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List of languages by time of extinction

(Redirected from List of last known speakers of California indigenous languages)

An extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes extinct upon the death of its last native speaker, the terminal speaker. A language like Latin is not extinct in this sense, because it evolved into the modern Romance languages; it is impossible to state when Latin became extinct because there is a diachronic continuum (compare synchronic continuum) between ancestors Late Latin and Vulgar Latin on the one hand and descendants like Old French and Old Italian on the other; any cutoff date for distinguishing ancestor from descendant is arbitrary. For many languages which have become extinct in recent centuries, attestation of usage is datable in the historical record, and sometimes the terminal speaker is identifiable. In other cases, historians and historical linguists may infer an estimated date of extinction from other events in the history of the sprachraum.

Language Endangerment Status
Extinct (EX)
Endangered
Safe
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Other categories
Related topics
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger category
UNESCO Atlas of the World's
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List

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

21st century

edit
DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionTerminal speakerNotes
7 March 2026 Hupa Na-Dene California, United States Verdena Parker [1]
16 October 2025 Lekwungen dialect of North Straits Salish Salishan British Columbia, Canada Čeyɬəm (Elmer George) [2]
20 September 2025 Aurê-Aurá Tupian Maranhão, Brazil Aurá [3][4]
14 July 2025 Caddo Caddoan Oklahoma, United States Edmond Johnson[5] Under a process of revival.
by 2024 Mawes Northwest Papuan? West Papua, Indonesia [6][7]
2 May 2023 Columbia-Moses Salishan Washington, United States Pauline Stensgar[8]
by 2023 Itonama Isolate Beni Department, Bolivia [9]
5 October 2022 Mednyj Aleut Mixed Aleut–Russian Commander Islands, Russia Gennady Yakovlev[10]
19 April 2022 Quapaw Siouan Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States Ardina Moore [11]
16 February 2022 Yahgan Isolate Magallanes, Chile Cristina Calderón[12]
by 2022? Moghol Mongolic Herat Province, Afghanistan [13]
25 September 2021 Wukchumni dialect of Tule-Kaweah Yokuts Yokuts California, United States Marie Wilcox[14]
27 August 2021 Yuchi Isolate Tennessee (formerly) and Oklahoma in the United States Maxine Wildcat Barnett[15]
7 March 2021 Bering Aleut dialect of AleutEskimo-AleutKamchatka Krai, RussiaVera Timoshenko[16]
by 2021 Warluwarra Pama-Nyungan Australia Extinct by 2021[17]
after 2020 Dompo Niger–Congo Brong-Ahafo region, Banda District, Ghana [18][19][20]
2 December 2020 Tuscarora Iroquoian North Carolina, United States Kenneth Patterson[21] Under a process of revival.[22]
4 April 2020Aka-Cari dialect of Northern AndamaneseGreat AndamaneseAndaman Islands, IndiaLicho[23]
23 March 2019NgandiGunwinyguanNorthern Territory, AustraliaC. W. Daniels[24][25]
4 January 2019TehuelcheChonanPatagonia, ArgentinaDora Manchado[26][27]
November 2018SapéIsolateVenezuelaRamón Quimillo Lezama [28]
2018PatwinWintuanCalifornia, United StatesBertha Wright Mitchell [29] Being taught in schools and learned by adults[30]
2017 Air Matoa Etna Bay, Indonesia [31]
by 2017 Hokkaido Ainu Ainu Hokkaido, Japan [32][33]
9 December 2016MandanSiouanNorth Dakota, United StatesEdwin Benson[34]
30 August 2016WichitaCaddoanOklahoma, United StatesDoris McLemore[35]
29 July 2016Gugu ThaypanPama-NyunganQueensland, AustraliaTommy George[36]
11 February 2016Nuchatlaht dialect of Nuu-chah-nulthWakashanBritish Columbia, CanadaAlban Michael[37]
4 January 2016Whulshootseed dialect of LushootseedSalishanWashington, United StatesEllen Williams[38][39]
by 2016 Marti Ke Western Daly Northern Territory, Australia Patrick Nudjulu or Agatha Perdjert[40] [41]
4 February 2014KlallamSalishanWashington, United StatesHazel Sampson[42][43][notes 1]being taught as a second language on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State[44]
5 June 2013LivonianUralicLatviaGrizelda Kristiņa[45][notes 2]Under a process of revival. 1 native speaker as of 2020.[46]
26 March 2013YurokAlgicCalifornia, United StatesArchie Thompson[47]Under a process of revival.[48]
by 2013DemushboPanoanAmazon Basin, Brazil[49] 1 speaker in 2010.[50]
by 2013 Sabüm Mon–Khmer Perak, Malaysia [51]
2 October 2012Cromarty dialect of ScotsIndo-EuropeanNorthern Scotland, United KingdomBobby Hogg[52]
11 July 2012Upper ChinookChinookanOregon, United StatesGladys Thompson[53]
10 March 2012HolikachukNa-DeneAlaska, United StatesWilson "Tiny" Deacon[54]
2012 Andoa Zaparoan Peru Hipólito Arahuanaza [55]
2012MardijkerPortuguese-based creoleJakarta, IndonesiaMimi Abrahams[56]
c. 2012Dhungaloo dialect of TaribelangPama-NyunganQueensland, AustraliaRoy Hatfield[57]
by 2012 Dura Sino-Tibetan Nepal Soma Devi Dura[58] [59]
10 April 2011ApiakáTupianMato Grosso, BrazilPedrinho Kamassuri[60]
2011Lower ArrerntePama-NyunganNorthern Territory, AustraliaBrownie Doolan Perrurle[61]
24 October 2010Pazeh dialect of Pazeh–KaxabuAustronesianTaiwanPan Jin-yu[62]
20 August 2010Cochin Indo-Portuguese CreolePortuguese-based creoleSouthern IndiaWilliam Rozario[62]
26 January 2010Aka-BoAndamaneseAndaman Islands, IndiaBoa Sr.[63]
by 2010 Piru dialect of Luhu Austronesian Maluku, Indonesia [64]
November 2009Aka-KoraAndamaneseAndaman Islands, IndiaMs. Boro[65]
22 February 2009Great Andamanese koinéAndamaneseAndaman Islands, IndiaNao Jr.[66]
2009OlratAustronesianBanks Islands, VanuatuMaten Womal[67]
2009NyawaygiPama-NyunganQueensland, AustraliaWillie Seaton[68]
by 2009Papora-HoanyaAustronesianTaiwan[69]
30 July 2008 Tübatulabal Uto-Aztecan California, United States James Andreas [70]
24 February 2008Plains ApacheNa-DeneOklahoma, United StatesAlfred Chalepah Jr.
21 January 2008EyakNa-DeneAlaska, United StatesMarie Smith Jones[71]
2008 Oroch Tungusic Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
10 August 2007Gros VentreAlgicMontana, United StatesTheresa Lamebull[72][73]
2007Northeastern MaiduMaiduanCentral California, United States Under process of revival
by 2007RusenuTrans–New Guinea?eastern East Timor[74]
by 2007HpunSino-TibetanMyanmar[75]
11 July 2006Wasco dialect of Upper ChinookChinookanOregon, United StatesMadeline Brunoe McInturff[76]
2006 Omurano Isolate Peru Esteban Macusi [77][78][79]
2006 Aghu Tharnggala Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia [80]
2006Ludza dialect of South EstonianUralicLatviaNikolājs Nikonovs[81]
by 2006ZumayaAfroasiaticCameroon[82] Most speakers have shifted to Fula.
3 November 2005OsageSiouanOklahoma, United StatesLucille Roubedeaux[83]being revived
2005Berbice Creole DutchDutch-based creoleGuyanaBertha Bell[84]
2005KerekChukotko-KamchatkanChukotkaEkaterina Khatkana[85][86]
2005 Northern Pomo Pomoan California, United States
by 2005Barrow PointPama-NyunganQueensland, AustraliaUrwunjin Roger Hart[87]
20 September 2004Nüshu scriptunclassifiedHunan, ChinaYang Huanyi[88][89]
2004 Umotína Bororoan Mato Grosso, Brazil Julá Paré[90]
c. 2004? Duli-Gey Niger-Congo Cameroon [91]
29 December 2003Akkala SamiUralicKola Peninsula, RussiaMarja Sergina[92][93]4 rememberers persisted as of 2018.
22 November 2003WintuWintuanCalifornia, United StatesFlora Jones[94]
14 September 2003Klamath-ModocPlateau PenutianOregon, United StatesNeva Eggsman[95][96]
September 2003Garig-IlgarPama-NyunganNorthern Territory, Australia[97]
by 2003ArebaPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia[98]
by 2003AtampayaPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia[99]
by 2003 Makolkol unclassified New Britain, Papua New Guinea possible Papuan language
4 November 2002SerranoUto-AztecanCalifornia, United StatesDorothy Ramonbeing revived
31 August 2002UnamiAlgicDelaware, United StatesEdward Thompson[100][notes 3]
23 May 2002GaagudjuIsolateNorthern Territory, AustraliaBig Bill Neidjie[101]
2002 Tandia Austronesian West Papua, Indonesia Speakers shifted to Wandamen.[102][6]
2002 Akurio Cariban Suriname [103]
by 2001AmanayéTupianBrazil[104]
by 2001 Umbugarla Arnhem Land languages or
Darwin Region languages		 Northern Territory, Australia Butcher Knight
by 2001 Ngurmbur Arnhem Land languages or
Darwin Region languages		 Northern Territory, Australia Butcher Knight
2000 Máku (Jukude) Isolate Roraima, Brazil Sinfrônio Magalhães (Kuluta)
2000 Sowa Austronesian Pentecost, Vanuatu Maurice Tabi [105]
c. 2000 Pémono Cariban Venezuela Juanita Garcia [106]
c. 2000MapiaAustronesianMapia Atoll, Indonesia
c. 2000 Mesmes Afroasiatic Ethiopia Abegaz [107][108]
c. 2000 Kamarian Austronesian west Seram Island, Indonesia
c. 2000 Nagumi Niger-Congo Cameroon [109]
c. 2000ApolistaArawakanApolobambaIt is possible there are still a few very old speakers. There may be two distinct languages under this label.[110]
c. 2000Rennellese Sign LanguageunclassifiedSolomon IslandsKagobai[111]
c. 2000 Wanham Chapacuran Brazil Firmino Miguelem[112] [113]
by 2000Central PomoPomoanNorthern California
c. 2000s Aribwatsa Lower Markham languages Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea Butoawê Exact date of extinction is unknown although it is believed to be in 2000. Most descendants have switched to the Bukawa language.
2000sBahuanaArawakanBrazil
2000s Torá Chapacuran Brazil few semispeakers remain

20th century

edit
DateLanguage
or dialect		Language familyRegion Terminal speakerNotes
20th–21st century (?)AyabadhuPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia [80]
20th–21st century (?)AdithinngithighPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia
20th–21st century (?)ArritinngithighPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia
1980–2000TepecanoUto-AztecanCentral Mexico Lino de la RosaLast known speaker was alive in 1980
1999NyulnyulPama-NyunganAustralia Carmel Charles[114]
1998MlahsôAfroasiaticSyria; Turkey Ibrahim Hanna[115]
by 1998Skepi Creole DutchDutch-based creoleGuyana [116]
1997–98NgarnkaPama-NyunganAustralia
after 1997 Aribwatsa Austronesian Papua New Guinea Butoawê[117] [118]
January 1997Sireniki YupikEskimo–AleutChukotka Peninsula, Russia Valentina Wye[119]
1997Guazacapán XincaXincanSanta Rosa, Guatemala 1 semispeaker
1997Jumaytepeque XincaXincanBy Volcán Jumaytepeque, Guatemala
after 1996 Hibito Hibito–Cholon Bobonaje River Valley Natividad Grández del Castillo [120]
c. 1996 (?) Malaryan Dravidian Kerala and Tamil Nadu, India [121]
16 December 1996ChiwereSiouanOklahoma and Kansas, United States Truman Washington Dailey[122]
by 1996Chiquimulilla XincaXincanChiquimulilla, Guatemala The last semi-speaker Julian de la Cruz died in 1996.
by 1996KatabagaAustronesianPhilippines [123]
by 1996PalumataAustronesian?Maluku, Indonesia [124]
by 1996 Seru Austronesian Sarawak, Malaysia [125]
5 November 1995KasabeNiger–CongoCameroon Bogon[126]
6 August 1995MartuthuniraPama-NyunganWestern Australia Algy Paterson[127]
by 1995 Mandawaca Arawakan Venezuela, Brazil [128]
late 1990s Munichi Isolate Loreto Region, Peru Victoria Huancho Icahuate
after 1994 Lachoudisch Indo-European Schopfloch, Bavaria [129]
16 May 1994LuiseñoUto-AztecanSouthern California Villiana Calac HydeA revitalization process is happening.
30 April 1994Sakhalin AinuAinu languagesJapan Take Asai[130]
by 1994 Burduna Pama-Nyungan Western Australia
by 1994 Ngunnawal Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia [131] being revived
13 July 1993Eastern AbnakiAlgicMaine, United States Madeline Shay[132][133]
2 February 1993 Baré Arawakan Venezuela, Brazil Candelário da Silva [134][135]
1993 Cholón Hibito–Cholon Huallaga River valley, Peru Victoria Cerquera Ojeda[136] A few semispeakers remain.[137]
7 October 1992UbykhNorthwest CaucasianBalıkesir Province, Turkey Tevfik Esenç[138]
23 February 1991Roncalese (Erronkariko) dialect of BasqueIsolateSpain Fidela Bernat[139]
1991UllatanDravidianIndia [140]
30 July 1990WappoYuki–WappoCalifornia, United States Laura Fish Somersal[141]
early 1990sHermitAustronesianManus Province, Papua New Guinea It has been mostly replaced by Seimat.
c. 1990sInkuIndo-EuropeanAfghanistan [142]
c. 1990sLumaete dialect of KayeliAustronesiancentral Maluku, Indonesia [143]
1990sTamanSino-TibetanMyanmar [144]
c. 1990sUnggumiWorrorraAustralia Morndi Munro[145]
1990s?BertiSaharanDafur and Kordofan, Sudan
20 September 1989KamasUralicSayan Mountains, Soviet Union Klavdiya Plotnikova
March 1989Leliali dialect of KayeliAustronesiancentral Maluku, Indonesia [143][77]
after 1989HukuminaAustronesianMaluku, Indonesia [146]
1989Miami-IllinoisAlgicalong the Mississippi River, United States at least 500 users in 2016[147]
1989KungarakanyGunwinyguanNorthern Territory, Australia Madeline England[77][148]
16 September 1988AtsugewiPalaihnihanCalifornia, United States Medie Webster[149]
1988ǁXegwiTuuSouth Africa Jopi Mabinda[150]
1980sBidyaraPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia [151]
after 1987 Hoti Austronesian Seram, Indonesia [152]
c. 1987LauaTrans-New GuineaPapua New Guinea
4 February 1987CupeñoUto-AztecanCalifornia, United States Roscinda Nolásquez[153]
1987 Dyangadi Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia [154] 137 speakers in 2021 census.[155]
1987NegerhollandsDutch-based creoleU.S. Virgin Islands Alice Stevens
by 1987Basa-GumnaNiger-CongoNiger State/Plateau State, Nigeria [156]
by 1987YugambalPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia [157]
after 1986BikyaNiger-CongoCameroon
after 1986BishuoNiger-CongoCameroon
April 1986Jiwarli dialect, ManthartaPama-NyunganAustralia Jack Butler[158]
1986MangalaPama-NyunganWestern Australia [159]
1986VolowAustronesianVanuatu Wanhan[160]
late 1980s to early 1990sCahuaranoZaparoanAlong the Nanay River in Peru.
18 March 1984Deeside dialect, Scottish GaelicIndo-EuropeanScotland Jean Bain[161]
1984YaviteroArawakanVenezuela [77][162]
February 1983 Antrim Irish Indo-European Ireland Séamus Bhriain Mac Amhlaig [163][164]
c. 1983YangmanAustralian (Wardaman isolate)Northern Territory, Australia [165]
after 1982 Tutelo Siouan Virginia, United States Albert Green
June 1982 Kansa Siouan Oklahoma, United States Ralph Pepper
1982BalaTungusicZhangguangcai Range [166]
1982DagomanAustralianNorthern Territory, Australia Martha Hart[167]
by 1982DyugunAustralianWestern Australia [168]
by 1982KatoNa-DeneCalifornia, United States [169]
after 1981DirariPama-NyunganSouth Australia [170]
after 1981DyaberdyaberPama-NyunganWestern Australia [171][172]
after 1981ErreAustralianNorthern Territory, Australia [173]
after 1981YawarawargaPama-NyunganQueensland and South Australia [174]
after 1981 Ampanang Austronesian Kalimantan, Indonesia [175][176] Ampanang was already moribund in 1905.[177]
after 1981SelkʼnamChonTierra del Fuego, Argentina [178]
c. 1981TernateñoPortuguese CreoleMaluku, Indonesia [179]
1 May 1981Pitta PittaPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia with the deaths of Ivy Nardoo of Boulia[180]
1981 Nagarchal Dravidian? India unattested
1981 Warrungu Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Alf Palmer [181][182]
by 1981 Bina Austronesian Central Province (Papua New Guinea)
1980TwanaSalishanWashington, United States [77][183]
1980YalarnngaPama-NyunganAustralia
early 1980s Muruwari Pama-Nyungan Queensland and New South Wales, Australia [184]
1980sAlchukaTungusicHeilongjiang
1980s Kyakala (China) Tungusic Northeastern China
1980s Alngith Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia
1980s Tequiraca Isolate Loreto, Peru 2 people remembered the language in 2008.[185]
late 1970s - 1980sFlinders IslandPama-NyunganAustralia Johnny Flinders[181][172]
1971 – 1981KwadiKhoesouthwestern Angola [186]
1970s – 1980sChicomuceltecMayanMexico; Guatemala
22 February 1979 Barranbinja Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia Emily Margaret Horneville
1978 Shasta Shastan California, United States Clara Wicks [187]
3 November 1977ShuaditIndo-Europeansouthern France Armand Lunel[77][188]
24 August 1977NgawunPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia Cherry O'Keefe[189]
13 July 1977NooksackSalishanWashington, United States Sindick Jimmy[77]
1977Arran GaelicIndo-EuropeanIsle of Arran Donald Craig[190]
by 1977BabuzaAustronesianTaiwan [191]
by 1977LuilangAustronesianBanqiao District [191]
1976–1999Kw'adzaAfroasiaticTanzania [192]
after 1976MuskumAfroasiaticwestern Chad [193]
by 1975HomaNiger-Congosouthern Sudan [194]
after 1974? Jorá Tupi Bolivia [195]: 21  Speakers may still remain.[196]: 4 [197]
27 December 1974ManxIndo-EuropeanIsle of Man, British islands Ned MaddrellNow being revived as a second language[198]
1974MokselaAustronesianMaluku, Indonesia [199]
by 1974CacaoperaMisumalpanEl Salvador [200]
by 1974 Dicamay Agta Austronesian Luzon, Philippines The Dicamay Agta were killed by Ilokano homesteaders sometime between 1957 and 1974.
after 1973Môa RemoPanoanAlong the Môa River of Amazonas, Peru A word list was recorded in 1973.
9 October 1972TillamookSalishanOregon, United States Minnie Scovell[77]
5 February 1972HanisCoosanOregon, United States Martha Harney Johnson[201]
1972MbabaramPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia Albert Bennett[202]
1972 Wyandot Iroquoian Oklahoma, United States; Quebec, Canada
by 1972 Yugh Yeniseian central Siberia, Soviet Union [77][203]
c. 1970sCocolicheItalian-based pidginBuenos Aires, Argentina Some content survived in the lunfardo slang of Rioplatense Spanish dialect
1970sDaminConstructedMornington Island
1970s Lelak Austronesian Sarawak, Malaysia [204]
late 20th century (?) Nganyaywana Pama-Nyungan Australia
late 20th century (?) Ngamini Pama-Nyungan South Australia
late 20th century (?) Nila Austronesian Nila Island, Indonesia Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Nila[205]
late 20th century (?) Serua Austronesian Mount Serua, Indonesia Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Serua[205]
late 20th century Yabaâna Arawakan Brazil [206]
late 20th century Madhi Madhi Pama–Nyungan New South Wales, Australia Jack Long [207]
late 20th century Newfoundland Irish Indo-European Newfoundland, Canada [208]
late 20th century Soyot Turkic Buryatia, Khövsgöl Province Partly revitalized
late 20th century Saraveca Arawakan Eastern lowlands Bolivia
1968Welsh-RomaniRomaniWales, United Kingdom Manfri Wood[209]
by 1968SenedAfroasiaticTunisia
after 1965BarngarlaPama-Nyungansouthern Australia Moonie Davis[210]
after 1965 Napeca Chapacuran Bolivia Semispeakers remain.[211]
24 July 1965BarbareñoChumashanCalifornia, United States Mary Yee[notes 4][212]
1965 Ineseño Chumashan California, United States [213]
1965WakawakaPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia [214]
1965 Sapará Cariban Roraima, Brazil [215]
after 1964 Paratio Xukuruan? Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brazil It was spoken by a few people in Pesqueira in 1964.
after 1964 Tocantins Apiaká Cariban Pará, Brazil Loukotka (1968)
after 1964 Kustenau Arawakan Mato Grosso, Brazil
after 1964 Kunza unclassified (isolate?) Atacama Desert, Chile/Peru
c. 1964Aariya?spurious?India [216]
10 August 1963GaliceNa-DeneOregon, United States Hoxie Simmons
10 January 1963Upper UmpquaNa-DeneOregon, United States Wolverton Orton
1962WiyotAlgicCalifornia, United States Delia Prince[217]
1961Northeastern PomoPomoanCalifornia, United States
by 1961 Xocó unclassified Sergipe, Alagoas, Brazil Only a few people remembered the language in 1961. It is not clear if this is a single language.
by 1961 Pankararú unclassified Pernambuco, Alagoas, Brazil Only two people remembered the language in 1961.
1960Oriel dialect of IrishIndo-EuropeanIreland Annie O'Hanlon[218]
1960SiuslawIsolateOregon, United States Mary Barrett Elliott
1960 Gününa Küne Chon Argentina José María Cual[219]
1960sCuitlatecIsolateGuerrero, Mexico Juana Can[220]
1960sLurenSino-TibetanGuizhou
1960sTimor PidginPortuguese creoleEast Timor [221]
16 April 1959CatawbaSiouanSouth Carolina, United States Chief Sam Blue[222]
22 September 1958MolalaIsolateOregon, United States Fred Yelkes[201]
1958SalinanIsolateCalifornia, United States
after 1957 Pauxiana Cariban Roraima, Brazil
after 1957 Jandiatuba Mayoruna Panoan Amazon basin, Brazil [223]
25 March 1957NatchezIsolateMississippi, United States Nancy Raven[224][225] The Natchez people are attempting to revive this language.[226]
1957 Lower Umpqua dialect of Siuslaw Isolate Oregon, United States Billy Dick [201]
c. 1957 Kiriri of Mirandela unclassified Bahia, Brazil [227]
by 1956 Palmela Cariban South America [228]
1952–1956AasáxAfroasiaticTanzania [229]
after 1954Tây BồiFrench-based PidginVietnam [230][231]
1954Central KalapuyaKalapuyanOregon, United States John B. Hudson[201]
1954IfoAustronesianErromanga Island, Vanuatu James Nalig[232]
1952Martha's Vineyard Sign LanguageSign languageMassachusetts, United States Katie West
1951Alsea dialectIsolate (Alsean)Oregon, United States John Albert[201]
by 1951 Xukuru Xukuruan Pernambuco and Paraíba, Brazil Known from a wordlist and sketch from Geraldo Lapenda (1962). Only rememberers remained by 1951.
c. 1950Bohemian Romanimixed languageCzechoslovakia, Central Europe after World War II, due to extermination of most of its speakers in Nazi concentration camps.
1950KanietAustronesianManus Province, Papua New Guinea [77][233]
c. 1950sMakuvaTrans–New Guinea?East Timor [74]
c. 1950sKilitIndo-EuropeanNakhchivan [234]
c. 1950sPijaounclassified (Cariban?)Tolima Department, Colombia [235]
1950sKepkiriwátTupianRondônia, Brazil
1950s Chimariko Isolate California, United States Martha Ziegler [236]
mid-20th centuryVentureñoChumashanCalifornia, United States
mid-20th centuryBasayAustronesianTaiwan
mid-20th centurySlovincianIndo-EuropeanPomerania, Poland
mid-20th centurySouthern PameOto-MangueanSouthern Mexico
mid-20th century Sensi Panoan right bank of Ucayali River, Peru A word list was created by Günter Tessmann in 1930.[237]
around mid-20th centuryTubarUto-AztecanNorthern Mexico
around mid-20th century?ChicoMaiduanCentral California
6 December 1948TunicaIsolateLouisiana, United States Sesostrie Youchigant[238]
after 1947GafatAfroasiaticalong the Abbay River, Ethiopia [239]
after 1944 Opón-Carare Cariban Colombia [240]
1943 Payagua Isolate (Mataco–Guaicuru?) Alto Paraguay, Paraguay María Dominga Miranda [241]
3 March 1940PentlatchSalishanVancouver Island, Canada Joe Nimnim[77] Being revived[242][243]
28 January 1940ChitimachaIsolateLouisiana, United States Delphine Ducloux[244]
c. 1940EudeveUto-AztecanSonora, Mexico
c. 1940sChemakumChimakuanWashington, United States
c. 1940sOssory dialect of IrishIndo-EuropeanCounty Kilkenny, Ireland
c. 1940sKitanemukUto-AztecanCalifornia, United States Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, or Refugia Duran
c. 1940sNorthern Manx dialect of ManxIndo-EuropeanIsle of Man [245]
1940s Tongva Uto-Aztecan Southern California, United States being revived
22 May 1939RumsenUtianCalifornia, United States Isabel Meadows[246]
9 May 1939MilukCoosanOregon, United States Annie Miner Peterson[247]
after 1937 Guarú dialect of Yucuna Arawakan Amazonas Department, Colombia Amanumá [248][249]
16 January 1937Northern KalapuyaKalapuyanOregon, United States Louis Kenoyer
1937YoncallaKalapuyanOregon, United States Laura Blackery Albertson[250]
after 1936 Yarumá Cariban South America
1936NarunggaPama-NyunganSouth Australia, Australia [251]
8 January 1935BiloxiSiouanLouisiana, United States Emma Jackson[252]
1934JuaneñoUto-AztecanCalifornia, United States
1934 Chochenyo Utian California, United States José Guzmán [253]
1934TakelmaIsolateOregon, United States Frances Johnson[254]
1933GabrielinoUto-AztecanCalifornia, United States
1931–1951AkarbaleAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India [255]
1931–1951AkakedeAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India [255]
1931–1951OpucikwarAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India [255]
after 1931TonkawaIsolateOklahoma/Texas/New Mexico, United States
after 1931Jaquirana RemoPanoanAmazonas, Brazil A word list was made in 1931.
after 1931TuxinawaPanoanAcre, Brazil A word list was made in 1931.
by 1931Aka-BeaAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India [255]
by 1931OkojuwoiAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India [255]
after 1930 Morique Arawakan Between the Ucayali River and Javari River
c. 1930MattoleNa-DeneCalifornia, United States
29 January 1930MutsunUtianCalifornia, United States Ascencion Solorsano
1930s Pirlatapa Pama-Nyungan South Australia Blanche Tom The last rememberer, Fred Johnson, died in 1967.[256]
c. 1930sCayuseunclassifiedOregon, United States
c. 1930sKathlametChinookanWashington/Oregon, United States Charles Cultee[201]
c. 1930sLower ChinookChinookanWashington/Oregon, United States
c. 1930sMahicanAlgicNew York, United States
c. 1930sClackamas dialect of Upper ChinookChinookanWashington/Oregon, United States
c. 1930sKitsaiCaddoanOklahoma, United States Kai Kai[257]
c. 1930sTapachultecMixe–ZoqueSouthern Mexico
by 1930OpataUto-AztecanNorthern Mexico
between 1920 and 1940AjawaAfroasiaticBauchi State, Nigeria [258]
25 December 1929KaurnaPama-NyunganSouth Australia Ivaritji[259] now being revived
c. 1929Bear River dialect of MattoleNa-DeneCalifornia, US
1928Ottoman TurkishTurkicTurkey Evolved into Turkish in 1928.
c. 1928 Anauyá Arawakan Castaño Viejo River Amazonas, Venezuela Only documentation was published in 1928.
after 1927 Teshenawa Afroasiatic Jigawa State, Nigeria [260]
after 1927Tarauacá KashinawaPanoanAmazonas, Brazil A word list was made in 1927.
after 1927Blanco River RemoPanoanLoreto Province, Peru
after 1927 Urupá Chapacuran Brazil
after 1927 Yarú Chapacuran Brazil
after 1927 Karipuna (Jau-Navo) Panoan Brazil
1927 Tsetsaut Na-Dene British Columbia, Canada [261]
after 1925SubtiabaOto-Manguean (Subtiaba-Tlapanec)Nicaragua
1925Papuan Pidgin EnglishEnglish-based pidginBritish New Guinea [262]
1925VanjiIndo-EuropeanEmirate of Bukhara [263]
after 1924 Auyokawa Afro-Asiatic Jigawa State
after 1921ChagataiTurkicCentral Asia including Turkmenistan Studied in Uzbekistan and Turkey.[264]
30 June 1921TataviamUto-AztecanCalifornia, United States Juan José Fustero
by 1921OkolAndamaneseAndaman Islands, India [265]
after 1920s Sarghulami Indo-European Badakhshan May be spurious[266]
after 1920Sinacantán XincaXincanSanta Rosa, Guatemala A word list was recorded by Walter Lehmann in 1920.
c. 1920MochicaIsolatenorthwest Peru fully in 1995 with the death of Simón Quesquén[267]
c. 1920sFergana KipchakTurkicFergana Valley [268]
c. 1920sOtukeBororoanMato Grosso, Santa Cruz
1920s Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe Macro-Jê Brazil [269] fully in 1992 with the death of Bahetá.[270][271] Being revived
by 1920Yupiltepeque XincaXincanGuatemala [272]
c. 1918 Island Carib Cariban Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea Ma Gustave [273] An offshoot survives as Garifuna.
after 1917PochutecUto-AztecanOaxaca, Mexico
15 June 1917ObispeñoChumashanSouthern California, United States Rosario Cooper[274]
25 March 1916YahiIsolateCalifornia, United States Ishi[notes 5][275]
after 1915 Chiapanec Oto-Manguean Chiapas, Mexico There were only 3 speakers in 1915.[276]
1915Yamhill dialect of Northern KalapuyaKalapuyanOregon, United States
1910sǀXamTuuSouth Africa
c. 1910s Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie Na-Dene Washington, United States [277]
after 1908SirayaAustronesiansouthwestern Taiwan [278] being revived
18 July 1908Mohegan-PequotAlgicsouthern New England, United States Fidelia Fielding[279]
after 1906ArazairePanoanCusco Province, Peru A word list was recorded in 1906.
24 February 1905Flinders Island lingua franca (Tasmanian)unclassified (Tasmanian)Tasmania, Australia Fanny Cochrane Smith[notes 6][280][281]
after 1904AtsawakaPanoanPuno Province, Peru There were 20 speakers in 1904.
after 1902DyirringanyPama–NyunganNew South Wales, Australia
between 1900 and 1920Russian Kyakala dialect of Udege languageTungusicRussia [282]
between 1900 and 1920JangilOnganAndaman Islands, India [283]
c. 1900Henniker Sign LanguageVillage signNew Hampshire, United States
c. 1900MoranSino-TibetanAssam, India [284]
May 1900 Moriori Austronesian Chatham Island, New Zealand Hirawanu Tapu[285]
1900WulguruPama-NyunganAustralia
by 1900Classical MandaicAfroasiaticIran; Iraq [286]
by 1900Piro PuebloTanoanNew Mexico, United States
1900sIazychieIndo-EuropeanHalychyna, Bukovina, Zakarpattia [287]
1900sJudeo-VenetianIndo-EuropeanVenice [288]
1900sRotvælskIndo-EuropeanDenmark [289]
early 20th centuryAtakapaIsolateLouisiana/Texas, United States
early 20th century Nari-Nari Pama–Nyungan New South Wales, Australia Angus Myers[290]
early 20th centuryKamakãMacro-JêBahia, Brazil A few words of Kamakã have been preserved to the modern day.[291]
early 20th centuryJersey DutchDutch-based creoleNew Jersey, United States
early 20th centuryKazukuruAustronesianNew Georgia, Solomon Islands
early 20th centuryKyakhta Russian–Chinese PidginChinese/Russian-based contact language
early 20th centuryChanáCharruanUruguay
early 20th centuryMarawánArawakanBrazil
early 20th century East Leinster dialect, Irish Indo-European Ireland [292]
early 20th centuryIngainMacro-JêSanta Catarina, Brazil
beginning of 20th centuryRangasSino-TibetanUttarakhand [293]

19th century

edit
DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
after 19th century Wiriná Arawakan Brazil
19th–20th centuryYuriTicuna-YuriAlong the Caquetá River.May have developed into Carabayo.
19th–20th century Eora/Dharug Pama-Nyungan Queensland and New South Wales, Australia [294] Being revived
later 19th century (?)MbaraPama-NyunganAustralia[295]
late 19th centuryAdaiIsolateLouisiana, United States
late 19th centuryPuríIsolate (Purian)southeastern Brazil
late 19th centuryCoroado Purí dialect of PuriIsolate (Purian)southeastern Brazil
late 19th centuryIstrian AlbanianAlbanianCroatia
late 19th centuryShebayaArawakanTrinidad
late 19th century Chuvan Yukaghir Anadyr basin of Chukotka in Russia [296]
late 19th century Aruã Arawakan Marajó
late 19th century Quiripi Algic Connecticut/New York/New Jersey, United States [297]
after 1899NawathinehenaAlgicOklahoma and Wyoming, United States[298]
by 1899AhomTaiIndia
by 1899 Waling Sino-Tibetan Nepal [299]
10 June 1898DalmatianIndo-EuropeanCroatia; Montenegrowith the death of Tuone Udaina.[300][301]
after 1892AwabakalPama-NyunganQueensland, Australia
after 1886MaritsauáTupianMato Grosso, BrazilWord list was made in 1884 during the Xingú river expedition.[302]
after 1886Solteco ZapotecOto-MangueanOaxaca, Mexico
after 1886CotonameIsolateMexico; Texas, United States
after 1886 Yanda Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Only documentation was made in 1886.
after 1884Yaquina dialect of AlseaIsolate (Alsean)Oregon, United States
by 1884 Chapacura Chapacuran Bolivia
after 1880Kenaboiunclassified (isolate?)Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
c. 1880AuregnaisIndo-EuropeanAlderney, United Kingdom
1877AruáArauanBrazil
8 May 1876Bruny IslandEastern Tasmanian (Tasmanian)Tasmania, Australiawith the death of Truganini[notes 7]
1870s Boanarí Cariban Amazonas, Brazil [304] Only documentation was published in 1875.[305]
mid-1870sYolaIndo-EuropeanWexford, Ireland[306]
1870s–1890sYokohameseJapanese based pidginYokohama[307]
1864XakriabáMacro-JêMinas Gerais state, Brazil
after 1862 Malalí Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil There were 30 Malalí people in 1862.
1862CaquetioArawakanArubawith the death of Nicolaas Pyclas[308]
after 1858KarankawaunclassifiedTexas, United Statesconcurrent with the extermination of the tribe at the hands of Juan Cortina
c. 1857Woiwurrung–TaungurungPama-NyunganVictoria, Australia
26 December 1856NanticokeAlgicDelaware and Maryland, United Stateswith the death of Lydia Clark[309]
12 January 1855WampanoagAlgicMassachusetts, United StatesNantucket Wampanoag disappeared with the death of Dorcas Honorable[310]
after 1853 Samaritan Afroasiatic West Bank, Palestine/Israel Still used as a liturgical language[311]
19 October 1853NicoleñoUto-AztecanCalifornia, United Stateswith the death of Juana Maria[312]
after 1851Wainumá-MariatéArawakanAmazonas, ColombiaA word list was collected by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1851.
c. 1850NornIndo-EuropeanNorthern Isles, United Kingdomwith the death of Walter Sutherland[313][314]
mid-19th centuryShinnecockAlgicNew York, United States
mid-19th centuryBetoiBetoi-Saliban?Orinoco Llanos
mid-19th century Jaikó Macro-Jê southeastern Piauí
c. 1850sKottYeniseiancentral Siberia, Russia[203]
c. 1840sMatorUralicSayan Mountains, Russia
after 1840sBororo of CabaçalMacro-Jê languagesMato Grosso, Brazil
after 1839GulidjanPama-NyunganVictoria, Australia
1838NottowayIroquoianVirginia, United Stateswith the death of Edith Turner
after 1836WathawurrungPama-NyunganVictoria, Australia
after 1835 Pali Indo-European India; Myanmar [315]
after 1833EsselenIsolateCalifornia, United States
after 1833CararíArawakanMucuim River, Amazonas, BrazilA word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1833.
after 1832 Charrúa Charruan Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay
after 1832 Güenoa Charruan Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay
after 1832AroaquiArawakanLower Rio Negro BrazilA word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832.
after 1832ParawanaArawakanLower Branco River BrazilA word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832.
after 1831MepuriArawakanAmazonas, BrazilA word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831.
after 1831MainatariArawakanSiapa River (Orinoco basin) VenezuelaA word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831.
6 June 1829Beothukunclassified (Algic disputed)Newfoundland, Canadawith the death of Shanawdithit[316]
after 1828 Comecrudo Comecrudan Mexico; Texas, United States
after 1828GarzaComecrudanMexico
after 1828MamuliqueComecrudanNuevo León, Mexico
c. 1827 Pimenteira Cariban South America [317] recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after 1824 Amarizana Arawakan Meta Department, Colombia [318]
after 1821KarkinUtianCalifornia, United States
after 1821 Omok Yukaghir Sakha and Magadan in Russia
1820s–1830sAcroáMacro-JêBahia, Brazil
after 1819PeerapperTasmanianTasmania, Australia
after 1818 Kamurú Kariri Eastern Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in 1818
after 1818 Sabujá Kariri Bahia, Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in 1818
after 1818 Koropó Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after c. 1810s Kotoxó Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after c. 1810s Arakajú Cariban Pará, Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after c. 1810s Kariaí Arawakan Roraima, Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after c. 1810s Andoquero Witotoan Colombia [319]
after c. 1810s Waraikú Arawakan Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after 1815Tamboraunclassified (Papuan)Sumbawafollowing the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.[320]
after 1808NuennoneTasmanianTasmania, Australia
c. 1803BunwurrungPama-NyunganVictoria, Australia
c. 1800KrevinianUralicLatvia[321]
c. 1800PallanganmiddangPama-NyunganVictoria, Australia
c. 19th centuryAssan dialect of KottYeniseiancentral Siberia, Russia[203]
c. 19th centuryCopticAfroasiaticEgyptapparently only in scattered places since the 17th century;[322] still in use as a liturgical language
c. 19th centuryCrimean GothicIndo-EuropeanCrimea, Ukraine
c. 19th centuryMangueOto-MangueanCentral America
c. 19th centurySandy River Valley Sign LanguageMartha's Vineyard Sign Language or isolateMaine, United States
c. 19th centuryVolga TürkiTurkicIdel-UralEvolved into Bashkir and Tatar.
19th centuryChorotegaOto-MangueanCosta Rica; Nicaragua[323]
19th century Niuatoputapu Austronesian Niuatoputapu Island, Tonga [324]
19th centuryKemi SamiUralicLapland, Finland[325]
19th centuryMatagalpaMisumalpanNicaragua
19th centuryMediterranean Lingua FrancaRomance-based PidginTunisia; Greece; Cyprus[326]
19th centuryRamaytushUtianCalifornia, United States
19th centurySolombala EnglishEnglish–Russian pidginSolombala Shipyard[327]
19th century Amazon Mayoruna Panoan Amazon basin, Brazil, Peru, and Colombia
early 19th centuryCochimíYuman-CochimiBaja California, Mexico
early 19th centuryWila'AustroasiaticSeberang Perai, Malaysia
early 19th centuryYuratsSamoyediccentral Siberia, Russia

Early modern period

edit
DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
late 18th centuryEsumaKwasouthern Côte d'Ivoire[328]
late 18th centuryMaipureArawakanUpper Orinoco region
late 18th centuryRuthenianIndo-EuropeanEastern Slavic regions of Poland-LithuaniaEvolved into Belarusian, Ukrainian and Rusyn.
after late 1790sChiribaPanoanMoxos Province, BoliviaAll that was recorded of it was a list of seven words in the late 1790s.
after 1794MagianaArawakanBoliviaAttested only with the wordlist in Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz 1989 [1794].
c. 1790sPowhatanAlgiceastern Virginia, United States
c. 1790sRamanosunclassified (isolate?)[329]Moxos Province, Bolivia
after 1788OtomacoOtomakoanVenezuelan LlanosKnown from a wordlist by Father Gerónimo José de Luzena written in December of 1788.
after 1788TaparitaOtomakoanVenezuelan Llanos
26 December 1777CornishIndo-EuropeanCornwall, Englandwith the death of Dolly Pentreath[330][notes 8]
after 1770WeytounclassifiedEthiopia
after 1770TamanakuCaribanVenezuela
1770CumanTurkicnorth of Black Sea; Hungarywith the death of István Varró[331]
c. 1770sAbipónMataco–GuaicuruArgentina
after 1763SusquehannockIroquoianNortheastern United StatesAfter the Conestoga massacre.
by 1763 Quingnam unclassified Peru [332]
1760Galwegian dialect, Scottish GaelicIndo-EuropeanScotland, United Kingdomwith the death of Margaret McMurray
3 October 1756PolabianIndo-Europeanaround the Elbe river, Poland/Germanywith the death of Emerentz Schultze[333]
1740 Pumpokol Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia [203][334]
late 1730sArinYeniseiancentral Siberia, Russiawith the death of Arzamas Loskutov[203]
after 1709 Dzubukuá Kariri Pernambuco, Brazil
18th centuryAjem-TurkicTurkicIran, Eastern Anatolia, the South Caucasus and DagestanEvolved into Azerbaijani.
18th centuryChané dialect of TerênaArawakanArgentina
18th centuryChibchaChibchanColombia
18th centuryClassical GaelicIndo-EuropeanIreland and Scotland, United KingdomThe literary language. Fell out of use with the collapse of Gaelic society.[335]
18th centuryCoahuiltecoIsolate/unclassifiedMexico; Texas, United States
18th centuryLoupAlgicMassachusetts and Connecticut, United States
18th centuryManaoArawakanBrazil
18th centuryPlateau Sign LanguageContact pidginColumbia Plateau, United States
early 18th centuryApalacheeMuskogeanFlorida, United States
early 18th centuryOld PrussianIndo-EuropeanPolandbeing revived[336]
by 18th centuryMeryaUralicYaroslavl Oblast, RussiaReconstructed within the ideology of ethnofuturism from local toponymy and dialectology of the Upper Volga region in the 21st century.[337]
17th to 18th century?AcaxeeUto-AztecanNorthwestern Mexicounattested; all known documentation has been lost
17th to 18th century?XiximeUto-Aztecan?Northwestern Mexico
by 1700Pidgin DelawareDelaware-based pidginDelaware, United States[338]
late 17th centurySudovianIndo-EuropeanLithuania
after 1699 Kipeá Kariri Eastern Brazil
after 1666Old Kentish Sign LanguageVillage sign languageKent, England[339]
after mid-17th centuryFavorlangAustronesianTaiwan
after 1643NarragansettAlgicNew England, United States[340]
after 1640YaoCaribanTrinidad and French GuianaAttested in a 52-word 1640 word list recorded by Joannes de Laet.
c. 1635JurchenTungusicManchuria, China[341] Evolved into Manchu.
after 1618Carolina AlgonquianAlgicNorth Carolina, United States[342]
17th centuryAndalusi ArabicAfroasiaticsouthern Spain
17th centuryArmeno-KipchakTurkicCrimea[343]
17th centuryAdhariIndo-EuropeanIranian Azerbaijan[344]
17th centuryBasque–Icelandic pidginBasque–Icelandic PidginIceland[345]
17th centuryCazcanUto-AztecanMexico
17th centuryCuronianIndo-EuropeanLatvia
17th centuryEbro Valley AragoneseIndo-EuropeanEbro Valley[346]
17th centuryEtcheminAlgicMaine, United States
17th centuryGorgotoquiMacro-Jêeastern Boliviaunattested
17th centuryNavarrese RomanceIndo-EuropeanKingdom of Navarre
16th–18th centuryGorganiIndo-EuropeanGorgan[347]
late 16th centuryKnaanicIndo-EuropeanCzech Republic; Poland
late 16th centuryLaurentianIroquoianQuebec/Ontario, Canada
after 1586PaltaunclassifiedEcuadorknown from only 4 words
after 1548TainoArawakanThe Bahamas and Puerto Rico
c. 1535CuevaChocoan (?)Darién Province, PanamaThe Cueva people were exterminated between 1510 and 1535 during Spanish colonization.
after 1516Mamluk-KipchakTurkicEgypt and Syria[348]
after 1502TangutSino-Tibetannorthwestern China; southern Mongolia
16th century Guanahatabey unclassified Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud, Cuba only known from placenames[349]
16th centuryGuancheunclassified, maybe BerberCanary Islands, Spain[350]
16th centuryJudaeo-PortugueseIndo-EuropeanBelmonte, Portugal
16th centuryMeshcheraUralicMeshchera Lowlands[351]
16th centuryNavarro-AragoneseIndo-Europeansouthern Navarre, SpainAragonese is still spoken as a minority language in Spain.
16th centuryOld NovgorodIndo-EuropeanNovgorod Republic[352]
16th centurySemigallianIndo-EuropeanLatvia; Lithuania

Post-classical period

edit
DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
end of 15th centuryMozarabicIndo-EuropeanSpain; Portugal[353]
after 1492Judaeo-AragoneseIndo-EuropeanNorth Central SpainAfter the Alhambra Decree
after 1492Judaeo-CatalanIndo-EuropeanEastern SpainAfter the Alhambra Decree
late 15th centuryGreenlandic NorseIndo-EuropeanGreenland
late 15th centurySelonianIndo-EuropeanLatvia; Lithuania
15th centuryAfrican RomanceIndo-EuropeanRoman Africa[354]
15th centuryJassicIndo-EuropeanHungary[355]
15th centuryOld Anatolian TurkishTurkicAnatoliaEmerged in Anatolia late 11th century, and developed into early Ottoman Turkish.
15th centuryOld NubianEastern SudanicNubia[356] Evolved into Nobiin.
15th centuryTamnaJaponic?Tamna[357]
15th centuryValencian AragoneseIndo-EuropeanKingdom of Valencia
14th centuryBulgarTurkicVolga and Danube, Europe; Central AsiaBy the 9th or 10th centuries on the Danube and by the 14th century in the Volga region. It may have ultimately given rise to the Chuvash language, which is most closely related to it.
14th centuryDaylamiIndo-EuropeanSouth Caspian Sea[358]
14th centuryFranco-ItalianIndo-EuropeanNorthern Italy[359]
14th centuryGalician-PortugueseIndo-Europeannorthwestern Spain, northern PortugalEvolved into Galician, Portuguese, Eonavian and Fala. Some linguists argue that said languages could all still be considered modern varieties of Galician-Portuguese itself.
14th centuryKhorezmian TurkicTurkicCentral AsiaEvolved into Chagatai.
14th centuryOld UyghurTurkicCentral Asia, East Asia
14th centuryWest GalindianIndo-Europeannorthern Poland
14th centuryZarphaticIndo-Europeannorthern France; west-central Germany
after 20 June 1244KhitanMongolicCentral Asiawith the death of Yelü Chucai[360][notes 9]
13th centuryKarakhanidTurkicCentral AsiaEvolved into Khorezmian Turkic.
13th centuryPyuSino-Tibetancentral Myanmar
13th centuryOld RiojanIndo-EuropeanLa Rioja
13th centurySiculo-ArabicAfroasiaticEmirate of Sicily[361] Evolved into Maltese.
13th centurySkalvianIndo-EuropeanScalovia
12–13th centuriesBalhaeTungusic?Balhae
12th century ADGolyadIndo-EuropeanProtva basinOnly known member of the Dnieper-Oka language.[362]
12th century ADKhwarezmianIndo-EuropeanKhwarazm
12th century ADPechenegTurkicEastern Europe
between 1000 and 1300KhazarTurkicnorthern Caucasus; Central Asia
11th – 12th century ADCumbricIndo-EuropeanEngland/Scotland, United Kingdom
11th – 12th century ADJewish Babylonian AramaicAfroasiaticIraq[363]
c. 1000LombardicIndo-Europeancentral Europe; northern Italy
c. 1000Moselle RomanceIndo-EuropeanMoselle[364]
between 1000 and 1300MuromianUralicVladimir Oblast, Russia
c. 1000Old Church SlavonicIndo-EuropeanEastern Europestill used as a liturgical language
c. 1000Shauraseni PrakritIndo-EuropeanMedieval India[365]
c. 1000SogdianIndo-EuropeanSogdia[366] Evolved into Yaghnobi.
10th – 12th century ADSyriacAfroasiaticTurkey; Iraq; Syrianow only used as liturgical language[367]
10th – 12th century ADSamaritan AramaicAfroasiaticWest Bank, Palestine; Israelnow only used as liturgical language[368]
10th century ADHimyariticAfroasiaticYemen
10th century ADPaishachiIndo-EuropeanNorth India[369]
10th century ADPannonian LatinIndo-EuropeanPannonia[370]
10th century ADSakaIndo-EuropeanXinjiang, ChinaEvolved into Wakhi.
10th century ADZhang-ZhungSino-Tibetanwestern Tibet (Central Asia)
9th century AD or laterPictishIndo-EuropeanScotland, United Kingdom
850 ADTocharian AIndo-EuropeanTarim Basin (Central Asia)[371]
850 ADTocharian BIndo-EuropeanTarim Basin[372]
850 ADTocharian CIndo-EuropeanTarim Basin[373]
9th century ADGothicIndo-EuropeanSpain; Portugal; ItalyWith the exception of Crimean Gothic
8th century ADAghwanNortheast CaucasianAzerbaijan[374] Evolved into Udi.
8th century ADBritish LatinIndo-EuropeanRoman Britain[375]
8th century ADOrkhon TurkicTurkicEastern Europe, Central Asia, Eastern AsiaEvolved into Old Uyghur.
7th–10th century?GoguryeoPuyŏ, possibly KoreanicKorea, China
after AD 620RouranMongolic or isolateNorthern China and Mongolia[376]
c. 600AvestanIndo-EuropeanIran[377]
7th century ADBaekjeKoreanicKoreamay be more than one language.
7th century ADBuyeoPuyŏ, possibly KoreanicManchuria
7th century ADGayaunclassifiedKorea[378]
7th century ADMahanKoreanic?Mahan confederacy[378]
after 6th century AD Di unclassified western China
6th century ADAncient CappadocianIndo-EuropeanAnatolia[379]
6th century ADBurgundianIndo-EuropeanKingdom of the Burgundians[380]
6th century ADDacianIndo-EuropeanBalkansPossibly evolved into Albanian, or influenced to it.
6th century ADGaulishIndo-EuropeanGaul: France, Belgium, Germany and elsewhere
6th century ADIllyrianIndo-Europeanwestern Balkansdisputed
6th century ADOkjeoKoreanic?Okjeo[378]
6th century ADSabaeanAfroasiaticHorn of Africa; Arabic Peninsula
6th century ADTuyuhunPara-MongolicNorthern ChinaSpoken around AD 500.[381]
6th century ADVandalicIndo-EuropeanSpain; North Africa
6th century ADYe-MaekKoreanic?Yemaek[378]

Ancient period

edit
DateLanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
after 5th century Wusun Indo-European between the Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang
after 5th century Tuoba Mongolic or Turkic Northern China
5th – 6th centuryHadramauticAfroasiaticDhofar Mountains
before 6th centuryLigurianunclassified, possibly Celtic or Indo-Europeannorthwestern Italy; southeastern France[382]
after 453Hunnicunclassified, possibly Oghuricfrom the Eurasian steppe into Europe
c. AD 400EgyptianAfro-AsiaticAncient Egypt[383] Evolved into Coptic.
c. AD 400Meroiticunclassified, maybe NubianSudan
5th centuryAlanicIndo-EuropeanAlania and Iberia[384] Evolved into Ossetian.
5th centuryIsaurianIndo-EuropeanAnatolia
5th centuryThracianIndo-Europeaneastern and central Balkans
early 5th centuryPunicAfroasiaticNorth Africa
after AD 400PhrygianIndo-Europeansoutheastern Bulgaria; Anatolia[385]
4th century ADHismaicAfroasiaticḤismā Oasis[386]
4th century ADAquitanianIsolate or VasconicNovempopulania and Basque CountryPossibly evolved into Basque, or is a sister language to it.
4th century ADGalatianIndo-Europeancentral Anatolia
4th century ADGeʽezAfroasiaticEthiopia; Eritreastill used as a liturgical language[387]
4th century ADBiblical HebrewAfroasiaticIsraelrevived in the 1880s
after 351 AD Jie Yeniseian? North China Close to Pumpokol.[388]
after 300 ADParthianIndo-EuropeanIran
after AD 274Palmyrene AramaicAfroasiaticPalmyrene Empireextended to the Western Roman Empire as far as Britannia[389]
after AD 267ThamudicAfroasiaticKingdom of Thamud[390]
3rd century ADGandhariIndo-EuropeanGandhara[391]
3rd century ADRhaeticunclassified, maybe Tyrsenianeastern Alps
3rd century ADSafaiticAfroasiaticSyria[392]
3rd century ADSidiciniIndo-EuropeanItaly
3rd century ADXianbeiPara-MongolicXianbei state
c. 200 CEQatabanianAfroasiaticYemen
c. 200 CEWuhuanPara-MongolicInner Mongolia[393]
after 2nd century ADNoricIndo-EuropeanAustria; Slovenia
after 2nd century ADPisidianIndo-Europeansouthwestern Anatolia
after AD 150BactrianIndo-EuropeanAfghanistan
AD 150MarsianIndo-EuropeanMarsica[394]
AD 100AkkadianAfroasiaticMesopotamia[395]
AD 100ArmazicAfroasiaticSouth Caucasus[396]
AD 100EtruscanTyrseniancentral Italy

[397]

AD 100HasaiticAfroasiaticAl-Ahsa Oasis[398]
c. 2nd century ADCeltiberianIndo-Europeancentral-eastern Spain
c. 2nd century ADGallaecianIndo-Europeannorthwestern Spain, northern Portugal
2nd century ADLusitanianIndo-EuropeanPortugal, southwestern Spain
c. 2nd century ADNuragicIndo-EuropeanSardinia
c. 2nd century ADSorothapticIndo-Europeaneastern Spain
after 1st century AD Xiongnu unclassified (Yeniseian?)[399] Mongolia possibly multiple languages
1st – 2nd century ADIberianunclassifiedSpain; France
1st – 2nd century ADPaeonianIndo-EuropeanMacedonia; Greece; Bulgaria
c. AD 50LycaonianunclassifiedLycaonia
1st century ADLiburnianIndo-Europeanwestern Croatia
1st century ADMedianIndo-EuropeanPersia[400]
1st century ADNabataean ArabicAfro-AsiaticLevant, Sinai Peninsula and northwest Arabia
1st century ADVeneticIndo-Europeannortheastern Italy
c. AD 100OscanIndo-Europeansouthern Italy
50 BCCisalpine GaulishIndo-EuropeanCisalpine Gaul[401]
1st century BCElymianunclassifiedwestern Sicily
1st century BCLycianIndo-Europeansouthwestern Anatolia
1st century BCLydianIndo-Europeanwestern Anatolia
1st century BCMessapicIndo-EuropeanApulia, Italy
1st century BCMysianIndo-Europeannorthwestern Anatolia
1st century BCSabineIndo-Europeancentral Italy
1st century BCSicanianunclassifiedcentral Sicily
1st century BCSicelIndo-Europeaneastern Sicily
1st century BCUmbrianIndo-Europeancentral Italy
early 1st millennium BCEteocretanIsolate/unclassifiedCrete, Greece
1st millennium BCMilyanIndo-EuropeanAnatolia
c. 100 BCPaelignianIndo-EuropeanValle Peligna[402]
100 BCVestinianIndo-Europeaneast-central Italy[403]
c. 150 BCFaliscanIndo-EuropeanTuscany/Latium, Italy
c. 100 BCMinaeanAfro-AsiaticYemen
2nd century BCPhoenicianAfro-AsiaticCanaan, North Africa, Cyprus, Iberia, Sicily, Malta and Sardinia
232 BCAshokan PrakritIndo-EuropeanSouth Asia[404]
c. 3rd century BCAequianIndo-EuropeanLatium, east-central Italy
c. 3rd century BCCarianIndo-Europeansouthwestern Anatolia
c. 3rd century BCEluIndo-EuropeanSri Lanka[405] Evolved into Sinhala and Dhivehi.
c. 3rd century BCLucanianIndo-EuropeanLucania[406]
c. 3rd century BCSiculianIndo-EuropeanSicily[407]
c. 3rd century BCSideticIndo-Europeansouthwestern Anatolia
c. 3rd century BCVolscianIndo-EuropeanItaly; Latium
c. 200 BCNumidianAfro-AsiaticNumidia[408]
early 4th century BCEteocypriotIsolate/unclassifiedCyprus
4th century BCAncient MacedonianIndo-Europeannortheastern Greece
4th century BCKassiteHurro-Urartian?Babylon[409]
4th century BCSouth PiceneIndo-EuropeanPicenum[410]
c. 300 BCMarrucinianIndo-EuropeanChieti[411]
c. 300 BCPhilistineunclassified, maybe Indo-EuropeanIsrael; Palestine; Lebanon
c. 350 BCElamiteIsolatePersia; southern Mesopotamia
after 5th century BCTartessianunclassifiedSpain[412]
5th century BCAmmoniteAfroasiaticnorthwestern Jordan
5th century BCMoabiteAfroasiaticnorthwestern Jordan
5th century BCNorth PiceneunclassifiedPicenum
c. 400 BCLeponticIndo-Europeannorthern Italy
early 5th century BCOenotrianIndo-EuropeanSouthern Italy[413]
second half of the 1st millennium BCDadaniticAfroasiaticLihyan[414]
after 6th century BCLemnianTyrsenianLemnos, Greece[415]
second half of the 6th century BCTaymaniticAfroasiaticTayma[416]
500 BCLanuvianIndo-EuropeanLanuvium
500 BCPraenestinianIndo-EuropeanPalestrina
500 BCPre-SamniteIndo-EuropeanCampania[417]
6th century BCEdomiteAfroasiaticsouthwestern Jordan
6th century BCUrartianHurro-UrartianArmenia; Georgia; Iraq; Anatolia
620–580 BCCimmerianIndo-EuropeanNorth Caucasus and West Asia[418]
c. 600 BCDumaiticAfroasiaticDumat al-Jandal[419]
c. 600 BCLullubianHurro-Urartian?Lullubi Kingdom
c. 600 BCLuwianIndo-EuropeanAnatolia; northern Syria
730s BCSamalianAfro-AsiaticSamʾal[420]
770s BCSouth GileaditeAfro-AsiaticDeir Alla[421]
after 800 BCKaskianUnclassifiedNortheastern Anatolia and Colchis[422]
c. 1000 BCHurrianHurro-UrartianAnatolia; Syria; Mesopotamia
c. 1050 BCCypro-MinoanunclassifiedCyprusmay have evolved into Eteocypriot.
c. 1100 BCSuteanAfro-AsiaticNortheast SyriaSpoken around 2100 BC
c. 1100 BCHittiteIndo-EuropeanAnatolia
after 1170 BCUgariticAfroasiaticSyriafollowing the destruction of Ugarit
after 1200 BCKalasmaicIndo-EuropeanKalasma[423]
c. 1200 BCMycenaean GreekIndo-EuropeanMycenaean Greece and western Anatolia[424]
after 1300s BCMitanni-AryanIndo-EuropeanMitanni[425]
c. 1300 BCPalaicIndo-Europeannorthwest Anatolia
c. 1450 BCMinoanunclassifiedCretemay have evolved into Eteocretan.
c. 1500 BCHatticunclassified, possibly Northwest CaucasianAnatolia
c. 1600 BCAmoriteAfro-AsiaticLevant
c. 1900 BCHarappanunclassified, possibly DravidianIndus River[426]
c. 2000-1800 BCSumerianIsolateMesopotamiaused as a literary and liturgical language until about 100 AD[427]
3rd-2nd millennium BCSubarianHurro-Urartian?Subartu
after 2200 BCGutianunclassifiedZagros Mountains?
3rd millennium BCEblaiteAfroasiaticSyria[428]

Unknown date

edit
LanguageLanguage familyRegionNotes
Arma-PozoChocoan?Colombia
AtanqueChibchanCesar Department, Colombia
AushiriZaparoanLoreto, Peru
CabreArawakanColombia
ChakpaSino-TibetanManipur
Community of Villages AragoneseIndo-EuropeanKingdom of Aragon
ConamboZaparoanNortheastern Peru, near the Conambo River.Some consider Conambo to be a dialect of Záparo.
DorasqueChibchanPanama and Costa Rica
Duit Chibcha Boyacá, Colombia One fragment analysed by scholar Ezequiel Uricoechea in 1871.
ErmiteñoChavacanoErmita, Manila, PhilippinesSpanish-based creole
GarachiIndo-EuropeanAzerbaijan
GuerenMacro-JêMinas Gerais, Brazil
HuetarChibchanAlajuela, Costa Rica
JumaCaribanRondônia, Brazil
KambojanIndo-EuropeanKamboja Kingdom
KulonAustronesianTaiwan
LounAustronesianMaluku Islands
MangalóMacro-JêBahia and Minas Gerais
MasakaráMacro-JêBahia, Brazil
MaynasCahuapananLoreto, Peru
MeniénMacro-JêBahia, Brazil
NamSino-TibetanCentral Asia
NutabeChibchanSanta Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
Old CatioChibchanSanta Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
Olmecunclassified, possibly Mixe-ZoqueMexico
PahlavaniIndo-EuropeanChakhansur District
Paleo-CorsicanunclassifiedCorsica
ParavilhanaCaribanRoraima, Brazil
PaséArawakanBrazil
PurukotóCaribanBrazil, Venezuela
QuimbayaunclassifiedColombiavery poorly attested
Rocorona Chapacuran Bolivia
SinúfanaChocoan?ColombiaPoorly attested
SorungAustronesianErromango
SuebianIndo-EuropeanElbe basin and northwestern Iberia
TiverigotoCaribanVenezuela
VazimbaAustronesianMadagascar
Villa Viciosa AgtaAustronesianVillaviciosa, Abra Philippinesunattested
VotoChibchanCosta Rica
WaamwangAustronesianVoh, New Caledonia
WajumaráCaribanRoraima, Brazil
Western JicaqueTolanHonduras
YumanaArawakanBrazil
ZacatecoUto-AztecanZacatecas, Durango Wordlist appears to be close to Huichol[429]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ↑ Last surviving native speaker.
  2. ↑ Last surviving native speaker; some children still learn it as a second language.
  3. ↑ Brother of Lenape traditionalist and language preservation activist Nora Thompson Dean
  4. ↑ Last attested speaker of a Chumashan language
  5. ↑ Last member of the Yahi, the last surviving group of the Yana people who spoke Yana
  6. ↑ Considered to be the last fluent speaker of a Tasmanian language.
  7. ↑ Considered to be the last full-blood speaker of a Tasmanian language;[303] however, Fanny Cochrane Smith, who spoke one of the Tasmanian languages, outlived her.
  8. ↑ Possibly the last fluent native speaker of the Cornish language, was monoglot until her twenties. See Last speaker of the Cornish language.
  9. ↑ Last person known to speak, read, and write in Khitan.

References

edit
  1. ↑ "Family Statement Announcing the Passing of Verdena Leona Chase Parker". Hoopa Valley Tribe. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
  2. ↑ "Language Revitalization & Learning". Esquimalt Nation. Retrieved 28 April 2026.
  3. ↑ "Morre aos 77 anos Aurá, considerado último sobrevivente de povo indígena do MA". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 25 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  4. ↑ "Funai confirma morte de último indígena de etnia desconhecida". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 25 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  5. ↑ "Caddo Nation mourns loss of last fluent language speaker". KOCO News. 16 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
  6. 1 2 "11 Indigenous Languages Declared Extinct: Education Ministry". Jakarta Globe. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
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  9. ↑ Crevels, Mily (16 January 2023). "Itonama". In Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev (eds.). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. De Gruyter. pp. 483–546. doi:10.1515/9783110419405-011. ISBN 978-3-11-041940-5. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
  10. ↑ "Last Native Speaker Of Aleut Language In Russia Dies". RadioFreeEurope. 5 October 2022.
  11. ↑ "Ardina Revard Moore Obituary". Osage News. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
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  301. ↑ Brahms, William B. (2005). Notable Last Facts: A Compendium of Endings, Conclusions, Terminations and Final Events throughout History. Original from the University of Michigan: Reference Desk Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-9765325-0-7.
  302. ↑ Steinen, Karl von den (1886). Durch Central-Brasilien. Expedition zur Erforschung des Schingú im Jahre 1884. Mit über 100 Text- und Separatbildern von Wilhelm von den Steinen, 12 Separatbildern von Johannes Gehrts, einer Specialkarte des Schingústroms von Otto Clauss, einer ethnographischen Kartenskizze und einer Übersichtskarte. Robarts - University of Toronto. Leipzig F.A. Brockhaus.
  303. ↑ Crowley, Terry (2007). Field linguistics: a beginner's guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921370-2.
  304. ↑ Girard, Victor James (1971). Proto-Carib Phonology. University of California, Berkeley.
  305. ↑ Brazil.; Bernardino de Souza, Francisco (1874–75). Pará e Amazonas, pelo encarregado dos trabalhos ethnographicos conego Francisco Bernardino de Souza ... Rio de Janeiro: Typographia nacional.
  306. ↑ "tinet.ie".
  307. ↑ Inoue, Aya (2006). "Grammatical Features of Yokohama Pidgin Japanese: Common Characteristics of Restricted Pidgins" (PDF). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa: 55. Retrieved 15 September 2024. A pidginized variety of Japanese called Yokohamese or Japanese Ports Lingo evolved during the reign of Emperor Meiji from 1868 to 1912, and largely disappeared by the end of the nineteenth century.
  308. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  309. ↑ "History", Nanticoke Tribe, accessed 8 Oct 2009
  310. ↑ "Historic Nantucket Magazine".
  311. ↑ "Ethnologue report for language code: smp". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  312. ↑ Munro, P. (1994). Halvorson, W. L.; Maender, G. J. (eds.). "Takic foundations of Nicoleño vocabulary" (PDF). Fourth Multidisciplinary Channel Islands Symposium: 659–668. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  313. ↑ North-western European language evolution: NOWELE, vols. 50-51 (Odense University Press, 2007), p. 240
  314. ↑ "Area Guide Unst".
  315. ↑ "Ethnologue report for language code: pli". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  316. ↑ "Biography: Shanawdithit". Discovery Collegiate High School Bonavista, Newfoundland. K-12 school Web pages in Newfoundland and Labrador. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  317. ↑ "Anais do XXXI congresso internacional de Americanistas" [Proceedings of the XXXI international congress of Americanists] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2020.
  318. ↑ Ustáriz, Mariano Eduardo de Rivero y (1857). Coleccion de memorias cientificas, agricolas é industriales publicadas en distintas épocas (in Spanish). H. Goemaere. p. 91.
  319. ↑ Ethnologue has mixed this up with Carapana-tapuya. The languages clearly belong to different families.
  320. ↑ Parkvall, Mikael. 2006. Limits of Language, London: Battlebridge; p. 52.
  321. ↑ "Krevinian". Linguist List. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2024. Material from 15th-19th centuries AD.
  322. ↑ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, "When did Coptic become extinct?" in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87. In the village of Pi-Solsel (Az-Zayniyyah, El Zenya or Al Zeniya north of Luxor), passive speakers were recorded as late as the 1930s, and traces of traditional vernacular Coptic reported to exist in other places such as Abydos and Dendera, see Werner Vycichl, Pi-Solsel, ein Dorf mit koptischer Überlieferung in: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, (MDAIK) vol. 6, 1936, pp. 169–175 (in German).
  323. ↑ "- Ethnologue". Archived from the original on 23 December 2007.
  324. ↑ "nkp, a code documented by The Linguist List". www.ethnologue.com.
  325. ↑ "Saami, Kemi". www.ethnologue.com.
  326. ↑ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 125.
  327. ↑ Maticsák, Sándor; Zaicz, Gábor; Lahdelma, Tuomo (2001). "Reflections on the Verb Suffix -om In Russenorsk and Some Preliminary Remarks on "Docking" in Language Contact" (PDF). Folia Uralica Debreceniensia 8.: 315–324. Retrieved 2 September 2024. Solombala-English, first investigated by Broch (1996), probably developed during the "English period" in the history of the city of Archangel, from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century.
  328. ↑ "Esuma". www.ethnologue.com.
  329. ↑ "Glottolog 5.1 - Ramanos". glottolog.org. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  330. ↑ Ken George, "Cornish", and George & Broderick, "The Revived Languages: Cornish and Manx", in Ball & Müller, eds., 2009, The Celtic Languages, 2nd edition
    • Christopher Mosely, ed., 2007, Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
    • Hadumod Bussmann, 1996, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics
    • P.J Payton, "Cornish", in Brown & Ogilvie, eds., 2009, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
    • Bernard Comrie, ed, 2009, The World's Major Languages, 2nd edition
    • James Clackson, 2007, Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
    • Gareth King, 2003, Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar, 2nd edition
  331. ↑ Melnyk, Mykola (2022). Byzantium and the Pechenegs: The Historiography of the Problem. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-50522-3. Retrieved 22 April 2026. István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770.
  332. ↑ Feyjoo, Miguel (1763). Relacion, descriptiva de la ciudad y provinia de Truxillo del Peru, con noticias exactas de su estado politico (etc.) (in Spanish). Impr. del real y supr. consejo de las Indias.
  333. ↑ Kapović, Mate (2008), Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku [An introduction to Indo-European linguistics] (in Croatian), Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, p. 109, ISBN 978-953-150-847-6
  334. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Pumpokol". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  335. ↑ "Ethnologue report for language code: ghc". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  336. ↑ Szatkowski, Piotr (28 January 2022). "Language Practices in a Family of Prussian Language Revivalists: Conclusions Based on Short-Term Participant Observation". Adeptus (18). doi:10.11649/a.2626. ISSN 2300-0783.
  337. ↑ Pauli, Rahkonen (2013). "Itämerensuomalaisten kielten kaakkoinen kontaktialue nimistöntutkimuksen valossa". Virittäjä (2).
  338. ↑ "Ethnologue report for language code: dep".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  339. ↑ Jackson, Peter Webster (2001). A Pictorial History of Deaf Britain.
  340. ↑ Williams, Roger (1827). A key into the language of America. Providence: John Miller. p. 110. Retrieved 11 December 2008. Reprint of a book first published in 1643.
  341. ↑ "Ethnologue report for language code: juc". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  342. ↑ Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  343. ↑ Abdurrazak Peler, Gökçe Yükselen (2015). "Tarihte Türk – Ermeni Temasları Sonucunda Ortaya Çıkmış Bir Halk: Ermeni Kıpçakları veya Gregoryan K" [A People Emerged as A Result of Historical Turkic – Armenian Contact: The Armeno-Kipchaks or Gregorian Kipchaks]. Journal of Turkish Studies (in Turkish). 10 (8): 253. doi:10.7827/turkishstudies.8215.
  344. ↑ "AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  345. ↑ Hualde, Jose Ignatio. "Icelandic Basque pidgin". Retrieved 13 June 2024. ...translation of two manuscripts written in Iceland in the seventeenth century. Since the contact situation was interrupted in the first part of the eighteenth century and was of intermittent nature, the contact pidgin probably never developed much further than the stage recorded in the manuscripts.
  346. ↑ Conte, Anchel; Cortes, Chorche; Martinez, Antonio; Nagore, Francho; Vazquez, Chesus (1977). El aragonés: identidad y problemática de una lengua. Librería General. ISBN 978-84-7078-022-6.
  347. ↑ Borjian, Habib (2008). The Extinct Language of Gurgān: Its Sources and Origins. p. 681. Hence, Gurgani must have died out sometime after the fifteenth but certainly before the nineteenth century
  348. ↑
  349. ↑ Granberry, Julian; Vescelius, Gary (1992). Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-5123-X.
  350. ↑ "Guanche". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  351. ↑ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. p. 521.
  352. ↑ "A History of the Pronominal Declension in the Novgorod Dialect of Old Russian From the Eleventh-Century to the Sixteenth-Century". ProQuest. Retrieved 9 April 2024. the 11th century, to the end of the 15th century
  353. ↑ "Mozarabic:General overview". Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
  354. ↑ Loporcaro, Michele (2015). Vowel Length from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press. p. 47. Became extinct between 1920 and 1940.
  355. ↑ "Yassic". Linguist List. Retrieved 18 May 2024. 15th century AD?{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  356. ↑ "Old Nubian". Linguist List. Retrieved 8 July 2024. 8th-15th centuries AD.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  357. ↑ Alexander Vovin (2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. p. 1,6. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  358. ↑ Mehdi Marashi, Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Persian studies in North America: studies in honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Ibex Publishers, Inc., 1994, ISBN 0-936347-35-X, 9780936347356, p. 269.
  359. ↑ "francoveneto" (in Italian). Zanichelli DizionariPiù: La lingua, il sapere, la cultura. 27 October 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  360. ↑ Kane, Daniel (2009). The Kitan Language and Script. Brill. p. 4. ISBN 978-90-04-16829-9.
  361. ↑ "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). Retrieved 19 April 2024. Siculo Arabic is the term used for the variety (or varieties) of Arabic spoken in Sicily under the Arabs and then the Normans from the 9th to 13th centuries.
  362. ↑ "Балтийские языки". lingvarium.org (in Russian). Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  363. ↑ "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic". Ethnologue.
  364. ↑ Post, Rudolf (2004). "Zur Geschichte und Erforschung des Moselromanischen". Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. 68: 1–35. ISSN 0035-4473.
  365. ↑ "iso639-3/psu". Retrieved 29 June 2024. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD...
  366. ↑ "Sogdian". Retrieved 24 April 2024. 100 BC - 1000 AD.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  367. ↑ "Syriac". Ethnologue.
  368. ↑ "Samaritan Aramaic". Ethnologue.
  369. ↑ "Paisaci Prakrit". Linguist List. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2024. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD, though it was probably spoken as early as the 5th century BC.
  370. ↑ Alexandru Magdearu (2001). Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Bibliotheca Rerum Transsylvaniae (ed.). Românii în opera Notarului Anonim (in Romanian). Vol. 27.
  371. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Tocharian A". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 18 June 2025. extinct since 850
  372. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Tocharian B". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 18 June 2025. extinct since 850
  373. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Common Tocharian". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 18 June 2025. extinct since 850
  374. ↑ "Aghwan". Retrieved 24 April 2024. 6th-8th Centuries AD.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  375. ↑ Charles-Edwards, Thomas (29 November 2012). Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.
  376. ↑ Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (7 May 2020). "Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West". Cambridge University Press. 2 e20. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.18. PMC 7612788. PMID 35663512. the Khüis Tolgoi inscription must have been erected between 604 and 620 AD.
  377. ↑ "Ethnologue report for language code: ave". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  378. 1 2 3 4 Martine Robbeets (2020). Oxford University Press (ed.). "Archaeolinguistic evidence for the farming/language dispersal of Koreanic". p. 6. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  379. ↑ Cooper, Eric; Decker, Michael J. (2012). Life And Society In Byzantine Cappadocia. p. 14. The echoes of native Cappadocian could be heard into the sixth century and perhaps beyond.
  380. ↑ Lockwood, William (1972). A Panorama of Indo-European Languages. Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-111021-1.
  381. ↑ Alexander Vovin (December 2015). "Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot". Journal of Sino-Western Communications. 7 (2). Academia.edu: 157–166. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  382. ↑ Haarman, Harald, Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (Munich: Beck, 2002), p. 125
  383. ↑ "Hieroglyphics Cracked 1,000 Years Earlier Than Thought". ScienceDaily. 7 October 2004. Retrieved 16 June 2024. Following the Roman invasion of Egypt in 30 BC the use of hieroglyphics began to die out with the last known writing in the fifth century AD.
  384. ↑ "Alanic". Linguist List. Retrieved 27 May 2024. 5th century AD.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  385. ↑ Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN 0-19-924506-1. The last mention of Phrygian in use dates from the fifth century AD.
  386. ↑ "Hismaic". Retrieved 10 May 2024. i.e. first century BC to fourth century AD
  387. ↑ O'Leary, De Lacy Evans (2000). Comparative grammar of the Semitic languages. Routledge. p. 23.
  388. ↑ VOVIN, Alexander; VAJDA, Edward; DE LA VAISSIÈRE, Étienne (2016). "Who were the *Kjet and What Language did they Speak?". Journal Asiatique. 304 (1): 125–144. doi:10.2143/JA.304.1.3146838. ISSN 1783-1504.
  389. ↑ "The Arabic Words in Palmyrene Inscriptions". ResearchGate. Retrieved 11 May 2024. The earliest dated Palmyrene inscription is from the year 44 BC and the latest discovery has been dated to the year 274 AD.
  390. ↑ Al-Jallad, Ahmad (16 November 2015). "Al-Jallad. 2018. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification". Academia.edu. Retrieved 10 May 2024. These inscriptions are concentrated in northwest Arabia, and one occurs alongside a Nabataean tomb inscription dated to the year 267 CE.
  391. ↑ "Kharosthi Manuscripts: A Window on Gandharan Buddhism". Retrieved 13 May 2024. ... the Kharosthi script was used as a literary medium, that is, from the time of Asoka in the middle of the third century B.C. until about the third century A.D.
  392. ↑ Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2 September 2019). "Al-Jallad. 2020. The month ʾdr in Safaitic and the status of spirantization in "Arabian" Aramaic". Academia.edu. doi:10.1163/17455227-BJA10013. Retrieved 29 April 2024. A minority of dated texts suggest that the practice of carving Safaitic inscriptions spanned at least from the second century BCE to the third century CE.
  393. ↑ Shimunek, Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10855-3. OCLC 993110372.
  394. ↑ "Marsian". Linguist List. Retrieved 13 June 2024. 300-150 BC.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  395. ↑ "Linguist List - Description of Akkadian". Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  396. ↑ "Armazic - MultiTree". Linguist List. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2024. 1st-2nd centuries AD.
  397. ↑ "Etruskisch - MultiTree". Linguist List. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2024. 7th century BC - 100 AD.
  398. ↑ "Hasaitic". Retrieved 10 May 2024. They are thought to date from the first two centuries AD.
  399. ↑ Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon (16 June 2025). "Linguistic Evidence Suggests that Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language". Transactions of the Philological Society. 124 1467-968X.12321. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12321. ISSN 0079-1636.
  400. ↑ "Median". Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  401. ↑ "Cisalpine Gaulish". Linguist List. Retrieved 13 June 2024. ca. 150-50 BC{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  402. ↑ "Paelignian". Linguist List. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2024. Very few inscriptions exist, all from the 1st century BC.
  403. ↑ "Vestinian". Retrieved 25 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  404. ↑ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh K. (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. p. 164. The inscriptions of Asoka - a king of the Maurya dynasty who reigned, based in his capital Pataliputra, from 268 to 232 BC over almost the whole of India - were engraved in rocks and pillars, in various local dialects.
  405. ↑ Dharmadāsa, Kē. En. Ō (1992). Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka. p. 188. The ingredients of group consciousness mentioned above were kept alive principally because the Sinhalese people had a literate culture starting from about the third century B.C.
  406. ↑ Scheu, Frederick (1964). The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society.
  407. ↑ Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared; Wenthe, Mark; Fritz, Matthias (11 June 2018). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. p. 1854. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
  408. ↑ "Berbère". Linguist List. Retrieved 8 July 2024. c. 200 BC.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  409. ↑ "Kassites". Crystalinks. Retrieved 22 September 2024. Kassite (Cassite) was a language spoken by Kassites in northern Mesopotamia from approximately the 18th to the 4th century BC.
  410. ↑ "South Picene". Linguist List. Retrieved 2 October 2024. 6th century BC to 4th century BC.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  411. ↑ "Marrucinian". Retrieved 2 May 2024. The tablet seems to have dated to the mid 3rd century BC.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  412. ↑ "Tartessian". Retrieved 31 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  413. ↑ Matteo Calabrese (2021). "The sacred law from Tortora". Academia.edu. pp. 281–339. Retrieved 10 October 2024. Datable between the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th century B.C., the inscription from Tortora is an Oenotrian text,
  414. ↑ "Dadanitic". Retrieved 10 May 2024. Dadanitic was the alphabet used by the inhabitants of the ancient oasis of Dadan, probably some time during the second half of the first millennium BC.
  415. ↑ Haarman, Harald, Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (Munich: Beck, 2002), p. 124.
  416. ↑ Kootstra-Ford, Fokelien (23 August 2016). "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Academia.edu. Retrieved 8 May 2024. Therefore, at least part of the Taymanitic corpus can safely be dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE.
  417. ↑ Piwowarczyk, Dariusz R. (2011). "Formations of the perfect in the Sabellic languages with the Italic and Indo-European background" (PDF). Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis (128): 105. Retrieved 10 October 2024. ...and Pre-Samnite (500 BC).
  418. ↑ Ivantchik, Askold (2001). "The Current State of the Cimmerian Problem". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 7 (3): 307–339. doi:10.1163/15700570152758043. Retrieved 30 March 2025. The development of the Classical tradition on the subject of the Cimmerians after their disappearance from the historical arena, no later than the very end of the 7th or very beginning of the 6th century BC
  419. ↑ "Dumaitic". Retrieved 10 May 2024. According to the Assyrian annals Dūma was the seat of successive queens of the Arabs, some of whom were also priestesses, in the eighth and seventh centuries BC.
  420. ↑ "The Sam'alian Language". Linguist List. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2024. 820-730 BC.
  421. ↑ ברוך מרגלית (October 1998). "עלילות בלעם בר-בעור מעמק סוכות" (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  422. ↑ "Historical Memory about Migration of the Kaskians in Western Georgia". Retrieved 27 May 2024. The Kaška first appear on the territory of the Hittite empire in the 15th c. B.C. and are mentioned till 8th c. B.C.
  423. ↑ Schwemer, Daniel (2024). Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi (in German). Vol. 71. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. p. XIX.
  424. ↑ "Frojm Proto-Indo-European to Mycenaean Greek: A Phonological Study" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024. ... no tablets or any other inscribed vessels were found from ca. 1200 BC onwards.
  425. ↑ History of Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century B.C. UNESCO. 31 December 1996. p. 196. ISBN 978-92-3-102811-3. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  426. ↑ "Indus Valley Language". Linguist List. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2024. 2500-1900 BC.
  427. ↑ Joan Oates (1979). Babylon [Revised Edition] Thames and Hudston, Ltd. 1986 p. 30, 52-53.
  428. ↑ "Palaeosyrian". Linguist List. Retrieved 1 August 2024. 3rd Millenium BC.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  429. ↑ Miller, Wick R. (July 1983). "A Note on Extinct Languages of Northwest Mexico of Supposed Uto-Aztecan Affiliation". International Journal of American Linguistics. 49 (3): 328–334. doi:10.1086/465793. ISSN 0020-7071.
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