Wikipedia

Sakha Republic

Sakha,[a] officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),[b] is a republic of Russia, and the largest federal subject of Russia by area. It is located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of one million.[8] Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far Eastern Federal District, and is the world's largest country subdivision, covering over 3,083,523 square kilometers (1,190,555 sq mi).[9] Yakutsk, which is the world's coldest major city,[10] is its capital and largest city.

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Республика Саха (Якутия) (Russian)
Republic
Other transcription(s)
 • YakutСаха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ
 • RomanisationSaxa Öröspüübülükete
Flag of Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Flag
Coat of arms of Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Coat of arms
Anthem: State Anthem of the Sakha Republic[1]
Location of Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Coordinates: 66°24′N 129°10′E / 66.400°N 129.167°E / 66.400; 129.167
CountryRussia
Federal districtFar Eastern
Economic regionFar Eastern
Established27 April 1922[2]
CapitalYakutsk[2]
Government
 • BodyState Assembly (Il Tumen)[3]
 • Head[3]Aysen Nikolayev
Area
 • Total
3,083,523 km2 (1,190,555 sq mi)
 • Rank1st
Elevation
3,003 m (9,852 ft)
Population
 (2021 census)[4]
 • Total
995,686
 • Estimate 
(2018)[5]
964,330
 • Rank50th
 • Density0.322905/km2 (0.836321/sq mi)
 • Urban
66.8%
 • Rural
33.2%
GDP (nominal, 2024)
[6]
 • Total₽2.23 trillion (US$30.28 billion)
 • Per capita₽2.23 million (US$30,287.55)
Time zones
most (excluding districts in UTC+10:00 and UTC+11:00 time zones)UTC+09:00 (Yakutsk Time)
Oymyakonsky, Ust-Yansky and Verkhoyansky districtsUTC+10:00 (Vladivostok Time)
Abyysky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Srednekolymsky and Verkhnekolymsky districtsUTC+11:00 (Magadan Time)
ISO 3166 codeRU-SA
License plates14
OKTMO ID98000000
Official languagesRussian; Yakut[7]
Websitesakha.gov.ru
Map
Interactive map of the Sakha Republic

The republic has a reputation for an extreme and severe climate, with the second lowest temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere being recorded in Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon (second only to Summit Camp, Greenland), and regular winter averages commonly dipping below −35 °C (−31 °F) in Yakutsk. The hypercontinental tendencies also result in warm summers for much of the republic.

Sakha was first home to hunting-gathering and reindeer herding Tungusic and Paleosiberian peoples such as the Evenks and Yukaghir. Migrating from the area around Lake Baikal, the Turkic Sakha people first migrated to the middle Lena River sometime between the 9th and 16th centuries, likely in several waves, bringing the pastoral economic system of Inner Asia with them.

The Russians colonised and incorporated the area as the Yakutsk Oblast into the Tsardom of Russia in the early-mid 17th century, obliging the indigenous peoples of the area to pay fur tribute. While the initial period following the Russian conquest saw the Sakha population drop by 70%, the Imperial period also saw the expansion of the native Yakuts from the middle Lena along the Vilyuy River to the north and the east displacing other indigenous groups. Yakutia saw some of the last battles of the Russian Civil War, and the Bolshevik authorities reorganised Yakutsk Oblast into the autonomous Yakut ASSR in 1922. The Soviet era saw the migration of many Slavs, specifically Russians and Ukrainians, into the area.

On 27 September 1990, the area became the Yakutskaya-Sakha Soviet Socialist Republic, and on 27 December 1991, it became the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Etymology

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The exonym Yakut comes from the Evenk term Yako (also yoqo, ñoqa, or ñoka), which was the term the Evenks used to describe the Sakha. This was in turn picked up by the Russians.[11] The Yukaghirs, another neighbouring people in Siberia, use the exonym yoqol ~ yoqod- ~ yoqon- (Tundra Yukaghir) or yaqal ~ yaqad- ~ yaqan- (Kolyma Yukaghir).[citation needed]

The self-designation Sakha may be of the same origin (*jaqa > Sakha following regular sound changes in the course of development of the Yakut language) as the Evenk and Yukaghir exonyms for the Yakuts.[12] It is pronounced as Haka by the Dolgans, whose language is a close relative of the Yakut language.[13][14]

Geography

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Fauna of the Sakha Republic: Ross's gull, the Siberian crane, polar bear, horse and reindeer. Russian post miniature sheet, 2006.

Sakha stretches to the Henrietta Island in the far north and is washed by the Laptev and Eastern Siberian Seas of the Arctic Ocean. These waters, the coldest and iciest of all seas in the Northern Hemisphere, are covered by ice for 9–10 months of the year. New Siberian Islands are a part of the republic's territory. After Nunavut was separated from Canada's Northwest Territories in 1999, Sakha became the largest subnational entity (statoid) in the world, with an area of 3,083,523 square kilometers (1,190,555 sq mi),[9] slightly smaller than the territory of India (3.3 million km2; 1.3 million sq mi), but still slightly larger than Argentina.

Sakha can be divided into three great vegetation belts. About 40% of Sakha lies above the Arctic Circle and all of it is covered by permafrost which greatly influences the region's ecology and limits forests in the southern region. Arctic and subarctic tundra define the middle region, where lichen and moss grow as great green carpets and are favourite pastures for reindeer. In the southern part of the tundra belt, scattered stands of dwarf Siberian pine and larch grow along the rivers. Below the tundra is the vast taiga forest region. Larch trees dominate in the north and stands of fir and pine begin to appear in the south. Taiga forests cover about 47% of Sakha and almost 90% of the cover is larch.

The Sakha Republic is the site of Pleistocene Park, a project directed at recreating Pleistocene tundra grasslands by stimulating the growth of grass with the introduction of animals which thrived in the region during the late Pleistocene – early Holocene period.

Time zones

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Time zones in Sakha
  Yakutsk TimeUTC+09:00
  Vladivostok TimeUTC+10:00
  Magadan TimeUTC+11:00

Sakha is the only federal subject of Russia which uses more than one time zone. Sakha spans three time zones.[15] Like the rest of Russia, it does not use daylight saving time.

MapTime zoneAbbr.UTC offsetAreas
Yakutsk TimeYAKTUTC+09:00Most of the republic's territory
Vladivostok TimeVLATUTC+10:00Districts of Oymyakonsky, Ust-Yansky and Verkhoyansky
Magadan TimeMAGTUTC+11:00Districts of Abyysky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Srednekolymsky and Verkhnekolymsky

Rivers

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Ura River
Olyokma River
Lena Pillars

The largest river is the navigable Lena River (4,400 km; 2,700 mi). As it moves northward, it includes hundreds of small tributaries located in the Verkhoyansk Range.

Lakes

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Mountains

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Verkhoyansk Range

Sakha's greatest mountain range, the Verkhoyansk Range, runs parallel and east of the Lena River, forming a great arc that begins in the Sea of Okhotsk and ends in the Laptev Sea.

The Chersky Range runs east of the Verkhoyansk Range and has the highest peak in Sakha, Peak Pobeda (3,003 meters or 9,852 feet). The second highest peak is Peak Mus-Khaya reaching 2,959 meters (9,708 ft).

The Stanovoy Range borders Sakha in the south.

Ulakhan-Sis Range famous for its unusual kigilyakh rock formations

Peninsulas

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The Republic's extensive coastline contains a number of peninsulas; from west to east the most prominent are:

  • Uryung-Tumus Peninsula
  • Nordvik Peninsula
  • Terpyay-Tumsa Peninsula
  • Bykovsky Peninsula
  • Buor-Khaya Peninsula
  • Manyko Peninsula
  • Shirokostan Peninsula
  • Merkushina Strelka Peninsula
  • Lopatka Peninsula
  • Dogukan Peninsula

Islands

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From west to east, the main islands of Sakha are:

Natural resources

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Udachnaya pipe diamond mine

Sakha is well endowed with raw materials. The soil contains large reserves of oil, gas, coal, diamonds, gold, silver, tin, tungsten and many others. Sakha produces 99% of all Russian diamonds and over 25% of the diamonds mined in the world.[17][18]

Climate

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Sakha is known for its climate extremes, with the Verkhoyansk Range being the coldest area in the Northern Hemisphere. Some of the lowest natural temperatures ever recorded have been here. The Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold is at Verkhoyansk, where the temperatures reached as low as −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) in 1892 and 1885, and at Oymyakon, where the temperatures reached as low as −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) in February 1934.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Yakutiya[19][20][21][22]
City July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Aldan23.0/11.173.4/52.0−21.3/−30.1−6.3/−22.2
Neryungri22.3/11.272.1/52.2−26.2/−33.2−15.2/−27.8
Olyokminsk25.1/12.277.2/54.0−26.0/−33.9−14.8/−29.0
Oymyakon23.0/6.973.4/44.4−42.1/−49.3−43.8/−56.7
Verkhoyansk23.4/10.074.1/50.0−41.6/−47.7−42.9/−53.9
Yakutsk25.8/13.178.4/55.6−34.0/−39.8−29.2/−39.6
Saskylakh16.8/7.562.2/45.5−30.1/−37.5−22.2/−35.5
Tiksi12.7/4.754.9/40.5−25.9/−33.1−14.6/−27.6

Average annual precipitation: 200 mm (7.9 in) (central parts) to 700 mm (28 in) (mountains of Eastern Sakha).

Administrative divisions

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History

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Prehistory

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Siberia, and particularly Sakha, is of paleontological significance, as it contains bodies of prehistoric animals from the Pleistocene Epoch, preserved in ice or permafrost. In 2015, the frozen bodies of Dina and Uyan the cave lion cubs were found. Bodies of Yuka and another woolly mammoth from Oymyakon, a woolly rhinoceros from the Kolyma River, and bison and horses from Yukagir have also been discovered.[23] In June 2019, the severed but preserved head of a large wolf from the Pleistocene, dated to over 40,000 years ago, was found close to the Tirekhtyakh River.[24][25][26]

Ymyakhtakh culture (c. 2200–1300 BC) was a Late Neolithic culture of Siberia, with a very large archaeological horizon. Its origins were in Sakha, in the Lena River basin. From there it spread both to the east and to the west.[27]

Early history

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The Turkic Sakha people or Yakuts may have settled the area as early as the 9th century or as late as the 16th century, though most likely there were several migrations. They migrated northward from around Lake Baikal to the middle Lena due to pressure by the Buryats, a Mongolic group.[28]

The Sakha displaced earlier, much smaller populations who lived on hunting and reindeer herding, introducing the pastoralist economy of Central Asia. The indigenous populations of Paleosiberian and Tungusic stock were mostly assimilated into the Sakha by the 17th century.[29]

Russian conquest

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The Tsardom of Russia began its conquest of the region in the 17th century, moving east after the defeat of the Khanate of Sibir.[30][31][32] Tygyn, a king of the Khangalassky Sakha, granted territory for Russian settlement in return for a military pact that included war against indigenous rebels of all Northeastern Asia (Magadan, Chukotka, Kamchatka and Sakhalin).[30][31][32] Kull, a king of the Megino-Khangalassky Sakha, began a Sakha conspiracy by allowing the first stockade construction.[30][31][33]

1821 map of Yakutsk Oblast.

In August 1638, the Moscow Government formed a new administrative unit with the administrative center at Lensky Ostrog (Fort Lensky), the future city of Yakutsk, which had been founded by Pyotr Beketov in 1632.[30][31][32]

The arrival of Russian settlers at the remote Russkoye Ustye in the Indigirka delta is also believed to date from the 17th century.[34] The Siberian Governorate was established as part of the Russian Empire in 1708.

Russian settlers began to form a community in the 18th century, which adopted certain Sakha customs and was often called Yakutyane (Якутя́не) or Lena Early Settlers (ленские старожилы). However, the influx of later settlers assimilated themselves into the Russian mainstream by the 20th century.[30][31][32]

Russian Empire

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In an administrative reform of 1782, Irkutsk Governorate was created. In 1805, Yakutsk Oblast was split from Irkutsk Governorate.[35]

British explorer and missionary Kate Marsden in Yakutsk, 1891

Yakutsk Oblast in the early 19th century marked the easternmost territory of the Russian Empire, including such Far Eastern (Pacific) territories as were acquired, known as Okhotsk Okrug within Yakutsk Oblast. With the formation of Primorskaya Oblast in 1856, the Russian territories of the Pacific were detached from Sakha.

Members of the Siberian Regional Duma from Yakutsk, 1917

The Russians established agriculture in the Lena River basin. The members of religious groups who were exiled to Sakha in the second half of the 19th century began to grow wheat, oats, and potatoes. The fur trade established a cash economy. Industry and transport began to develop at the end of the 19th century and in the beginning of the Soviet period. This was also the beginning of geological prospecting, mining, and local lead production. The first steam-powered ships and barges arrived.

Sakha's remoteness, compared to the rest of Siberia, made it a place of exile of choice for both Tsarist and Communist governments of Russia. Among the famous Tsarist-era exiles were the democratic writer Nikolay Chernyshevsky; Doukhobors, conscientious objectors whose story was told to Leo Tolstoy by Vasily Pozdnyakov; the Socialist Revolutionary Party member and writer Vladimir Zenzinov, who left an account of his Arctic experiences; and Polish socialist activist Wacław Sieroszewski, who pioneered in ethnographic research on the Sakha people.

A Sakha national movement first emerged during the 1905 Revolution. A Yakut Union was formed under the leadership of a Sakha lawyer and city councilor by the name of Vasily Nikiforov, which criticized the policies and effects of Russian colonialism, and demanded representation in the State Duma. The Yakut Union acted to make the city council of Yakutsk stand down and was joined by thousands of Sakha from the countryside, but the leaders were arrested and the movement fizzled out by April 1906. Their demand for a Sakha representative in the Duma, however, was granted.[36]

Sakha during the Civil War

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After the October Revolution, the anti-Bolshevik forces of Sakha created the Committee for the Protection of the Revolution, which supported the idea of convening a Constituent Assembly. On July 1, 1918, the Red Guard detachment of A. S. Rydzinsky occupied Yakutsk. The executive committee of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies was created in the city, headed by M. K. Ammosov. Soviet authorities were also formed in Vilyuysk, in the Nyurbinsky and Suntarsky district, and in other uluses. As a result of the defeat of the White Guard troops in Siberia in late 1919 - early 1920, Soviet power was restored in Sakha.

On April 20, 1920, by the decision of the Sibrevkom, Yakutsk Oblast was included in the Irkutsk province as a special district. On August 21, 1920, by the decision of the same Sibrevkom, Sakha was given the status of a province.[37] In the summer of 1921, Georgy Lebedev was appointed secretary of the Yakut Bureau of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) by the Siberian Committee, and Alexei Kozlov was appointed chairman of the Revolutionary Tribunal. In Yakut historiography, the period of leadership of Georgy Lebedev, Alexei Kozlov and Anton Ageev is usually called the "triumvirate". The "triumvirate" began to pursue a policy of red terror and ultra-communism in Sakha.

In September 1921, an anti-Soviet uprising broke out in Sakha. On October 6, the White Guard detachment of Valerian Bochkarev captured Okhotsk. By 1922, the uprising had engulfed almost all of Sakha. The rebels turned to the Russian émigré circles in Harbin for help, from where a large White Guard detachment was sent to help them. In March 1922, the rebels created the Provisional Yakut Regional People's Administration in Churapcha. The rebels approached Yakutsk, a state of siege was introduced in the city. A large detachment of Nestor Kalandarishvili arrived to help the Yakut Bolsheviks, but Kalandarishvili himself, along with his group, died in an ambush near Tekhtyur. During the Battle of Everstovaya Zaimka near Tulagino and the Battle of Kildyam, the siege of Yakutsk was lifted.[38]

On March 10, a party meeting headed by Platon Oyunsky accused Lebedev, Kozlov and Ageev of left-wing deviation and serious mistakes that led Sakha to an uprising. It was revealed that Georgy Lebedev had previously been the editor of the ultra-right newspaper "Free Siberia", then as part of Ignatov's group at the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) he opposed the NEP. Alexei Kozlov was a right-wing SR and joined the Communist Party only in 1921. Lebedev, Kozlov, and Ageev were removed from the leadership and on the night of March 10-11 they were arrested by the Kalandarishvilists.

On June 21, during the battle near the village of Nikoltsy, the rebels suffered a crushing defeat and, after the capture of Churapcha, began to retreat towards Okhotsk. By October 1, the uprising was generally suppressed, but in the fall, a detachment of Anatoly Pepelyaev arrived to help the Yakut rebels. Pepelyaev hoped to take Yakutsk and begin the seizure of Siberia, thereby rekindling the civil war. The dramatic siege of Sasyl-Sysy was the last major battle of the Russian Civil War. After the capture of Amga by the Reds, the battle of Bilistyakh, and the lifting of the siege of Sasyl-Sysy, Pepelyaev's detachment began to retreat towards Okhotsk, where Pepelyaev was arrested by the Reds.

The last White Guards in the north of Sakha surrendered by the end of 1923.

Subsequent uprisings

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In 1924, an uprising began in Sakha, which was caused by the actions of the Bolsheviks: the closure of ports for foreign trade, trade restrictions, interruptions in the import of goods from the mainland, the confiscation of reindeer from private owners, the seizure of vast pastures for industrial new buildings. In 1925, the rebels concluded an armistice with the Soviet authorities and laid down their arms.

However, in 1927, a new uprising began under the leadership of the Yakut lawyer Pavel Ksenofontov (a graduate of the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, an employee of the Ministry of Finance of the RSFSR). After its suppression in 1928, 128 people were shot, 130 received various prison terms, some of them were not related to the uprising. Among the repressed were prominent representatives of the intelligentsia who knew nothing about the uprising or even condemned it.

In mid-1929, after the uprising of the confederalists of 1927-1928, on the tip of the center, a wholesale purge of non-party people disloyal to the new government and members of the local Communist Party itself, accused of counterrevolution, began. This became the reason for a new uprising against Soviet power in the north of Sakha, later called the Bulun uprising. It was subsequently suppressed in 1930.

Soviet era

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Sakha was home to the last stage of the Russian Civil War, the Yakut Revolt. On April 27, 1922, former Yakutsk Oblast was proclaimed the Yakut ASSR, although in fact the eastern part of the territory, including the city of Yakutsk, was controlled by the White Russians.

Platon Oyunsky, who wrote the traditionally-oral olonkho epics

The early Soviet period saw a flourishing of Sakha literature as men such as Platon Oyunsky wrote down in writing the traditionally oral and improvised olonkho, in addition to composing their own works. Many early Sakha leaders, including Oyunsky, died in the Great Purge.

Map of the Autonomous Yakut SSR, 1928
Autonomous Yakut SSR, 1928

Sakha experienced significant collectivization between 1929 and 1934, with the number of households experiencing collectivization rising from 3.6% in 1929 to 41.7% in 1932. Policies by which the Sakha were harshly affected resulted in the population dropping from 240,500 in 1926 down to 236,700 at the 1959 census.[39]

Sakha's demographics shifted wildly during the Soviet period as ethnic Russians and Ukrainians, among other groups, settled the area en masse, primarily in Yakutsk and the industrial south. Previously, even Yakutsk had been primarily Sakha and Sakha-speaking. With the end of korenizatsiya, usage of the Sakha language was restricted in urban areas such as Yakutsk, which became primarily Russian-speaking.

Post-Soviet era

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Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was officially reconstituted as the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), a federal subject within the newly formed Russian Federation.[40] In April 1992, Moscow formally recognized this status, granting Sakha significant autonomy; most notably, a 1992 agreement allowing the republic to retain 20% of its diamond industry profits, a landmark concession deviating from decades of centralized resource extraction.[41]

During the early 1990s, Sakha saw a rise in ethnic and nationalist activism. Political movements such as Sakha Omuk (founded 1990) and the more radical Sakha Keskile promoted Yakut sovereignty, resource self‑management, and cultural revival. These movements led to the republic's 1990 declaration of sovereignty (celebrated each year on September 27) and a gradual shift away from the ethnic suppression of the Soviet era.[40][41][42]

Economically, Sakha faced the tumultuous transition to a market economy amid systemic Soviet collapse. The regional government actively supported privatization of state enterprises, offered tax incentives, subsidies, and direct investment to buffer the population from economic shocks.[42][43][44] The republic also passed legislation in the 1990s to protect Indigenous land use rights and foster the creation of clan-based communities, reinforcing traditional livelihoods.[41]

In 2000, Sakha was incorporated into the newly created Far Eastern Federal District, one of eight federal districts established by President Vladimir Putin to centralize administrative oversight.[41][45][46] While this shift integrated Sakha into Far East economic development initiatives—including tax incentives, special economic zones, and infrastructure investments—these programs have often favoured industrial and extractive interests, occasionally sidelining Indigenous land rights.[41]

Under Putin, federal centralization increased. Regional autonomy has been curtailed through legal reforms—such as a 2009 removal of sovereignty references from the republic's constitution and renaming the republic's presidential post in 2014—and through restrictions on local veto powers regarding resource projects.[41] At the same time, Sakha's economy, driven by mining (diamonds, gold, uranium, oil, and natural gas), has shown resilience. Wages in the region now outpace national averages when adjusted for cost of living.[43] Yakutsk remains the hub of administrative and economic leadership, buoyed by tourism and essential infrastructure projects, though remote areas still lag behind.[42][43][47]

Demographics

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Population: 995,686 (2021 census);[48] 958,528 (2010 census);[49] 949,280 (2002 census);[50] 1,081,408 (1989 Soviet census).[51] Population density is 0.31 per km2 (2019), which is one of the lowest among Russian districts. Urban population: 65,45% (2018).[52]

Settlements

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Vital statistics

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‹ The template below (Historical populations) is being considered for merging with Infobox demographics. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1897 269,880—    
1926 283,468+5.0%
1939 413,198+45.8%
1959 487,343+17.9%
1970 664,123+36.3%
1979 838,808+26.3%
1989 1,081,408+28.9%
2002 949,280−12.2%
2010 958,528+1.0%
2021 995,686+3.9%
2025 1,007,058+1.1%
Source: Census data, estimate[53]
Breakdown of population changes, 1939–2002
Statehood Day celebrations in Yakutsk
Vitim, Sakha Republic
Dapparay
Cruise on the Lena River

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service

Year Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1970 674 13,899 5,700 8,199 20.6 8.5 12.2
1975 775 15,636 6,242 9,394 20.2 8.1 12.1
1980 887 18,132 7,501 10,631 20.4 8.5 12.0
1985 1,002 22,823 7,266 15,557 22.8 7.3 15.5
1990 1,115 21,662 7,470 14,192 19.4 6.7 12.7 2.46
1991 1,110 19,805 7,565 12,240 17.8 6.8 11.0 2.32
1992 1,090 17,796 8,710 9,086 16.3 8.0 8.3 2.17
1993 1,072 16,771 9,419 7,352 15.6 8.8 6.9 2.08
1994 1,051 16,434 10,371 6,063 15.6 9.9 5.8 2.07
1995 1,029 15,731 10,079 5,652 15.3 9.8 5.5 2.01
1996 1,015 14,584 9,638 4,946 14.4 9.5 4.9 1.88
1997 1,003 13,909 9,094 4,815 13.9 9.1 4.8 1.81
1998 986 13,640 8,856 4,784 13.8 9.0 4.9 1.80
1999 970 12,724 9,480 3,244 13.1 9.8 3.3 1.71
2000 960 13,147 9,325 3,822 13.7 9.7 4.0 1.77
2001 954 13,262 9,738 3,524 13.9 10.2 3.7 1.78
2002 950 13,887 9,700 4,187 14.6 10.2 4.4 1.85
2003 949 14,224 9,660 4,564 15.0 10.2 4.8 1.86
2004 950 14,716 9,692 5,024 15.5 10.2 5.3 1.91
2005 950 13,591 9,696 3,895 14.3 10.2 4.1 1.74
2006 950 13,713 9,245 4,468 14.4 9.7 4.7 1.73
2007 951 15,268 9,179 6,089 16.1 9.7 6.4 1.92
2008 953 15,363 9,579 5,784 16.1 10.1 6.1 1.92
2009 955 15,970 9,353 6,617 16.7 9.8 6.9 2.00
2010 958 16,109 9,402 6,707 16.8 9.8 7.0 2.02
2011 957 16,402 8,992 7,410 17.1 9.4 7.7 2.06
2012 956 16,998 8,918 8,080 17.8 9.3 8.5 2.17
2013 955 16,704 8,351 8,353 17.5 8.7 8.8 2.17
2014 956 17,010 8,209 8,801 17.8 8.6 9.2 2.25
2015 958 16,459 8,233 8,226 17.1 8.6 8.5 2.19
2016 961 15,424 8,052 7,372 16.0 8.4 7.6 2.09
2017 963 13,954 7,817 6,137 14.5 8.1 6.4 1.93
2018 964 13,234 7,572 5,662 13.7 7.8 5.9 1.85
2019 967 12,819 7,611 5,208 13.2 7.8 5.4 1.82
2020 972 13,097 9,081 4,016 13.4 9.3 4.1 1.86
2021 12,309 10,600 1,709 12.5 10.8 1.7 1.73
2022 11,824 8,319 3,505 11.9 8.4 3.5 1.62
2023 11,194 7,721 3,473 11.2 7.7 3.5 1.55
2024 10,778 8,243 2,535 10.7 8.2 2.5 1.52

Ethnic groups

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Yakuts celebrating Yhyakh. Yakuts form the easternmost indigenous community of Turkic peoples.
Ethnic map of Yakutia by urban and rural settlements, 2002 and 2010 censuses.
  Evenks
  Evens

According to the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was:[54]

Historical population figures are shown below:

Ethnic
group		 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census 2021 Census1
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Sakha 235,926 81.6% 233,273 56.5% 226,053 46.4% 285,749 43.0% 313,917 36.9% 365,236 33.4% 432,290 45.5% 466,492 49.9% 469,348 55.3%
Dolgans 0 0.0% 10 0.0% 64 0.0% 408 0.0% 1,272 0.1% 1,906 0.2% 2,147 0.3%
Evenks 13,502 4.7% 10,432 2.5% 9,505 2.0% 9,097 1.4% 11,584 1.4% 14,428 1.3% 18,232 1.9% 21,008 2.2% 24,334 2.9%
Evens 738 0.3% 3,133 0.8% 3,537 0.7% 6,471 1.0% 5,763 0.7% 8,668 0.8% 11,657 1.2% 15,071 1.6% 13,233 1.6%
Yukaghir 396 0.1% 267 0.1% 285 0.1% 400 0.1% 526 0.1% 697 0.1% 1,097 0.1% 1,281 0.1% 1,510 0.2%
Chukchis 1,298 0.4% 400 0.1% 325 0.1% 387 0.1% 377 0.0% 473 0.0% 602 0.1% 670 0.1% 709 0.1%
Russians 30,156 10.4% 146,741 35.5% 215,328 44.2% 314,308 47.3% 429,588 50.4% 550,263 50.3% 390,671 41.2% 353,649 37.8% 276,986 32.6%
Ukrainians 138 0.0% 4,229 1.0% 12,182 2.5% 20,253 3.0% 46,326 5.4% 77,114 7.0% 34,633 3.6% 20,341 2.2% 7,169 0.8%
Tatars 1,671 0.6% 4,420 1.1% 5,172 1.1% 7,678 1.2% 10.976 1.3% 17,478 1.6% 10,768 1.1% 8,122 0.9% 4,262 0.5%
Others 5,260 1.8% 10,303 2.5% 14,956 3.1% 19,770 3.0% 32,719 3.8% 59,300 5.4% 48,058 5.1% 46,124 4.9% 49,070 5.8%
1 146,918 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[55]

Languages

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The official languages are both Russian and Sakha, also known as Yakut, which is spoken by roughly half of the republic's population. In the 2021 census, 95% of Yakuts, 72% of Evenks and 60% of Evens declared Sakha as their native language.[56] The Sakha language is a member of the Turkic language family, belonging to the Siberian branch. It is closely related to the Dolgan language of the former Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The Sakha Republic is also home to many of the world's speakers of Tungusic languages, primarily of Evenki and Even. Additionally, Chukchi and the dialects of the Yukaghir language family are spoken in the northeast.

Ethnicity Native language
RussianSakhaOther
Russians 99.4%0.4%0.2%
Yakuts 5.0%95.0%0.0%
Evenks 12.3%72.4%15.3%
Evens 10.7%60.2%29.1%

Religion

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Religion in Sakha Republic as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[57][58]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 37.8%
Protestantism
 
 0.8%
Other Christians
 
 0.8%
Islam
 
 2%
Tengrism and other native faiths
 
 13%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 16.6%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 25.6%
Other and undeclared
 
 4%

Before the arrival of the Russian Empire, the majority of the local population was Tengrist, similar to the other Turkic people of Central Asia, or in Paleoasian indigenous shamanism with both 'light' (community leading) and 'dark' (healing through spirit journey) shamans. Under the Russians, the local population was converted to the Russian Orthodox Church and required to take Orthodox Christian names, but in practice generally continued to follow traditional religions. During the Soviet era, most or all of the shamans died without successors. In the 1990s, a neopagan shamanist movement called aiyy yeurekhé was founded by the controversial journalist Ivan Ukhkhan and a philologist calling himself Téris.[59] This group and others cooperated to build a shaman temple in downtown Yakutsk in 2002.[60]

Transfiguration of Jesus Christ Cathedral in Yakutsk

Currently,[when?] while Orthodox Christianity maintains a following (however, with very few priests willing to be stationed outside of Yakutsk), there is interest and activity toward renewing the traditional religions. As of 2008, Orthodox leaders described the worldview of the republic's indigenous population (or, rather, those among the population who are not completely indifferent to religion) as dvoyeverie (dual belief system), or a "tendency toward syncretism", as evidenced by the locals sometimes first inviting a shaman, and then an Orthodox priest to carry out their rites in connection with some event in their life.[61]

According to the Information Centre under the President of Sakha Republic (Информационный центр при Президенте РС(Я)), the religious demography of the republic was as follows:[62] Orthodoxy: 44.9%, Shamanism: 26.2%, Non-religious: 23.0%, New religious movements: 2.4%, Islam: 1.2%, Buddhism: 1.0%, Protestantism: 0.9%, Catholicism: 0.4%.

According to a 2012 survey,[57] 37.8% of the population of Sakha adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 13% to Tengrism or Sakha shamanism, 2% to Islam, 1% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% to forms of Protestantism, and 0.4% to Tibetan Buddhism. In addition, 26% of the population deems itself atheist, 17% is "spiritual but not religious", and 1.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[57]

Education

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The most important facilities of higher education include North-Eastern Federal University (previously Yakutsk State University) and Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy.

Politics

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Russia Day celebrations in Mirny, 12 June 2014.

The head of government in Sakha is the Head (previously President). The first Head of the Sakha Republic was Mikhail Yefimovich Nikolayev.[63] As of 2021, the head is Aysen Nikolayev, who took office on 28 May 2018.

The supreme legislative body of state authority in Sakha is a unicameral State Assembly known as the Il Tumen. The government of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic is the executive body of state authority.

The republic fosters close cultural, political, economic, and industrial relations with the independent Turkic states through membership in organisations such as the Turkic Council and the Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture.[64][65][66]

Economy

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Unusual gold specimen from Bulun District, Lena River basin. Weight is about 6 grams.

The largest companies in the region include Alrosa, Yakutugol, Yakutskenergo, and Yakutia Airlines.[67]

Controversially, social support in the area is largely granted to the less needy despite rural poverty remaining high.[68]

Mining

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The Mirny diamond mine and other diamond mines are important sources of exports for the region.[69][70] In addition, tin and gold mining have been major but controversial industries for over 100 years.[71][72][73][74]

Transportation

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Water transport ranks first for cargo turnover. There are six river ports, two seaports (Tiksi and Zelyony Mys). Four shipping companies, including the Arctic Sea Shipping Company, operate in the republic. The republic's main waterway is the Lena River, which links Yakutsk with the rail station of Ust-Kut in Irkutsk Oblast.

Yakutsk Aeroport, the main air-traffic hub of the republic.

Air transport is the most important for transporting people. Airlines connect the republic with most regions of Russia. Yakutsk Airport has an international terminal.

Two federal roads pass the republic. They are Nizhny Bestyakh–Skovorodino (A360 Lena highway) and Nizhny Bestyakh–Magadan (M56 Kolyma Highway). However, due to the presence of permafrost, use of asphalt was formerly impractical, and therefore the roads were made of clay until being paved by 2014. Prior to the paving of these roads, when heavy rains blew over the region, the roads often turned to mud, sometimes stranding hundreds of travellers in the process.[75] The Lena Bridge is under construction across the Lena, which will connect Yakutsk to Nizhny Bestyakh, and thus the rest of the Russian road network, year-round. Construction began in 2024, and is planned to last until 2028.[76]

The Berkakit–Tommot railroad is currently in operation. It links the Baikal-Amur Mainline with the industrial centres in South Sakha. Construction of the Amur–Yakutsk Mainline continues northward; the railway was completed to Nizhny Bestyakh, across the river from Yakutsk, in 2013. Though this one-track railroad from Tommot to Nizhny Bestyakh was under temporary operation (30% of its full capacity), the federal agency for railways declared that this railroad would be in full operation in fall 2015. Since 2019, there have been passenger trains between Nizhny Bestyakh and the rest of Russia.[77]

Media

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NVK Sakha (national broadcaster company Sakha, Национальная вещательная компания Саха, "Саха" көрдөрөр иһитиннэрэр тэрилтэтэ), the largest media company in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The company owns dozens of TV channels in Yakutia, Russia, and other countries. The main broadcasting languages are Yakut, English, Russian and Evenk. It was founded in 1992 after the collapse of the USSR. 70% of the shares are owned by the Russian VGTRK, 25% are owned by Yakutia, and 5% are in free float. NVK Sakha owns its own animation and film production studios, and some music studios. Since 2018, it has also been streaming 24/7 on YouTube.

Culture

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Sakha dance with traditional clothing

Points of interest in the city of Yakutsk include:

  • the State Russian drama theatre named after Alexander Pushkin
  • the Sakha Theater named after Platon Oyunsky
  • the State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named after D. K. Sivtsev
  • Suorun Omoloon, the Young Spectator's Theatre

There are a number of museums as well. These include the National Fine Arts Museum of Sakha, the Museum of Local Lore and History named after E. Yaroslavsky, and the Khomus Museum and Museum of Permafrost. In September 2020, the Gagarin Centre for Culture and Contemporary Art was opened in the Gagarin District of Yakutsk.[78]

The Yakuts have fully preserved their native language, which differs significantly from other Turkic languages by the presence of a layer of unique Paleo-Asiatic vocabulary. The Yakut language has a developed literary tradition with many styles and genres, and the ancient Sakha epic Olonkho is recognised by UNESCO as a masterpiece of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity.[79]

In the 2010s, a movie boom began in Yakutia. The local film industry was nicknamed "Sakhawood".[80]

National days

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  • 27 April: Republic Day
  • 21 June: Yhyakh festival (also known as Sakha New Year)

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ↑
  2. ↑

References

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Citations

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  1. ↑ Law #91
  2. 1 2 Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 1630ff.
  3. 1 2 Constitution of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic 53.1
  4. ↑ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  5. ↑ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  6. ↑ "Валовой региональный продукт - Врп с 1998-2024 года". rosstat.gov.ru.
  7. ↑ Constitution of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, Article 46
  8. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  9. 1 2 Rosstat (Russian Statistical Service), 2010 Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine (xls). Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  10. ↑ Gamble, Jessa (28 January 2015). "What's the world's coldest city?". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  11. ↑ Forsyth, James (1992). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0521477710.
  12. ↑ Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
  13. ↑ Victor P. Krivonogov, "The Dolgans’Ethnic Identity and Language Processes." Journal of Siberian Federal University, Humanities & Social Sciences 6 (2013 6) 870–888.
  14. ↑ "The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire". www.eki.ee.
  15. ↑ Federal law on the calculation of time, Official internet portal of legal information of the Russian Federation (in Russian).
  16. ↑ Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ Yakovleva, Natalia P. (2000). "Natural resource use in the Russian North: a case study of diamond mining in the Republic of Sakha". Environmental Management and Health. 11 (4): 318–336. doi:10.1108/09566160010372743.
  18. ↑ Bohlen, Celestine (1992). "Poor Region in Russia Lays Claim to Its Diamonds". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  19. ↑ "Climate Olyokminsk". pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  20. ↑ "Climate Oimjakon". pogodaikilmat.ru. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  21. ↑ "Climate Verkhoyansk". pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  22. ↑ "Clunate Yakutsk". pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  23. ↑ "Meet this extinct cave lion, at least 10,000 years old – world exclusive". siberiantimes.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  24. ↑ Saplakoglu, Yasemin (10 June 2019). "Severed Head of a Giant 40,000-Year-Old Wolf Discovered in Russia". Live Science. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  25. ↑ "Still snarling after 40,000 years, a giant Pleistocene wolf discovered in Yakutia". The Siberian Times. 7 June 2019. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  26. ↑ "Frozen wolf's head found in Siberia is 40,000 years old". The Guardian. Reuters. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  27. ↑ Kicki Näslund. "Short summary of Siberian pre-history and cultures". Academia.edu.
  28. ↑ Jordan, Bella Bychkova; Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G. (2000). Siberian Village: Land and Life in the Sakha Republic. University Of Minnesota Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0816635696.
  29. ↑ "Scott Polar Research Institute — Republic of Sakha". Spri.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 "Sakha Republic - Russia - tourist sights on the map". tropki.com. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 profilbaru.com. "article Sakha Republic". profilbaru.com. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  32. 1 2 3 4 "History – Sakha Yakutia – Heart of Siberia". Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  33. ↑ "Siberia". www.berghahnjournals.com. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  34. ↑ A. I. Gogolev, "История Якутии: (Обзор исторических событий до начала ХХ в.)" (History of Yakutia: Review of Historical Events to the beginning of the 20th century Archived May 27, 2005, at the Wayback Machine) Yakutsk, 1999.
  35. ↑ Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Yakutsk (province)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 898–899.
  36. ↑ Forsyth, James (1992). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony. Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–168. ISBN 978-0521477710.
  37. ↑ ""Сибкрайком убедительно просит подчинить Якутию непосредственно ЦК. . . ": практика взаимоотношений краевого партийного руководства Сибири и Якутского областного комитета РКП(б) (май - октябрь 1924 г. )". Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  38. ↑ Dyakonov, Alexei. "Бой за заимку Эверстова и снятие осады с Якутска". Yakutia.Info. Retrieved 23 November 2025.
  39. ↑ Jordan, Bella Bychkova; Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G. (2000). Siberian Village: Land and Life in the Sakha Republic. University Of Minnesota Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0816635696.
  40. 1 2 Hodgson, Kara K. (15 November 2022). "Russia's Colonial Legacy in the Sakha Heartland". The Arctic Institute - Center for Circumpolar Security Studies. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Under Pressure: Traditional Land Use in the Post-Soviet Sakha Republic". therussiaprogram.org. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  42. 1 2 3 Sinitsa, Arseniy L. (2025). "Internal migration in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): variations across economic zones in 2006–2023". Polar Record. 61 e1. Bibcode:2025PoRec..61E...1S. doi:10.1017/S0032247424000378. ISSN 0032-2474.
  43. 1 2 3 "Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia". The Northern Forum. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  44. ↑ Popov, Anatoliy A.; Mikhaylova, Anna V.; Myreev, Anatoliy N. (20 November 2017). "New Economic Policy of the Russian North". Revista ESPACIOS. 38 (54).
  45. ↑ Karataeva, Tamara; Elyakova, Isabella; Danilova, Elena; Fyodorov, Afanasiy; Alekseeva, Natal'ya (5 March 2020). "Economic Security Problems of the Sakha Republic - Yakutia". Revista ESPACIOS. 41 (7).
  46. ↑ "The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, Russia guide". russiatrek.org. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  47. ↑ "Toward a Postimperial Order?". www.berghahnjournals.com. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  48. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  49. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  50. ↑ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  51. ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  52. ↑ "Population of Russian Federation on 1 January 2018". GKS.
  53. ↑ "Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2025 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  54. ↑ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  55. ↑ "Впн-2010". Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
  56. ↑ "Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  57. 1 2 3 "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  58. ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", No. 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
  59. ↑ "Yakutia (Sakha) Faces a Religious Choice: Shamanism or Christianity" (PDF).
  60. ↑ "Whose Steeple is Higher? Religious Competition in Siberia" (PDF).
  61. ↑ Елена Дятлова (Yelena Dyatlova) (1 October 2008). "В Якутии господствует двоеверие (Ч. 1) (Yakutia is dominated by a dual belief system)". Во многих случаях нам говорили, что при совершении тех или иных обрядов или просто действий приглашают сначала шамана, потом священника. Правда, именно в таком порядке, признавая христианство чем-то высшим по отношению к местной магической языческой традиции, но это соединяя. Даже среди тех представителей якутской интеллигенции, с которыми мы общались, это стремление к синкретизму было отчетливо приметно. (An interview with Maxim Kozlov, a Moscow priest who had recently returned from a missionary trip down the Lena along with the Bishop of Yakutsk.)
  62. ↑ "РЕЛИГАРЕ – Современная религиозная ситуация в Республике Саха (Якутия): проблемы и перспективы". Religare.ru. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  63. ↑ "Михаил Ефимович НИКОЛАЕВ". Члены Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания РФ. Government of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Archived from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  64. ↑ "Turkey seeks to institutionalise relations with Turkic republics – Today's Zaman, your gateway to Turkish daily news". Todayszaman.com. 9 October 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  65. ↑ "Turkey and the Turkic Republics: Is There a New Vision?". Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  66. ↑ "Foreign Relations of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)". YakutiaToday.Com. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  67. ↑ Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  68. ↑ Gavrilyeva, Tuyara; Naberezhnaya, Anna; Nikiforov, Filipp (2 October 2022). "Poverty in the Russian Arctic: The Case of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)". Forum for Social Economics. 51 (4): 377–393. doi:10.1080/07360932.2021.1999842. ISSN 0736-0932.
  69. ↑ "International Underground Mine, Yakutia".
  70. ↑ "Alrosa starts construction of giant new diamond mine". 4 September 2023.
  71. ↑ Latypova, Leyla (30 May 2024). "Their Ancestral Traditions Under Threat, a Village in Russia's Far East Stands Up to Gold-Mining Giant". The Moscow Times.
  72. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  73. ↑ "Mining industry in the economy of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): State-of-the-art, problems and challenges". www.rudmet.ru.
  74. ↑ Burtseva, Evdokia; Sleptsov, Anatoliy; Bysyina, Anna; Fedorova, Alla; Dyachkovski, Gavril; Pavlova, Alevtina (9 January 2022). "Mining Industry of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Problems of Environmental and Social Security of Indigenous Peoples". Land. 11 (1): 105. Bibcode:2022Land...11..105B. doi:10.3390/land11010105.
  75. ↑ team (21 September 2006). "Russian Roads 4". English Russia. Retrieved 2 February 2026.
  76. ↑ "First pile of future bridge across Lena river in Russia's Yakutia installed". interfax.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2025. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  77. ↑ "Росжелдор издал приказ об открытии для постоянной эксплуатации участка Томмот – Нижний Бестях". www.rzd-partner.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  78. ↑ Доев Дмитрий: «За пять лет в Якутии появилось почти три тысячи новых мест в учебных заведениях». SakhaLife. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  79. ↑ "UNESCO - Olonkho, Yakut heroic epos". ich.unesco.org.
  80. ↑ Haynes, Suyin; Roache, Madeline (31 January 2020). "Why the Film Industry Is Booming in the Russian Wilderness". Time. Retrieved 19 April 2023.

General and cited references

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  • Верховный Совет Республики Саха (Якутия). 4 апреля 1992 г. «Конституция (основной закон) Республики Саха (Якутия)», в ред. Конституционного закона №581-З 53-IV от 22 июля 2008 г. (Supreme Council of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. 4 April 1992 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, as amended by the Constitutional Law #581-Z 53-IV of 22 July 2008. ).
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