка́лов) (after the prominent test pilot Valery Chkalov). The city's distance from the German invasion during World War II led many Soviet enterprises to flee there, helping to spur the city's economic growth. In connection with the formation of the Polish Anders' Army, a Polish diplomatic post was established in the city in November 1941, however it was closed in July 1942 when the Soviets arrested six of its staff members (who were released in October 1942).[44]

As part of Soviet anti-religious legislation, churches and mosques were closed down. One mosque was reopened in 1945.[45]

After the Fall of Communism, four mosques were restored to Muslims in 1993–1996.[37][38][46]

Administrative and municipal status

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Orenburg is the administrative center of the oblast[1] and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative centre of Orenburgsky District,[7] even though it is not a part of it.[47] As an administrative division, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated separately as the City of Orenburg[1]—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[citation needed] As a municipal division, the City of Orenburg is incorporated as Orenburg Urban Okrug.[8]

Geography

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The city is in the basin of the middle branch of the River Ural, near its confluence with the River Sakmara. The highest point of the city is 154.4 meters (507 ft).[citation needed]

The Ural River forms the boundary between Europe and Asia in Orenburg.

Climate

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Orenburg is located in the border of cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) and hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) zones with quite long and hot summers and long and very cold winters. April and October are transition months, with the rest of the months being either summer or winter.

Climate data for Orenburg (1991–2020, extremes 1832–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5)		 5.8
(42.4)		 21.3
(70.3)		 31.3
(88.3)		 36.5
(97.7)		 40.5
(104.9)		 41.6
(106.9)		 40.9
(105.6)		 38.0
(100.4)		 27.0
(80.6)		 19.2
(66.6)		 8.1
(46.6)		 41.6
(106.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −8.1
(17.4)		 −7
(19)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 13.6
(56.5)		 22.7
(72.9)		 27.4
(81.3)		 29.3
(84.7)		 28.1
(82.6)		 21.0
(69.8)		 11.8
(53.2)		 0.8
(33.4)		 −6.1
(21.0)		 11.1
(52.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −11.8
(10.8)		 −11.3
(11.7)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 7.2
(45.0)		 15.9
(60.6)		 20.6
(69.1)		 22.5
(72.5)		 20.9
(69.6)		 14.2
(57.6)		 6.4
(43.5)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 −9.6
(14.7)		 5.7
(42.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.4
(4.3)		 −15.4
(4.3)		 −8.4
(16.9)		 2.1
(35.8)		 9.0
(48.2)		 13.7
(56.7)		 15.6
(60.1)		 13.9
(57.0)		 8.0
(46.4)		 1.9
(35.4)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −13.1
(8.4)		 0.5
(32.9)
Record low °C (°F) −43.2
(−45.8)		 −40.1
(−40.2)		 −36.8
(−34.2)		 −26
(−15)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 4.9
(40.8)		 −1
(30)		 −5.3
(22.5)		 −19.8
(−3.6)		 −35.7
(−32.3)		 −39.2
(−38.6)		 −43.2
(−45.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 29
(1.1)		 24
(0.9)		 26
(1.0)		 27
(1.1)		 31
(1.2)		 34
(1.3)		 42
(1.7)		 22
(0.9)		 26
(1.0)		 33
(1.3)		 29
(1.1)		 31
(1.2)		 354
(13.9)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 17
(6.7)		 23
(9.1)		 19
(7.5)		 2
(0.8)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 3
(1.2)		 9
(3.5)		 23
(9.1)
Average rainy days 4 3 6 11 15 15 14 13 13 14 11 6 125
Average snowy days 23 20 13 4 0.2 0 0 0 0.3 4 15 21 101
Average relative humidity (%) 80 79 79 62 53 54 55 54 59 68 80 81 67
Mean monthly sunshine hours 75.7 111.7 171.1 234.8 312.4 338.0 350.2 301.7 225.5 139.8 73.3 62.5 2,396.7
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[48]
Source 2: NOAA[49]

Demographics

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‹ The template below (Historical populations) is being considered for merging with Infobox demographics. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›

Economy

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Orenburg is home to several large companies or their subsidiaries.

Oil and gas

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Orenburggazprom operates the Orenburg gas processing plant, a subsidiary of Gazprom.[50]

Orenburgneft, a subsidiary of TNK-BP oil company Orenburgenergy,[51]one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia.[citation needed]

Transportation

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Main railway station

Orenburg has been a major railway centre ever since the Samara-Zlatoust and Orenburg-Tashkent railroads were completed, respectively in 1876 and 1905.[52] Orenburg's main airport is the Orenburg Tsentralny Airport,[53] located about 25 kilometers (16 mi) east of the city, on the Orsk destination, and used to be the headquarters of now defunct Orenair.[53] City public transport includes bus, trolleybus and also marshrutkas (fixed-route share-taxis).

Education and culture

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Orenburg is a regional centre of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums.[citation needed]

Education

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Orenburg State University
Orenburg State Pedagogical University
  • Orenburg State University. The university was founded in 1955 as a branch of Kuibyshev Polytechnic Institute. In 1971 it converted into Orenburg Polytechnic Institute. In 1994 it became Orenburg State Technical University. In 1996, converted into Orenburg State University. In 2014 Orenburg State Institute of Management integrated with Orenburg State University.
  • Orenburg State Medical University. Established in 1944 as Chkalov State Medical Institute. It was renamed to Orenburg State Medical Institute in 1957 (at that time Orenburg city regained its original name after being named Chkalov from 1937 till 1957). It gained the status of academy in 1994. Currently there are eight faculties: Medicine, Pediatric, Stomatology (Dentistry), Pharmacy, Clinical Psychology, Nursing, Public Health (Медико-профилактический), and Continuing Education.
  • Orenburg State Agrarian University. Established in 1930 as Orenburg Agricultural Institute. It was transformed to Orenburg State Agricultural Academy in 1992. Since 1995 named as Orenburg State Agrarian University. There are 8 faculties and four institutes.
  • Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Established in 1919 as Institute of Public Education. Renamed to Pedagogical Institute in 1930. Transformed to Pedagogical University in 1996. There are 10 faculties and four research institutes.
  • Orenburg Branch of Kutafin Moscow State Law University
  • Orenburg Branch of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
  • Orenburg Physics and Mathematics Lyceum. Prestigious school, permanently ranked in the top Russian schools rating (generally and in STEM sub-rating).[54][55]

Museums

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Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts
Orenburg Governor's Museum of History and Local Lore
Taras Shevchenko Memorial Museum
Museum of Orenburg History

Theatres

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  • Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Drama Theater[56]
  • Orenburg State Regional Music Theater[57]
  • Orenburg State Tatar Drama Theater
  • Orenburg State Regional Puppet Theater
  • Orenburg Municipal Puppet Theater "Pierrot"
  • Orenburg Municipal Chamber Choir
  • Orenburg State Academic Russian Folk Choir

Tourism

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Mountain and river tourism are developed in the region. There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range, popular with tourists. The city is known for its location between Europe and Asia. The Ural River marks the border of Asia and Europe, and there is a bridge which connects the two sides.

The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawls. The thinnest lacy design, knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs (pautinkas), is not only warm, but also is used for decorative purposes.

Architecture

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Saint Nicholas cathedral
Orenburg Caravanserai

A famous boulevard on the embankment of the Ural River is one of the most notable places in Orenburg. Orenburg TV Tower is a guyed mast of unusual design. It is a 200-meter (660 ft) tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys.[58]

Orenburg is home to important sites related to the history of Kazakhstan, including the building that hosted the Second All-Kazakh Congress in 1917, at which the Alash Autonomy, the first 20th-century Kazakh state, was proclaimed, the former Public Assembly building, which hosted the first ever Constituent Congress of the Soviets of the Kazakh ASSR in 1920, at which the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was established, other government buildings from the time when the city served as the Kazakh capital, and former home of writer, publisher and educator Ahmet Baitursynuly.

There are also several sites associated with the most prominent Ukrainian poet of the 19th century, Taras Shevchenko, including the places where he lived, marked by commemorative plaques, and a museum dedicated to him at one of these sites.

There is a number of historic religious buildings in the city, including Russian Orthodox churches, several mosques associated with the local Kazakh, Bashkir (Orenburg Caravanserai) and Tatar communities, a Polish-built Catholic church, and a Jewish synagogue.

The Embassy of the Emirate of Bukhara in Orenburg is a registered historic monument with the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.[59]

Sports

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Cycling event in Orenburg

National events

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In October 2015, the Russian Rink Bandy Cup was to be organised.[63]

Honors

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The asteroid 27709 Orenburg was named after the city on June 1, 2007.†

Notable people

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Former home of Ahmet Baitursynuly

Twin towns – sister cities

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Orenburg is twinned with:[65]

References

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Notes

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Law #1370/276-IV-OZ
  2. ↑ Из истории Казахстана XVIII в
  3. ↑ "Администрация города Оренбурга". Официальный портал города Оренбурга. Archived from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  4. ↑ Генеральный план Оренбурга. Материалы по обоснованию проекта. Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Раздел 4.1. Территория города. Стр. 29
  5. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  6. ↑ Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2025 года (in Russian), Moscow: Federal State Statistics Service, April 25, 2025, Wikidata Q133797648, archived from the original on April 26, 2026
  7. 1 2 Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 53 234», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 53 234, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
  8. 1 2 Law #2367/495-IV-OZ
  9. ↑ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  10. ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  11. ↑ Поспелов Е.М. Географические названия мира: топонимический словарь. — М.: Русские словари; Астрель; ACT, 2002. — ISBN 5-17-002938-1; 5-271-00446-5; 5-93259-014-9; 5-17-001389-2.
  12. ↑ Оренбург — статья из Большой советской энциклопедии.
  13. ↑ Город был переименован Указом ПрезидиумаПрезидиума Верховного Совета СССР от 26 декабря 1938 г.
  14. ↑ С.М.Стрельников. Географические названия Оренбургской области. — Изд. 2-е, доп. и испр. — Кувандык, 2002. — 176 с.
  15. ↑ "Russian Colonization and the Genesis of Kazak National Consciousness". S. Sabol (2003). Springer. p.27 ISBN 0230599427
  16. ↑ "Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview". Edward A. Allworth, Edward Allworth (1994). Duke University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0822315211
  17. ↑ Shane O'Rourke The Cossacks Manchester University Press, 2008 ISBN 9780719076800
  18. ↑ Tatishchevo 1774 in Tony Jaques Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z ISBN 9780313335396
  19. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 2. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. p. 233. ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  20. 1 2 3 Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich (in Polish). Vol. VII. Warszawa. 1886. p. 579.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 3. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. p. 500. ISBN 9965-9746-4-0.
  22. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 4. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2006. p. 224. ISBN 9965-9908-6-7.
  23. 1 2 3 Encyklopedyja powszechna (in Polish). Vol. XX. Warszawa. 1865. p. 22.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 2. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. p. 291. ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  25. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 2. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. p. 119. ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  26. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 2. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. p. 316. ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  27. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 3. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. p. 28. ISBN 9965-9746-4-0.
  28. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 2. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. pp. 127, 216. ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  29. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 3. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9965-9746-4-0.
  30. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 2. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. p. 227. ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  31. ↑ Sula, Dorota (2017). "Pomoc Polakom – jeńcom w Imperium Rosyjskim w okresie I wojny światowej". Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish). 40. Opole: 86.
  32. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 2. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. p. 218. ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  33. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 1. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2004. p. 41. ISBN 9965-9389-9-7.
  34. 1 2 Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 2. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. p. 370. ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  35. ↑ Ubiria, Grigol (2016). Soviet Nation-Building in Central Asia: The Making of the Kazakh and Uzbek Nations. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-138-88528-8. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  36. 1 2 Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 1. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2004. p. 168. ISBN 9965-9389-9-7.
  37. 1 2 "Мечеть Хусаиния и медресе при мечети" (in Russian). Retrieved May 24, 2026. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  38. 1 2 "Архитектурный комплекс «Караван-сарай»" (in Russian). Retrieved May 24, 2026. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  39. 1 2 3 "ҚазАКСР" (in Kazakh). Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  40. ↑ Mukhatova, O.; Kaipbayeva, A. T. (2021). "Қазақ халық ағарту институты және оның қызметі". ҚазҰУ Хабаршысы. Тарих сериясы (in Kazakh). 101 (2). Al-Farabi Kazakh National University: 130. ISSN 1563-0269.
  41. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 3. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. pp. 53, 77, 414. ISBN 9965-9746-4-0.
  42. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 2. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. p. 306. ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  43. 1 2 "Первый съезд казахских ученых: исторический поворот в становлении национальной науки" (in Russian). June 13, 2025. Retrieved May 29, 2026.
  44. ↑ Ceranka, Paweł; Szczepanik, Krzysztof (2020). Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny (in Polish). Warszawa: Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. p. 112. ISBN 978-83-65681-93-5.
  45. ↑ "Третья соборная мечеть Оренбурга" (in Russian). Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  46. ↑ "ОРЕНБУРГСКИЕ СОБОРНЫЕ МЕЧЕТИ" (in Russian). October 10, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  47. ↑ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 53 401», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 53 401, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
  48. ↑ КЛИМАТ ОРЕНБУРГА (in Russian). Погода и климат. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  49. ↑ "Orenburg Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  50. ↑ "Gazprom". Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
  51. ↑ "Orenburgneft". Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2009.
  52. ↑ Correspondence, Foreign (November 7, 1904). "RUSSIA'S NEW GREAT RAILROAD IN ASIA; Orenburg-Tashkent Line Was Completed a Few Days Ago. GREAT VALUE STRATEGICALLY Prince Hilkoff Pushed the Construction of the Road with Much Energy -- The Cities Traversed" (PDF). The New York Times.
  53. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  54. ↑ "Рейтинг лучших школ России по конкурентоспособности выпускников, 2025 год". raex-rr.com. Retrieved March 8, 2026.
  55. ↑ "Рейтинг лучших школ России по конкурентоспособности выпускников в сфере «Технические, естественно-научные направления и точные науки», 2025 год". raex-rr.com. Retrieved March 8, 2026.
  56. ↑ Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Drama Theater
  57. ↑ "Оренбургский театр музыкальной комедии". Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
  58. ↑ "Оренбург".
  59. ↑ "Жилой дом. Бывшее представительство Бухарского эмира" (in Russian). Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. Retrieved April 19, 2026.
  60. ↑ "Google Translate".
  61. ↑ "Google Translate".
  62. ↑ fakelgazproma.ru/
  63. ↑ "Google Translate".
  64. ↑ Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 2. Almaty: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. 2005. pp. 215–216. ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  65. ↑ "Братские узы: четыре города-побратима Оренбурга". govorimdelo.ru (in Russian). Govorim Delo. November 22, 2019. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2020.

Sources

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  • Законодательное Собрание Оренбургской области. Закон №1370/276-IV-ОЗ от 11 июля 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Оренбургской области», в ред. Закона №2826/783-V-ОЗ от 15 декабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Оренбургской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Оренбургской области"». Вступил в силу после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Южный Урал", №№134–135 (спецвыпуск №40 с документами Законодательного Собрания Оренбургской области), 21 июля 2007 г. (Legislative Assembly of Orenburg Oblast. Law #1370/276-IV-OZ of July 11, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Orenburg Oblast, as amended by the Law #2826/783-V-OZ of December 15, 2014 On Amending the Law of Orenburg Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Orenburg Oblast". Effective as of after the official publication date.).
  • Законодательное Собрание Оренбургской области. Закон №2367/495-IV-ОЗ от 15 сентября 2008 г. «Об утверждении перечня муниципальных образований Оренбургской области и населённых пунктов, входящих в их состав», в ред. Закона №3322/917-V-ОЗ от 24 августа 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Оренбургской области "Об утверждении перечня муниципальных образований Оренбургской области и населённых пунктов, входящих в их состав"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Бюллетень Законодательного Собрания Оренбургской области", 22 заседание, I часть, 29 августа 2008 г. (Legislative Assembly of Orenburg Oblast. Law #2367/495-IV-OZ of September 15, 2008 On Adopting the Registry of the Municipal Formations of Orenburg Oblast and the Inhabited Localities They Comprise, as amended by the Law #3322/917-V-OZ of August 24, 2015 On Amending the Law of Orenburg Oblast "On Adopting the Registry of the Municipal Formations of Orenburg Oblast and the Inhabited Localities They Comprise". Effective as of after 10 days following the official publication.).
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