Wikipedia

List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes

A Category 5 Atlantic hurricane is a tropical cyclone that reaches Category 5 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, within the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the equator. They are among the strongest tropical cyclones that can form on Earth, having 1-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 137 knots (254 km/h; 158 mph; 70 m/s). The United States National Hurricane Center (NHC) currently estimates that 11 tropical cyclones between 1851 (the first Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the official Atlantic tropical cyclone record) and 1959 peaked as Category 5 hurricanes. However, because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, some cyclones may have remained undetected. Since 1960, 34 Atlantic hurricanes have reached Category 5.

Hurricane Melissa before making landfall on Jamaica on October 28, 2025. It is the most recent hurricane of this strength to form.

Background

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Tracks of all known Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes between 1851 and 2025.

Within the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the equator, hurricanes are officially monitored by the United States's National Hurricane Center (NHC), however, other meteorological services, such as Météo-France, the United Kingdom's Met Office and Environment Canada also monitor the basin. Within the region, a Category 5 hurricane is a tropical cyclone which reaches Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, that is, a tropical cyclone that has 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of 137 knots (254 km/h; 158 mph; 70 m/s) or greater at 10 metres (32.8 ft) above ground.[1]

No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924. It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters, but the strongest winds were not measured. Although the anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed, was invented in 1846, during major hurricane strikes, the instruments were often blown away or damaged, leaving the hurricane's peak intensity unrecorded. For example, as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina, the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138 mph (222 km/h).[2]

As of May 2018, a reanalysis of weather data was ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade Atlantic hurricanes.[3] For example, the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength.[4] Furthermore, paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes. For example, a "giant hurricane" significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie (Category 5) has been identified in Belizean sediment, having struck the region sometime before 1500.[5]

Records

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Track of an October Category 5 hurricane that hit Cuba, Florida, and The Bahamas in 1924. It was the first hurricane to be officially recognized as a Category 5 on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.

Officially, the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is the 2000s, with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred: Isabel (2003), Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Wilma (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007). The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s, with six occurring between 1930 and 1939.[6] The most Category 5 hurricanes recorded in a single season is four, in 2005, followed by 2025, which recorded three. No other seasons had more than two Category 5 hurricanes. The most consecutive years to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane each is four, both from 2016 to 2019 and from 2022 to 2025.[7][8]

A collage of all Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes since 1980.

Ten Atlantic hurricanes—Camille, Allen, Andrew, Isabel, Ivan, Dean, Felix, Irma, Maria, and Milton—reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion; that is, by reaching Category 5 intensity, weakening to a Category 4 status or lower, and then becoming a Category 5 hurricane again. Camille, Andrew, Dean, Felix, Irma, and Maria each attained Category 5 status twice during their lifespans. Allen, Isabel, Ivan, and Milton reached Category 5 intensity on three occasions. The 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for the most time spent as a Category 5 hurricane (although it took place before satellite or aircraft reconnaissance, so this record may be somewhat suspect). Irma holds the record for the longest continuous span as a Category 5 storm in the satellite era.[6][9]

Of the 45 Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes on record, 2 have been recorded in July, 8 in August, 26 in September, 8 in October, and 1 in November. There have been no officially recorded June or off-season Category 5 hurricanes.[6]

July and August Category 5 hurricanes reached their high intensities in either the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, or the southwestern Atlantic.[6][10]

September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes, with over half of the total. This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs in early September.[11] September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and open Atlantic. These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form.[10] Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde hurricanes, which develop their strength due to a long track over warm waters,[12] or else intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico.

All but two of the Category 5 hurricanes in October and November (the exceptions being Michael and Milton) reached their intensities in the western Caribbean, a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season.[10] This is due to the climatology of the area, which sometimes has a high-altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season, as well as warm waters.

Systems

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Name Category 5 intensity Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs.
Dates Duration Wind speed Pressure
"Cuba"October 19, 192412 hours165 mph (270 km/h)910 hPa (26.87 inHg)Central America, Mexico, Cuba
Florida, The Bahamas		90[13][14]
"San Felipe II
Okeechobee"		September 13–14, 192812 hours160 mph (260 km/h)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada		$100 million4,000[15]
"Abaco"September 5–6, 19321 day160 mph (260 km/h)921 hPa (27.20 inHg)The Bahamas, Northeastern United States18[16]
"Camagüey"November 5–8, 19323 days 6 hours175 mph (280 km/h)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands
Cuba, The Bahamas, Bermuda		$40 million3,103[17]
"Cuba–Brownsville"August 30, 193312 hours160 mph (260 km/h)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)The Bahamas, Cuba, Florida
Texas, Tamaulipas		$27.9 million179[18]
"Tampico"September 21, 193312 hours160 mph (260 km/h)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Jamaica, Yucatán Peninsula$5 million184[19]
"Labor Day"September 3, 193518 hours185 mph (295 km/h)892 hPa (26.34 inHg)The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia
The Carolinas, Virginia		408[20]
"New England"September 19–20, 193818 hours160 mph (260 km/h)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Eastern United States, Southwestern Quebec$306 million682[21]
"Great Atlantic"September 13, 194418 hours160 mph (260 km/h)918 hPa (27.11 inHg)Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada$100 million300[22]
CarolSeptember 3, 195312 hours160 mph (260 km/h)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada$2 million5[23]
JanetSeptember 27–28, 195518 hours175 mph (280 km/h)914 hPa (26.99 inHg)Lesser Antilles, Central America$65.8 million1,023[24]
EstherSeptember 17, 196118 hours160 mph (260 km/h)919 hPa (27.14 inHg)East Coast of the United States$6 million7[25]
HattieOctober 31, 19616 hours165 mph (270 km/h)914 hPa (26.99 inHg)Central America$60.3 million319[26][27]
InezSeptember 28–29, 19661 day160 mph (260 km/h)927 hPa (27.37 inHg)Greater Antilles, Florida, Mexico$229 million756[28]
BeulahSeptember 20, 19676 hours160 mph (260 km/h)921 hPa (27.20 inHg)The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas$208 million59[29]
CamilleAugust 16–17 and 18, 19691 day 6 hours[a]175 mph (280 km/h)900 hPa (26.58 inHg)Cuba, United States Gulf Coast$1.42 billion259[30]
EdithSeptember 9, 19716 hours160 mph (260 km/h)943 hPa (27.85 inHg)The Caribbean, Central America
Mexico, United States Gulf Coast		$25.4 million37[31]
AnitaSeptember 2, 197712 hours175 mph (280 km/h)926 hPa (27.34 inHg)MexicoUnknown11[32]
DavidAugust 30–31, 19791 day 18 hours175 mph (280 km/h)924 hPa (27.29 inHg)The Caribbean, United States East coast$1.54 billion2,068[33][34]
AllenAugust 5–6, 7–8, and 9, 19803 days[a]190 mph (305 km/h)899 hPa (26.55 inHg)The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula
Mexico, South Texas		$1.57 billion281[33][35][36]
GilbertSeptember 13–14, 19881 day185 mph (295 km/h)888 hPa (26.22 inHg)Jamaica, Venezuela, Central America
Hispaniola, Mexico		$2.98 billion318[37][38]
HugoSeptember 15, 19896 hours160 mph (260 km/h)918 hPa (27.11 inHg)The Caribbean, United States East Coast$10 billion107[30][39][40]
AndrewAugust 23 and 24, 199216 hours[a]175 mph (280 km/h)922 hPa (27.23 inHg)The Bahamas, Florida, United States Gulf Coast$26.5 billion65[30][41]
MitchOctober 26–28, 19981 day 18 hours180 mph (285 km/h)905 hPa (26.72 inHg)Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida$6.08 billion11,374[42][43][44][45]
IsabelSeptember 11–12, 13, and 14, 20031 day 18 hours[a]165 mph (270 km/h)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Greater Antilles, Bahamas
Eastern United States, Ontario		$5.37 billion51[30][46]
IvanSeptember 9, 11–12, and 13–14, 20042 days 12 hours[a]165 mph (270 km/h)910 hPa (26.87 inHg)The Caribbean, Venezuela, United States Gulf Coast$23.3 billion124[30][47]
EmilyJuly 16, 20056 hours160 mph (260 km/h)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Windward Islands, Jamaica, Mexico, Texas$1.01 billion17[48]
KatrinaAugust 28–29, 200518 hours175 mph (280 km/h)902 hPa (26.64 inHg)Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast$125 billion1,392[49]
RitaSeptember 21–22, 20051 day180 mph (285 km/h)895 hPa (26.43 inHg)Cuba, United States Gulf Coast$12 billion125[50]
WilmaOctober 19, 200518 hours185 mph (295 km/h)882 hPa (26.05 inHg)Greater Antilles, Central America, Mexico, Florida$29.4 billion87[51][52][53][54]
DeanAugust 18 and 21, 20071 day[a]175 mph (280 km/h)905 hPa (26.72 inHg)The Caribbean, Central America$1.76 billion45[33][55][56]
FelixSeptember 3 and 4, 20071 day}[a]175 mph (280 km/h)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Nicaragua, Honduras$720 million133[57][56][58][59]
MatthewOctober 1, 201612 hours165 mph (270 km/h)934 hPa (27.58 inHg)Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada		$15.1 billion603[60]
IrmaSeptember 5–8 and 8–9, 20173 days[a]180 mph (285 km/h)914 hPa (26.99 inHg)Cape Verde, The Caribbean, Virgin Islands
Cuba, Florida		$64.8 billion138[61]
MariaSeptember 18–19 and 19–20, 20171 day 4 hours
15 minutes[a]		175 mph (280 km/h)908 hPa (26.81 inHg)Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico
Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands		$91.4 billion3,018[62]
MichaelOctober 10, 201830 minutes160 mph (260 km/h)919 hPa (27.14 inHg)Central America, United States Gulf Coast$25.1 billion74[63]
DorianSeptember 1–2, 20191 day 6 hours185 mph (295 km/h)910 hPa (26.87 inHg)The Caribbean, The Bahamas,
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada, Greenland		$5 billion84[64]
LorenzoSeptember 29, 20193 hours160 mph (260 km/h)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Cabo Verde, Azores, Western Europe$367 million20[65]
IanSeptember 28, 20226 hours160 mph (260 km/h)937 hPa (27.67 inHg)Caribbean, Cuba, Florida, The Carolinas$113 billion160[66]
LeeSeptember 8, 20236 hours165 mph (270 km/h)926 hPa (27.34 inHg)Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada$80 million4[67]
BerylJuly 2, 202415 hours165 mph (270 km/h)932 hPa (27.52 inHg)Caribbean, Puerto Rico, Yucatán Peninsula, Texas$8.3 billion73[68]
MiltonOctober 7–8, 8–9, and 9–10 20241 day 2 hours 5 minutes[a]180 mph (285 km/h)895 hPa (26.43 inHg)Yucatán Peninsula, Florida, and The Bahamas$34.3 billion45[69]
ErinAugust 16, 20256 hours160 mph (260 km/h)913 hPa (26.96 inHg)Cape Verde, Lesser Antillies>$25 million13[70]
HumbertoSeptember 27–28, 202512 hours160 mph (260 km/h)918 hPa (27.11 inHg)Bermuda None0[71]
MelissaOctober 27–28, 20251 day 12 hours190 mph (305 km/h)892 hPa (26.34 inHg)Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Bermuda$8.8 billion95[72]

Notes

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 5, then restrengthened to that classification)

Other systems

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The 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane and Hurricanes Dog (1950), Easy (1951), Cleo (1958), Donna (1960), Ethel (1960) and Carla (1961) were all originally estimated to have Category 5 sustained wind speeds. However, later systematic studies by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project found that the wind speeds associated with these systems were overestimated and downgraded them to Category 4 (Category 3 in the case of Ethel). Most recently, Hurricane Iota (2020) was operationally considered to be a Category 5 hurricane, with estimated 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 160 mph (260 km/h).[73] However, during their routine post-analysis best track process after the season, the NHC downgraded Iota to a Category 4 hurricane as a result of post season reanalysis, which suggested that there was a high bias in windspeeds derived from the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer instrument.[73]

Number by month

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Number of recorded Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes by month[6]
Month Number of hurricanes
July
2
August
8
September
26
October
8
November
1

Landfalls

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Hurricane Michael as it was making landfall as a Category 5 hurricane in 2018

Nearly all Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes have made landfall at some location while a tropical or subtropical cyclone. This is primarily because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land, as opposed to the westward, oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes.[74] 20 of the storms made landfall at least once while at Category 5 intensity;[6] 2007 and 2017 are the only years in which two storms made landfall at this intensity.[6] All but six landfalling systems (the 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane, Carol, Esther, Mitch, Isabel, and Erin) did so at major hurricane strength.

Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5 hurricane. This weakening can be caused by dry air near land, shallower waters due to shelving, interaction with land, eyewall replacement cycles, increased vertical wind shear, or cooler waters near shore.[49]

The only Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes that did not make landfall while a tropical or subtropical cyclone were Hurricane Lorenzo, which still brought hurricane-force winds to the Azores; Hurricane Lee, which still made landfall as an extratropical cyclone in Nova Scotia; and Hurricane Humberto, which still caused increased surf along the East Coast of the United States and minor impacts to Bermuda. These three storms are therefore not included in the table below.

The following table lists these hurricanes by landfall intensity.

Name Year
Category 5
Category 4
Category 3
Category 2
Category 1
Tropical or
subtropical storm
Tropical or
subtropical depression
 Refs.
"Cuba"1924CubaFloridaThe Bahamas[6][75]
"Okeechobee"1928Puerto RicoGuadeloupe, Lucayan Archipelago, FloridaSouth Carolina[6]
"Abaco"1932The Bahamas[6]
"Cuba"1932Little Cayman, CubaThe BahamasMartinique[6]
"Cuba–Brownsville"1933The BahamasCuba, Texas[6]
"Tampico"1933Yucatán PeninsulaMainland Mexico[6]
"Labor Day"1935Florida KeysNorthwest FloridaThe Bahamas[6]
"New England"1938New York, Connecticut[6]
"Great Atlantic"1944New York, Rhode Island[6]
Carol1953New Brunswick[6]
Janet1955Yucatán PeninsulaMainland Mexico[76]
Esther1961Massachusetts, Maine[77]
Hattie1961Belize[76]
Inez1966Dominican RepublicCuba, Haiti, mainland MexicoCuba[76]
Beulah1967Mexico[76]
Camille1969MississippiCuba[76]
Edith1971NicaraguaLouisianaBelize, Mexico[31]
Anita1977Mainland Mexico[6]
David1979Dominican RepublicDominicaFloridaCuba, The Bahamas, Georgia[6]
Allen1980Texas, Barbados[6]
Gilbert1988Quintana RooJamaicaTamaulipas[6]
Hugo1989Guadeloupe, Saint Croix, South CarolinaPuerto Rico[39]
Andrew1992Eleuthera, FloridaBerry IslandsLouisiana[41]
Mitch1998HondurasCampeche, Florida[42]
Isabel2003North Carolina[46]
Ivan2004Alabama, GrenadaLouisiana[47]
Emily2005Quintana RooTamaulipasGrenada[48]
Katrina2005Louisiana, MississippiFlorida[49]
Rita2005Louisiana[50]
Wilma2005Cozumel, Quintana RooFlorida[51]
Dean2007Quintana RooVeracruz[55]
Felix2007NicaraguaGrenada[57]
Matthew2016Haiti, Cuba, Grand BahamaSouth Carolina[60]
Irma2017Barbuda, Saint Martin, Virgin Gorda, CubaLittle Inagua, Florida KeysSouthwest Florida[61]
Maria2017DominicaPuerto Rico[78]
Michael2018Florida[63]
Dorian2019Abaco Islands, Grand Bahama (2×)North CarolinaSt. ThomasSaint Lucia, Barbados[64]
Ian2022Florida (2x)CubaSouth Carolina[66]
Beryl2024CarriacouQuintana Roo, Texas[79]
Milton2024Florida [80]
Erin2025Cabo Verde[81]
Melissa2025JamaicaCubaLong Island, Bahamas, San Salvador Island [82]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Schott, Timothy; Landsea, Christopher; Hafele, Gene; Lorens, Jeffrey; Taylor, Arthur; Thrum, Harvey; Ward, Bill; Willis, Mark; Zaleski, Walt (January 2, 2019). The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  2. ↑ Hudgins, James E. (2000). "Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586" (PDF). National Weather Service Office Blacksburg, Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
  3. ↑ Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (June 8, 2010). "Current Hurricane Data Sets". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  4. ↑ Donnelly, J. P. (2005). "Evidence of Past Intense Tropical Cyclones from Backbarrier Salt Pond Sediments: A Case Study from Isla de Culebrita, Puerto Rico, USA" (PDF). Journal of Coastal Research. SI42: 201–210. ISSN 0749-0208. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
  5. ↑ Mccloskey, T. A.; Keller, G. (2009). "5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize". Quaternary International. 195 (1–2): 53–68. Bibcode:2009QuInt.195...53M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.003. ISSN 1040-6182.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 4, 2025. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ↑ "Hurricane Dorian Becomes the 5th Atlantic Category 5 in 4 Years". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
  8. ↑ Belles, Jonathan; Erdman, Jon; Kaiser, Caitlin (October 29, 2025). "Category 5 Hurricane Atlantic Basin History". The Weather Channel. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  9. ↑ Rappaport, Edward N. "Addendum Hurricane Andrew". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  10. 1 2 3 Staff writer (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  11. ↑ Dorst, Neal (June 10, 2010). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ G1) When is hurricane season ?". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  12. ↑ Landsea, Christopher W. (June 8, 2010). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ A2) What is a "Cape Verde" hurricane?". Hurricane Research Division — Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  13. ↑ "1924 Major Hurricane Not Named (1924288N16277)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  14. ↑ Feuer, Steve; Suarez, Ramon Perez; Prieto, Ricardo; Sanchez-Sesma, Jorge (March 2009). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: Hurricane #10 in 1924". Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  15. ↑ "1928 Major Hurricane Not Named (1928250N14343)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  16. ↑ "1932 Major Hurricane Not Named (1932244N19296)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  17. ↑ "1932 Major Hurricane Not Named (1932304N15305)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  18. ↑ "1933 Major Hurricane Unnamed (1933234N13335)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  19. ↑ "1933 Major Hurricane Unnamed (1933259N11302)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  20. ↑ "1935 Major Hurricane Unnamed (1935241N23291)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  21. ↑ "1938 Major Hurricane Unnamed (1938253N13341)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  22. ↑ "1944 Great Atlantic hurricane (1944253N21302)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
  23. ↑ "1953 Major Hurricane Carol (1953240N14340)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  24. ↑ Dunn, Gordon E.; Davies, Walter R.; Moore, Paul L (1955). "Hurricanes of 1955". Monthly Weather Review. 83 (12): 315–326. Bibcode:1955MWRv...83..315D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1955)083<0315:HO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493 – via American Meteorological Society.
  25. ↑ "1961 Major Hurricane Esther (1961254N11329)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  26. ↑ Dunn, Gordon E (1962). "The Hurricane Season of 1961". Monthly Weather Review. 89 (3): 107–108. Bibcode:1962MWRv...90..107D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1962)090<0107:THSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0027-0644.
  27. ↑ National Meteorological Services of Belize (November 2, 2006). "Belize Marked 45th Anniversary of Deadly Hurricane Hattie". Belize National Emergency Management Organization. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  28. ↑ "1966 Major Hurricane Inez (1966265N10325)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  29. ↑ Sugg, Arnold L; Peliser, Joseph M (1967). "The Hurricane Season of 1967". Monthly Weather Review. 96 (4): 242–243. Bibcode:1968MWRv...96..242S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0242:THSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0027-0644.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 National Hurricane Center (April 1, 2014). "Re-analysis of 1969's Hurricane Camille Completed — Catastrophic hurricane now ranks as second strongest on record" (PDF) (Press release). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  31. 1 2 "1971 Major Hurricane Edith (1971249N11302)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  32. ↑ Lawrence, Miles B (1978). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1977". Monthly Weather Review. 106 (4): 536–540. Bibcode:1978MWRv..106..534L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0534:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  33. 1 2 3 Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
  34. ↑ Hebert, Paul J (1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979". Monthly Weather Review. 108 (7): 973–990. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  35. ↑ Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (1981). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980". Monthly Weather Review. 109 (7): 1567–1582. Bibcode:1981MWRv..109.1567L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1567:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  36. ↑ National Hurricane Center. Hurricane Allen July 31 – August 11 (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. pp. 1–6. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  37. ↑ Clark, Gilbert B (October 26, 1988). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Gilbert (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 9. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
  38. ↑ Blake, Eric S; Landsea, Christopher W; Gibney, Ethan J; National Hurricane Center (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 47. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  39. 1 2 Lawrence, Miles B (November 15, 1989). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Hugo (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. pp. 1–2, 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  40. ↑ Case, Bob; Mayfield, Max (1990). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. 118 (5): 1165–1177. Bibcode:1990MWRv..118.1165C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  41. 1 2 Rappaport, Edward N (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew: August 16–28 (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  42. 1 2 Guiney, John L; Lawrence, Miles B (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Mitch: October 22 – November 5, 1998 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  43. ↑ "Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780". United States National Climatic Data Center. 2004. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  44. ↑ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- Costa Rica". Archived from the original on December 19, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  45. ↑ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- El Salvador". Archived from the original on October 26, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  46. 1 2 Beven, John L; Cobb, Hugh (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Isabel: September 6–19, 2003 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  47. 1 2 Stewart, Stacy R (December 16, 2004). Hurricane Ivan September 2 – 24, 2004 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  48. 1 2 Franklin, James L; Brown, Daniel P (March 10, 2006). Hurricane Emily July 11 – 21, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  49. 1 2 3 Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R; Brown, Daniel P (December 20, 2005). Hurricane Katrina: August 23 – 30, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  50. 1 2 Knabb, Richard D; Brown, Daniel P; Rhome, Jamie R (March 17, 2006). Hurricane Rita: September 18 - 26, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  51. 1 2 Pasch, Richard J; Blake, Eric S; Cobb III, Hugh D; Roberts, David P (January 12, 2006). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Wilma: October 15 – 26, 2005 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  52. ↑ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2006). "Resumen del Huracán "Wilma"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  53. ↑ Royster, Amy (December 4, 2005). "Wilma's Waves Devastate Grand Bahama Communities". Palm Beach Post.(subscription required)
  54. ↑ "Hurricane Wilma exacts losses of 704 million dollars: Cuban government". Relief Web. Agence France-Presse. December 4, 2005. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  55. 1 2 Franklin, James L (January 31, 2008). Hurricane Dean: August 13 – 23, 2007 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  56. 1 2 Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), Nicaragua (2007). "Evaluación de Daños Causados por el Huracán Félix en el Caribe de Nicaragua" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  57. 1 2 Beven, John L (January 16, 2008). Hurricane Felix: August 31 – September 5, 2007 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  58. ↑ Silva, José A (January 29, 2008). "Huracán los terminó de hundir en la pobreza" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Diario. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  59. ↑ Comisión Permanente de Contingencias, Government of Honduras (September 7, 2007). "Honduras: Informe preliminar de daños por Huracán Félix y últimas lluvias — Copeco — Boletín #53 – 07 de Septiembre 2007" (in Spanish). Reliefweb. Archived from the original on February 17, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  60. 1 2 Stewart, Stacy R (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Matthew: September 28 – October 9, 2016 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  61. 1 2 Cangialosi, Jong P.; Layton, Andrew S.; Berg, Robbie (March 9, 2018). Hurricane Irma: August 30 – September 12, 2017 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  62. ↑ Pasch, Richard J; Penny, Andrew B; Berg, Robbie (January 4, 2023). Hurricane Maria: September 16 – 30, 2017 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  63. 1 2 Beven II, John L; Berg, Robert J; Hagen, Andrew B (May 17, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael (AL142018) (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  64. 1 2 Avila, Lixion A; Stewart, Stacy R; Berg, Robert J; Hagen, Andrew B (December 16, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Dorian (AL052019) (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  65. ↑ Zelinsky, David A (December 16, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Lorenzo (AL132019) (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  66. 1 2 Bucci, Lisa; Alaka, Laura; Hagen, Andrew; Delgado, Sandy; Beven, Jack (April 3, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ian (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  67. ↑ Q3 Global Catastrophe Recap October 2023 (PDF) (Report). Aon. p. 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  68. ↑ "BERYL BECOMES A POTENTIALLY CATASTROPHIC CATEGORY 5 HURRICANE IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN". National Hurricane Center. July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
  69. ↑ Beven, John L.; Alaka, Laura; Fritz, Cody (March 31, 2025). "Tropical Cyclone Report - Hurricane Milton" (PDF). National Hurricane Center.
  70. ↑ "Hurricane Erin Intermediate Advisory Number 21A". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved August 30, 2025.
  71. ↑ Hagen, Andrew B. (December 11, 2025). Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Humberto (PDF) (Report). Retrieved December 11, 2025.
  72. ↑ Kelly, Laura; Álamo, José; Mahoney, Aidan (February 25, 2026). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2026.
  73. 1 2 Stewart, Stacy (May 18, 2021). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Iota (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  74. ↑ Landsea, Christopher W (June 8, 2010). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ G8) Why do hurricanes hit the East coast of the U.S., but never the West coast?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  75. ↑ Mitchell, Charles L (October 1924). "Notes on the West Indian Hurricane of October 14–23, 1924" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 "International hurricane landfalls". www.aoml.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
  77. ↑ "HURDAT Re-analysis". www.aoml.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
  78. ↑ Brown, Daniel. "Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  79. ↑ Beven, John; Fritz, Cody; Alaka, Laura (January 23, 2025). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Beryl" (PDF).
  80. ↑ "Hurricane MILTON". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
  81. ↑ Pasch, Richard; Mahoney, Aidan (January 16, 2026). Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Erin (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  82. ↑ Kelly, Larry (October 28, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
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