Wikipedia

Draft:Royal House of Hlongwane

Hlongwane is the royal family name of AmaNgwane[1][2][3][4].

History of the Hlongwane of Mntungwa (Ngwane)

edit

The Hlongwane are direct descendents of Ntungwa/Mntungwa[1][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] - Ngwane[1][5][8][13], and are part of the Embo-Nguni/ Aba-Mbo[10][13][14][15][16][17].

The Department of Native Affairs of the Union of South Africa[1] and the Swaziland National Trust Commission in partnership with King Sobhuza II of the Kingdom of Swaziland[5] published ethnographic reports and census documents identifying the Hlongwane as the royal family of AmaNgwane[1] through Mntungwa/Ntungwa[1][5][10][11][1][9][8][13] in 1935, 1938, and 2002 [1][5][18].

In 1939, anthologist Henry Masila Ndawo published Iziduko zama-hlubi[19] (Clan Names of the Hlubi) identifying Mntungwa-Dlamini[19][9][14][20][1][9][8][13], as a founding progenitor whose descendents are represented in several southern African hereditary monarchs:

1) AmaHlubi[1][5][6][21][22][17]: Bhungane[5], Mtungwa-Dlamini[19][9][14][20][1][9][8][13],Mthimkulu[5][22], Hadebe[5], Dlomo[6]

2) AmaSwazi/AmaSwati/EmaSwati[8][22][17][23][24][25]: Ngwane[5][15][23][26][27], Nkhosi[5], Dlamini[5][8], Hlubi[5][23][26], Mlangeni[5]

3) AmaNgwane[1][21][22][17][25][26][27][28]: Ntungwa/Mntungwa[1][5], Ngwane[1][5][26][27], Hlongwane[1][5], Matiwane[1][9][8][29][30].

The term Ntungwa/Mtungwa[1][5][11][12][31][32] denotes kinship with the Mntungwa-Dlamini[19][9][14][20][1][9][8][13] clan that crossed the Zembezi/Zambesi River[12][22][33][34][35][36] using rafts made of reeds or Umhlanga/Uhlanga" [1][5][30][31][32][35][37][38][39]. "Umhlanga"[5][30][31][32][37][39][40] is the word for reed in isiNtungwa[41][42], SiSwati[5][43], IsiZulu[30][44][45][46], and isiXhosa[47][48]. It refers to a sacred plant that grows tall and stiff in wetlands[35].

In 2002, the Swaziland National Trust Commission published field research identifying the Hlongwane as Mntungwa-Ngwane[5] and emerging from the river reed beds, "ezinhlangeni zomfula.[5]"

The Hlongwane are said to have arrived at the headwaters of the White Umfolozi River[1] from the direction of Phongola/Pongolo[9][49][50], eZibukweni[5][30]. Their neighbors were the San indigenous people of southern Africa[51],the Sotho, the Dlamini, AmaHlubi,[1]AmaNdwandwe, AbaMthethwa, AmaZulu[6].

Battle of Mbholompo

edit

Matiwane of Masumpa[9][29] was king (Inkosi[30][52][53]) of AmaNgwane during the Mfecane[1][54][55]. The Mfecane was a period of intense military conquest and territory expansion among the groups in southern Africa[20].

The royal kraals of the AmaNgwane of Matiwane of Masumpa were at the headwaters of White Mfolozi (Vryheid) until they were attacked by the Ndwandwe of ZwideKaLanga[1][11][49][56]. The Ngwane also suffered attacks from the Mthethewa of Dingiswayo of Jobe kaKayi (Godongwane) [6][53] and Shaka Zulu KaSenzangakhona ka Jama[57], a rising general in the Mthethwa military ranks[58][59]. The AmaNgwane fled west in the direction of the Hlubi and Sotho[58][60]. The Ndwandwe then executed the king of the Mthethwa, Dingiswayo of Jobe kaKayi in 1817[6][61] and drove the Swazi of Sobhuza into present day Swaziland/Eswatini[62]. This made the Ndwandwe of Zwide KaLanga the most powerful group between the Thukela to the Phongolo.[6] Dingiswayo was avanged by Shaka Zulu KaSenzangakhona, who annilated the Ndwandwe in open war and invaded their kingdom in 1819[6][57]. The execution of Dingiswayo, king of the Mthethwa[63], and the fall of the Ndwandwe kingdom created a power vacuum in northern Kwazulu Natal that allowed Shaka to emerge as as king of both the Zulu (Malandela Ka Luzumane) kingdom[49][64][59] and the Mthethwa confederacy.

The expansion of the Zulu Kingdom pushed the Ngwane south into the Drakensberg mountains of Okahlamba and into the Thukela[65]. Matiwane's uShiyi[1][9] and Ntsimbi[1] military regiments conquered the Hlubi of Mtimkhulu II[55] and claimed their territory in 1821, leaving his son Dlomo[66][17][65]. Matiwane's attack on the Hlubi of Mthimkhulu is often associated with a diviner called Zulu ka Mafu ka Dwala ka Ntini of the Hadebe/Radebe Hlubi[6][22]. In 1822, the Ngwane were attacked by Shaka. In 1825, the Ngwane attacked the Hlubi of Mpangazitha[61], leaving his son, Sidinane[6][66]. Moving southeast, Matiwane conquered some AmaBhele and AmaZizi, gathering refugees[67] and creating a new paramountcy led by AmaNgwane in the Caledon Valley[11][67]. Next the AmaNgwane claimed Thaba Bosiu and forced King Moshoeshoe of the Sotho to acknowledge King Matiwane's paramountcy and pay him a regular tribute[27].

After victories against the Hlubi, Zizi, and Bhele and growing pressure from Shaka, the Ngwane started crossing the Orange River, which marked the natural boundaries of the Cape Colony[1][11][27]. Some Hlubi, Zizi, and Bhele did not join the AmaNgwane paramountcy in the Caledon Valley and fled to the area between Mzimkhulu and Mzimvubu which had been traditionally occupied by AmaBhaca and AmaMpondo since the 15th century[68][69]. AmaNgwane began conducting raids in Mpondoland in 1824 and in Thembuland in 1825[1][16].

Those seeking refuge from AmaNgwane kaMatiwane[55]and the Zulu of Shaka KaSenzangakhona[55] starting being identified as the Mfengu[53]/AmaMfengu[67] /Fingo[70]as early as 1824[67]. They were first met by Faku of Ngqungqushe[71] in Mpondoland and then King Hintsa[70][72][73] of the Gcaleka Xhosa[60][72], often bypassing the AbaThembu King Ngubengcuka (Vusani)[58]. Pressure from Shaka Zulu Ka Senzangakhona and Matiwane of Masumpa, as well as the displaced Hlubi, Zizi, and Bhele, Bhaca and Mpondo forced some neighboring AbaThembu to move north into the area known as Emigrant Thembuland[69][74].

JC Warner Wesleyan, a Wesleyan contributor to the Compendium, served as a negotiator between the Thembu and AmaNgwane[60]. In July 1827, Matiwane tried to conquer the Sotho of Moshoeshoe again by attacking Thaba Bosiu[27]. Moshoeshoe's war regiments rolled big stones onto the Ngwane, driving them off[61]. The defeat combined with rising attacks from the Ndebele of Mzilakazi[63] who had recently relocated to the Highveld pushed the Ngwane out of the Caledon River and into the Cape Colony[61]. Matiwane's raids pushed some Mpondo and Thembu towards the Great Kei River. Inkhosi Bawana, Chief of amaTshatshu[58], a sub-clan of the AbaThembu, informed the Cape Government that in August 1827, that about two years prior, Matiwane's regiments had attacked his tribe at the Hangklip Mountain and driven away his cattle[1][58].

While Matiwane was focused on conducting raids in Thembuland in 1827[75], Shaka Zulu was conducting raids in Mpondoland[1]. This chain of events resulted in some British military officers under the watch of Lieutenant Colonel Somerset, such as Colonel Dundas[61], concluding that the new group of natives in Thembuland were representatives of Shaka[27][65][73]. The Ngwane were attacked again by Shaka in 1826[61]. Upon being attacked by Matiwane again in August 1827, Bawana and his tribe fled across the Black Kei River. Shaka Attacked the Ngwane at Thaba Bosiu 1828, this time enlisted by King Moshoeshoe of the Sotho[27][76]. This pushed the Ngwane further into Thembu territory. Shortly after, the Ngwane were defeated at the Battle of Mbholompo near Umtata, in the Cape Colony on August 28, 1828[27][54][58][60][61][77][78][79][80].

After the nation's defeat by British forces led by Colonel Dundas[16] and an organized group of AbaThembu, AmaMpondo, and Gcaleka Xhosa[1][61][73][77], King Matiwane moved many AmaNgwane back to the Drakensberg Mountains of Okahlamba and sent the crown prince Zikhali to the then King of Eswatini, Sobhuza I (Somhlolo) for protection[1].

Other sections of the Ngwane remained into the Cape Colony under chiefs Khondlo and Mphayise, and in the kingdoms of Lesotho and Eswatini. Clans who descend from the Royal House of Hlongwane[1] include the Sangweni[5], Tshani/Tyani, Masumpa[28], Zikhali, Tunyiswa[54][81]/Thunyiswa[72], Ntsimango[1][28], Khondlo[1], Mzamo[1], Kobese, Zembe, Khanyile, and Mphayise[1].

South African historian, Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi, wrote about the Battle of Mbolompho and the birth of Inkhosana Thunyiswa Hlongwane in his book, Umhlekazi U Hintsa[72]:

1) "Zatsho kabuhlung' eMbolompo,

Zatsho' emantlok' oMthatha!

...Zamgodus' uMatiwane nonina,

Sajong' eMpum' isifombo soMasumpa!

Semka sincamile sisithi, "Hay, ubuNguni!

Wath' unina "Ngangikuxelela mntan' ami,

Ngithi nabafileyo bayavuk' eBuNguni."

Wasal' uThunyisw' ezalelwa kwa Hintsa,

Kuz' abe yinganga yase buNguni."

2) "Thunyiswa - Le yeyona ncam yama Ngwane; Izelwe emva, kwelo Duli lase Mbolompo; Kwathiwa ngu Thunyiswa kuba uMatiwane wayesithi, - 'Asoyiswanga sisuke sathunyelwa ngezi Thunywa'".[72]

The Royal House of Hlongwane in The Republic of South Africa

edit

After the nations defeat at Umtata, Inkosi Matiwane moved a section of the Ngwane into the Mount-Sources, area in Bergville. This is where the AmaNgwane royal polity was revived through Matiwane's son, Inkosi Zikhali of Matiwane of the Royal House of Hlongwane.

Inkosi Zikhali led three groups known as the Sikhali horse against the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana in 1879[9][82]. Many in present day KwaZulu Natal started calling members of the Royal House of Hlongwane, AbabkwaZikhali[1]/Aba-kwa-Zikali[9].

Inkosi Zikhali Ka Matiwane married the daughter of Sobuzha I, Indlovukazi Nomlalazi, who gave birth to Inkosi Ncwadi Hlongwane, Ncwadi Hlongwane ka Zikhali (Ngwadi II) around 1850[1].

In 1930, Rev. John Henderson Soga published The South Eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala) arguing that Mafu of the Royal House of Hlongwane of AmaNgwane is the progenitor of Ama-Ngwane, Ama-Bomvu, Ama-Bomvana, and Ama-Swazi[17].

In 1938, the Union of South Africa published ethnographic research on the Hlongwane royal family, finding that the true Ngwane[1] royal polity known as AmaNgwane[1] crystalized when King Ngwadi I of the Royal House of Hlongwane united with the Mazibuko, Mdluli, Luvuno, Ndaba, Gumede, Mlambo, Zondo, Madela, Khaba, Zigode, Khoza, Goza, Ntshali and other clans, producing a formidable nation neighboring the Swazi[24][83], Ndwandwe[64], Mthethwa[64][63], Hlubi[84], and Zulu[57].

On 19 September, 1976 His Majesty Inkosi Tshanibezwe Hlongwane hosted His Royal Highness, Mangosuthu G. Buthelezi, for the opening of Okahlamba High School and Tshanibezwe Junior Secondary School and the inaugaration of the AmaNgwane Regional branch of Inkatha Freedom Party[85].

On February 23, 2006 the Deputy President of South Africa, Her Excellency Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka visited His Majesty Inkosi Menzi Hlongwane in Bergville, Northern KwaZulu-Natal.[2]

On July 10, 2013, His Majesty Inkosi Menzi Hlongwane hosted the Mayor of Okhahlamba, Thulani Sibeko, and representatives of the office of the Premier to encourage community members to address social ills.[3]

On August 1, 2016 His Majesty Inkosi Hlongwane's AmaNgwane Tribal Authority and surrounding areas received a R7 million investment benefits Bergville from The Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs (CoGTA) of the Government of the Republic of South Africa.[4]

On August 27, 2021 His Majesty Inkosi Menzi Hlongwane led a peace against gender-based violence with Member of the Executive Council (MEC) Nonhlanhla Mildred Khoza, the Okhahlamba Local Municipality Mayor, Councillor Mlungisi Ndlangisa[86].

The Right of the King of the Royal House of Hlongwane

edit

AmaNgwane believe in a supreme being known as Unkhulunkhulu[38] or Omvelingangi[30]/, Omvelingangi[30]/, Umvelingangi[30], Umvelinqangi[1], the creator of all things and people, including dynasties. AmaNgwane folklore teaches that Ntungwa/Mntungwa inherited the divine right of kings from Omvelingangi[30]/Umvelinqangi[1] who was the first to emerge from the reed banks[35], Uhlanga[30][53]/IsiHlenga[49].

The Hlongwane royal family's clan praises (izithakazelo) include Ntungwa/Mntungwa[1][5][10][22][17][49] and Ngwane[1][5][30] to denote kingship and kinship with the Mntungwa-Dlamini [19] that crossed the Zembezi using umhlanga/uhlanga or, reeds[1][17][53][87]. The Hlongwane royal family's clan praises also include Ndabezitha[5], a Ntungwa/Zulu mark of distinction, meaning paramount chief, king, or member of the Ntungwa royal family[5][88][89][90][91][92][93][94].

The origin story of the Mntungwa, Dlamini by way of crossing the Zembezi River umhlanga/uhlanga or "reeds" has been documented by the Swaziland National Trust Commission, The Natural History Society of Swaziland, and The Conservation Trust of Swaziland, by commissioned of His Majesty, King Sobhuza II, in his capacity as Ingwenyama, the ultimate custodian of Swati Law and Custom in the Kingdom of Eswatini[5][95], alongside the Queen Mother/Ndlovukazi[96].

Historians such as Magema Magwaza Fuze, Alice Werner, Richard Patricks, Alfred Thomas Bryant, E.A Ritter, and S.E.K Mqhayi have documented the "umhlanga/reed" origin story of the Ntungwa-Nguni groups of southern Africa in their publications The Black People and Whence They Came: A Zulu View[97]; Myths and Legends of the Bantu[38], Swazi Surnames and the Praise Names(Tibongo Netinanatelo Temaswati)[5], Zulu People as They Were Before White People Came[49], Shaka Zulu: The Rise of the Zulu Empire[98], The Collected Poems of S.E.K Mqhayi[99], and Xosa Poetry for Schools (Imihobe Nemibongo Yokufundwa Ezikolweni)[100].

The reigning king of the Royal House of Hlongwane and AmaNgwane, as recognized by the Presidency of the Republic of South Africa[2][3][101], is His Majesty, King (Inkosi[30][52][53]) Menzi Hlongwane[2][102][103][3]. His Majesty Menzi Hlongwane's male line traces back to the historical Ntungwa[1][10]/Mntungwa[5]/Ngwane[1][5][9][23][24].

Mntungwa kings that produced the Royal House of Hlongwane[5][9][19][104]

The Royal House of Hlongwane that produced the AmaNgwane kingdom[1][5][30]

Clan Praises of the Royal House of Hlongwane

edit

1) Hlongwane

Hlongwane, Sangweni, Mntungwa, Ngwane[5]

Nduku zinobulongwe, masenga sileke,

Nina bebutho lika Sangweni,

Ligwalagwala lakithi elimadolo abomvu,

Zikali/Zikhali[1][9][30] ezingalingani namaxhegwana,

Mntungwa, Ngwane, Mwelase

2) Sangweni

Sangweni, Ndabezitha, Mwelase, Hlongwane[5],

Wena wawela eZubukweni ezinhlangeni[107][101] zomfula[5],

Masenga sileke, Gwabini, Masumpa Ka Tshani, Tshani obude kaNsele[5]

3) Sangweni

Hlongwane, Sangweni, Mwelase, Ndabezitha, Mntungwa[5],

Wena longayidli imbuti lensele, Ngwane[5],

Wena longaweli ngetibuko, uwela ezinhlangeni[107][101] zomfula[5],

Nselendvuna yekudlalisela[5]

Individuals with the surname Hlongwane

edit

Notable figures with the surname Hlongwane include:

  • King Matiwane, King of AmaNgwane
  • King Masumpa, King of AmaNgwane
  • King Ngwadi, King of amaNgwane
  • King Zikhali, King of amaNgwane
  • King Bambazi, King of amaNgwane
  • King Ngwadi II, King of amaNgwane
  • King Tshani, King of amaNgwane
  • King Nsele, King of amaNgwane
  • King Ndungunya, King of amaNgwane
  • King Menzi, King of amaNgwane
  • Fana Hlongwane, South African politician and businessman
  • Bongokuhle Hlongwane, South African footballer
  • Samuel Hlongwane, South African Navy officer
  • Thomas Hlongwane, South African footballer

References

edit
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Van Warmelo, N.J (1938). History of Matiwane and the Amangwane Tribe (PDF). Pretoria, Republic of South Africa: Union of South Africa, Department of Native Affairs. pp. 1, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 19, 30, 42, 43, 56, 70, 71, 76, 78, 81, 116, 120, 135, 156, 157, 158, 218, 219, 222, 223, 224, 233, 255, 261. ISBN 9781928326205. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Republic of South Africa, The Presidency. "P Mlambo-Ngcuka to visit KwaZulu-Natal, 24 Feb". Government of South Africa.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Republic of South Africa, Government Communication and Information System (July 1, 2013). "Community dialogue seeks to eliminate social ills" (PDF). Government Communication and Information System, The Republic of South Africa.
  4. 1 2 3 Ngobese, Thandeka (August 1, 2016). "Peeletšo ya R7 milione e hola Bergville (A R7 million loan to Bergville)" (PDF). Vuk'uzenzele Government Communications (GCIS). Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Patricks, Richard (2002). Tibongo Netinanatelo Temaswati/Swazi Surnames and their Praise names (PDF). Mbabane, Kingdom of Eswatini: Swaziland National Trust Commission, Natural History Society of Swaziland, Conservation Trust of Swaziland. pp. 21, 63.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 John Wright and Andrew Manson (1983). The Hlubi Chiefdom in Zululand-Natal, A History (PDF). Ladysmith, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa: Ladysmith Historical Society. p. 4. ISBN 0 620 06178 2.
  7. 1 2 Inkosi Zizi Zuko Pokwana ka Menziwa Ah! Jongisilo and Inkosi Ngangomzi Pokwana ka Menziwa Ah! Jongumhlaba (2008). The Lineage / genealogy of AmaZizi, the Dlamini of Southern Africa (PDF). Menziwa Great Place, Eastern Cape, South Africa: Vusizwe Foundation for Historical Research. pp. 3, 5, .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bronner, Phillip (1983). Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 9, 10, 11, 12, 30, 239, . ISBN 0 52124270 3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Bryant, The Rev, A.T (1929). Olden Times in Zululand and Natal (PDF). London, United Kingdom: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 82, 99, 146, 115, 135, 137, 222.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Dalby, David (1970). Language and History in Africa (PDF). New York: Africana Publishing Corporation. pp. 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bryant, A.T (1964). A History of the Zulu & Neighboring Tribes (PDF). Cape Town: C. Strunk Africana Specialist & Publisher. p. 35.
  12. 1 2 3 Mphande, Lupenga (1993). Research in African Literatures: Ngoni praise poetry and the Nguni diaspora (Vol. 24, Issue 4 ed.). Indiana University Press.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thwala, Jozi Joseph (2002). Lucwaningo Ngetibongo Temakhosi Emaswati: Sobhuza I – Sobhuza II [Research on the Praise Names of the Eswatini Kings: Sobhuza I – Sobhuza II] (in Siswati). University of Zululand (published December 30, 2022). pp. 20, 25, 84.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thompson, Leonard (1969). African Societies in Southern Africa (PDF). London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. p. 142.
  15. 1 2 Corum, Claudia (1980). Siswati Special Skills Handbook. Peace Corps Language Handbook Series (PDF). Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. pp. 13, 29, .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  16. 1 2 3 Sihele, E G (2010). Who are Abathembu and where do they come from? (PDF). Rhodes University. pp. 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 48.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Soga, Rev. John Henderson (2013). The South-Eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala) (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–491.
  18. ↑ Van Warmelo, N. J. (1935). A preliminary survey of the Bantu tribes of South Africa (PDF). The Government Printer, Pretoria: Union of South Africa, Department of Native Affairs. pp. 26, 30, 67, 74, 78, 83.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ndawo, Masila Henry (1939). Iziduko Zama-Hlubi [Clan Names of The Hlubi] (PDF) (in Xhosa). The Lovedale Press. pp. 20–21.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Gillis, D. Hugh (1999). The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History (PDF). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 10.
  21. 1 2 Lesniewski, Michal (2010). Guns and Horses, c 1750 to c 1850: Korana – People or Raiding Hordes?. Warsaw, Poland: University of Warsaw, Poland. p. 19.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Killie Campbell Africana Library (1979). The James Stuart Archive (PDF). Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press. pp. 11, 13, 35, 73, 92, 168, 196, . ISBN 0 86980 189 9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  23. 1 2 3 4 Kuper, Hilda (1947). An African Aristocracy: Rand Among the Swazi. Abington and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8153-8713-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  24. 1 2 3 Kuper, Hilda. The Swazi: A South African Kingdom. New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto, London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 9.
  25. 1 2 Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (2015). Kingdoms and Chiefdoms and Southeastern Africa: Oral Traditions and History, 1400–1830 (PDF). University of Rochester Press. p. 17.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Omer-Cooper, J. D. (2008). Cambridge History of Africa: Colonial South Africa and its frontiers (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 379. ISBN 9781139054591.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Omer-Cooper, J. D. (2008). A Cambridge History of Africa: The Nguni Outburst (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 319–352. ISBN 9781139054591.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Kawa, Richard T Ainton (1929). Ibali LamaMfengu (PDF). Fort Hare, Alice: The Lovedale Press. pp. 8, 39, 41, 42, 43, 109.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Laband, John (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars (PDF) (No. 37 ed.). Maryland, USA: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 4, 151, 160, 236, 254, 294.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Callaway, Rev. Henry (1970). The religious system of the AmaZulu (PDF). Cape Town: Springdale Mission Press, The Rustica Press (Pty.), C. Struik (pty.) Ltd, Africana Specialist and Publisher. pp. 9, 15, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 51, 52, 55, 76, 88, 89, 90, 103, 110, 124, 207, 253, 436, .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  31. 1 2 3 Killie Campbell Africana Library (1979). The James Stuart Archive (PDF). Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press. pp. 11, 13, 35, 73, 168, 196, . ISBN 0 86980 189 9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  32. 1 2 3 Soga, Rev. John Henderson (2013). The South-Eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala) (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–491.
  33. ↑ Andy E. Moore, Fenton P.D. (Woody) Cotterhill,, Mike P. L. Maine, and Hugh B. Williams (2007). Large Rivers, Geomorphology and Management: The Zambezi River (PDF). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, AMPAL (Pty) Ltd. pp. 1–23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ Eric H J Hiscock, Tabeth Matiza-Chiuta, IUCN-ROSA, and Timothy J F Lash (1996). Zambezi Basin Wetlands Conservation and Resource Utilisation Project: Inception Mission Report, June 1996 (PDF). The World Conservation Union: IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. ISBN 0 7974 1643 9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. 1 2 3 4 David and Charles Livingston (1893). Narrative of an expedition to the Zambesi and its tributaries; and of the discovery of the lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858-1864. Massachusetts: Harper and Brothers Publishers. pp. ix, 14, 324.
  36. ↑ Theal, George McCall (1907). History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi, from the Settlement of the Portuguese at Sofala in September 1505 to the Conquest of the Cape Colony by the British in September 1795 (Vol 2 ed.). Cape Colony: Foundation of the Cape Colony By The Dutch, Archives of the Cape Colony,. pp. 291–311, 396, 496.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  37. 1 2 C. M. Coke (M.A., D.LITT) and B. W. Vilakazi (M.A., D.LITT) (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary (PDF). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 319, 3, 30, 183, 193, 312, 315, 404, 405, 488, 500, . ISBN 0 85494 027 8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. 1 2 3 Werner, Alice (1933). Myths and Legends of the Bantu (PDF). London: George G. Harrap and Co. p. 30.
  39. 1 2 Roberts, Rev. Charles (1895). English-Zulu Dictionary:with the principles of pronunciation and classification fully explained (2nd ed.). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. pp. 13, 171, 188.
  40. ↑ King Sobhuza II; Isaac Dlamini (11 November 1968). "Phuhlaphi Nsibandze (Royal interview, 1968)" (PDF). Swaziland Oral History Project, Wits Historical Papers. pp. 1, 10, 16, 36.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ↑ Msweli (PhD), Zanele Priscilla (2022). An analysis of isiZulu language in the television drama “Isibaya”: An educators’ functional linguistic and sociocultural perspectives. University of Zululand. p. 53.
  42. ↑ Nkabinde, A.C. "The Implications of Culture for Dictionaries of the African Languages". Lexikos Journal: 173.
  43. ↑ Sone, Enongene Mirabeau (August 1, 2010). Aesthetics from the Swazi perspective:The case of the Swazi umhlanga/reed dance. University of Eswatini. pp. 130, 131, 133.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  44. ↑ Oliver Nyambi and Patricks Voua Otomo (June 3, 2021). African Studies Review: Zulu Poems of (and for) Nature: Bhekinkosi Ntuli’s Environmental Imagination in Imvunge Yemvelo (1972) (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 555, 556, .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  45. ↑ Raper, Peter E. (2012). Bushman (San) influence on Zulu place names (PDF). Free State: Acta Academica. pp. 65, 66, 75, 106, 107, 111, 136, 149, 174, .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  46. ↑ Leslie, David (1875). Among the Zulus and AmaTongas (PDF). Glasgow: Printed by Gilchrist, Howard Street; Macmillian & Co; Maclehose. p. 149.
  47. ↑ Schoots (PhD), Jonathan (2023). Analyzing political formation through historical isiXhosa text analysis: Using frequency analysis to examine emerging African Nationalism in South Africa (PDF). Stellenbosch University. p. 68.
  48. ↑ "Uhlanga, noun". Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved July 20, 2026.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bryant (PhD), A.T (1949). The Zulu People as they were before the white people came (PDF). Shuter & Shooter Publishers (Pty) Ltd. pp. 18, 27, 39, 179, 243, .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  50. ↑ Michael Westcott & Carolyn Hamilton (1992). In the Tracks of The Swazi Past: A historical tour of the Ngwane and Ndwander Kingdoms (PDF). Manzini, Kingdom of Swaziland: Macmillan Boleswa Publishers (Ply) ltd. pp. 9, 13, 33, 34, 38, 46, . ISBN 0 333 47908 4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  51. 1 2 Warrick, Gary (2011). "The Disappearance of the Drakensberg San" (PDF). Wilfrid Laurier University.
  52. 1 2 de Brito, Bernardo Gomes (1959). The Tragic History of the Sea, 1589-1622. London: Hakluyt Society at the University Press. pp. 71, 218, 293.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C. M. Coke (M.A., D.LITT) and B. W. Vilakazi (M.A., D.LITT) (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary (PDF). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 319, 3, 30, 183, 193, 312, 315, 404, 405, 488, 500, . ISBN 0 85494 027 8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  54. 1 2 3 Rubusana (PhD, MPC), W.B (1911). Zemk'inkomo Magwalandini (PDF). Frome and London: Butler and Tanner: The Selwood Printing Works. pp. 100, 106, 120, 323, 329, 354, 499.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  55. 1 2 3 4 Maxengana (PhD), Nomalungisa Sylvia (2018). The History and Historiography of the AmaMfengu of the Eastern Cape, 1820-1900 (PDF). University of Fort Hare: Faculty of Social Science and Humanities Department of History.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  56. ↑ Wright, John (March 1, 2006). "Beyond the Zulu aftermath: Rescrambling Southern Africa's mfecane migrations" (PDF). Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research.
  57. 1 2 3 4 Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (2014). The Creation of the Zulu Kingdom, 1815–1828: War, Shaka, and the Consolidation of Power. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 26, 42, 76, 231. ISBN 978 1 107 07532 0.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hammond-Tooke, W.D. (1956). The Tribes of Umtata District (Ethnological Publications No. 35 ed.). The Government Printer, Pretoria: Union of South, Department of Native Affairs.
  59. 1 2 Butholezwe Mtombeni (UNISA), Muzi Shoba (NMMU). "King Shaka ka Senzangakhona: The Great Military Genius and Nation Builder" (PDF). E-Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences (EHASS): 1342.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Tisani (PhD), Nomathamsanqa Cynthia (2000). Continuity and Change in Xhosa Historiography during the nineteenth century: An exploration through textual analysis (PDF). Rhodes University. pp. 112, 113, 168, 188, 248, 259.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Stapleton, Timothy J. (2010). A military history of South Africa: from the Dutch-Khoi wars to the end of apartheid (PDF). Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 11, 12, 15, 17, 18. ISBN 978 0 313 36589 8.
  62. ↑ Greaves, Andrew (2020). The origin and development of Zulu Age-sets (PDF). Anglo Zulu War Historical Society.
  63. 1 2 3 Landau, Paul S. (2010). Popular Politics in the History of South Africa, 1400-1948 (PDF). New York: Cambridge university Press. pp. 35, 73, 84, 130. ISBN 978 0 511 75024 3.
  64. 1 2 3 Carolyn Hamilton and John Wright (30 March 2026). "Rethinking the Political Order in the KwaZulu-Natal Region in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: Fluidity, Mobility, and Flexibility" (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 15, .{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  65. 1 2 3 J.D Fage and Roland Oliver (2008). The Cambridge History of Africa (PDF) (volume 5 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 337.
  66. 1 2 Ndawo, Henry Masila (1951). Ibali LamaHlubi, Notebook 7 [The Story of the Hlubi] (PDF) (in Xhosa). Cory Library. p. 365.
  67. 1 2 3 4 Wright, J.B (1991). The Mfecane Aftermath. University of Natal. p. 8.
  68. ↑ Mcetywa, S.A.M (PhD) (2001). The interaction of African traditional religio-medical practice and western healing methods (PDF). University of Durban-Westville. pp. 13, 105.
  69. 1 2 Drew, Allison (2007). Between Empire and Revolution: A Life of Sidney Bunting, 1873-1936 (PDF). Pickering & Chatto. p. 169. ISBN 9781851968930.
  70. 1 2 Cory, Sir George Cory (1852). The Rise of South Africa. Natal: Native Commission. pp. 7, 157, 163, 164, 165, 166, 196, 218, 393, 415, 420, 439, 450, .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  71. ↑ Stapleton, Timothy J. (2006). Faku Rulership and Colonialism in the Mpondo Kingdom (c.1780-1829). Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780889205970.
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 Mqhayi, S.E.K (1937). Umhlekazi U Hintsa [His Highness King Hintsa] (PDF) (in Xhosa). The Lovedale Press. pp. 5, 7–8, 14, 15.
  73. 1 2 3 4 Peires, Jeffrey Brian (1976). A History of the Xhosa (c 1700 - 1835) (PDF). Rhodes University. pp. 16, 22, 32, 51, 52, 60, 62, 66, 72, 82, 83, 86, 195–197.
  74. ↑ Ntsebeza, Lungisile (2005). Democracy Compromised (PDF). The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. p. 38.
  75. ↑ Cobbing, Julian (March 5, 1984). "The Case Against the Mfecane". University of Witwatersrand, African Institute.
  76. ↑ "Transformation in Southern Africa Timeline 1700-1800". South African History Online. 24 November 2011.
  77. 1 2 Ajayi, J.F. Ade (1989). General History of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s (PDF). Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizaition (UNESCO). p. 136.
  78. ↑ Wright, John (2010). Turbulent Times: Political transformations in the north and east, 1760s–1830s (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
  79. ↑ Cobbing, Julian (1988). The Journal of African History (Volume 29 , Issue 3 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  80. ↑ Qwabi, Ayabonga. "A Hundred Years of War in the Eastern Cape". AmaQithi.
  81. ↑ Moyer, R.A (1973). History of the Mfengu: Evidence of Jacob Tunyiswa. Institute of Commonwealth Studies. p. 605.
  82. ↑ Frances E. Colenso and Lieut.-Colonel Edward Dunford (1881). History of the Zulu War and its Origin (PDF). London: Chapman & Hall Ltd & R. Clay, Sons and Taylor. p. 346.
  83. ↑ Kuper, Hilda (1970). A Witch in My Heart (PDF). London, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press - London, International African Institute. pp. vii.
  84. ↑ Scully, W.C (1909). Fragments of native history.: The Amahlubi and the Amangwane (PDF). The State: The Organ of Closer Union, a South African National Magazine. pp. 284, 434, 595.
  85. 1 2 3 4 University of South Africa, Digital Library (September 19, 1976). "Opening of Okhahlamba High School and Tshanibezwe high school". University of South Africa.
  86. ↑ Kwazulu-Natal Department of Social Development (August 27, 2021). "Arrest Those Who Want GBV Cases to be Withdrawn - MEC Khoza" (PDF). Department of Social Development, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved July 21, 2026.
  87. 1 2 Werner, Alice (1933). Myths and Legends of the Bantu (PDF). London: George G. Harrap and Co. p. 30.
  88. ↑ Rudolph, C.J (1949). A Guide for the Zulu Court Interpreter (PDF). Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. p. 61.
  89. ↑ Nadine Appelhans, Carmel Rawhani, Marie Huchzermeyer, Basirat Oyalowo, and Mfaniseni Fana Sihlongonyane, Avhatakali Sithagu (2025). Everyday Urban Practices in Africa Disrupting Global Norms (PDF). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. p. 181.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  90. ↑ Zwane, Celani Lucky. "The Morphological Analysis of Zulu Clan Names" (PDF). English Linguistics Research: 46.
  91. ↑ Raum, O. F. (1973). The Social Functions of Avoidances and Taboos Among the Zulu (PDF). Walter De Gruyter. p. 44.
  92. ↑ Buthelezi (PhD), Mbongiseni (2012). Sifuna Umlando Wethu [We are Looking for our History: Oral Literature and the Meanings of the Past]. New York: Columbia University. p. 22.
  93. ↑ Ndlovu (PhD), Sifiso Mxolisi (2001). The Changing African Perceptions of King Dingane in Historical Literature: A Case Study in the Construction of Historical knowledge in 19th and 20th Century South African History (PDF). Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand. p. 136.
  94. ↑ Ngema, Vusabantu. "Hermeneutic Analysis: Making Sense of Symbolic Expressions in Izibongo of King Shaka". University of South Africa: Southern African Journal for Folklore Studie. 30 (1): 16.
  95. ↑ Ndlovu, H.L (March 1, 2014). "Towards a National Policy on Collaboration Between the Modern and Traditional Health Systems in Swaziland" (PDF). University of Swaziland: UNISWA Research Journal: 18.
  96. ↑ Kumalo, R.S (2013). Religion & Politics in Swaziland (PDF). Sun Media Bloemfontein (Pty) Ltd. pp. 56, 165, .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  97. ↑ Fuze, Magema Magwaza (1922). Abantu Abamnyama [The Black People and Whence They Came: A Zulu View] (in Zulu). University of Natal Press and Killie Campbell Africana Library. pp. iv (4).
  98. ↑ Ritter, E.A (1955). Shaka Zulu: The Rise of the Zulu Empire (PDF). Book Club Associates. p. 249.
  99. ↑ Masilela, Ntongela (October 27, 1908). The Collected Poems of S.E.K Mqhayi (PDF). Izwi Labantu. pp. 13, 35.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  100. ↑ Mqhayi, S.E.K (1927). Imihobe Nemibongo Yokufundwa Ezikolweni [Xosa Poetry for Schools] (PDF). Western Cape: The Sheldon Press. pp. 25, 35, 75.
  101. 1 2 3 Office of the Municipal Managers IDP / Development Planning Unit. "2020/21 Umfolozi Integrated Development Plan (IDP)-Final 4th IDP for the 4th Generation" (PDF). Umfolozi Municipality, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved July 21, 2026.
  102. 1 2 3 Compton, Patrick (December 13, 2011). "Berg World Heritage Site to get bigger". The Witness.
  103. 1 2 3 The Office of the Municipal Manager: IDP Unit. "DRAFT INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017/2018" (PDF). Uthekela District Municipality.
  104. ↑ Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson (1981). The frontier in history: North America and southern Africa compared. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  105. ↑ Staff Reporter (September 4, 1998). "ANC losing ground in rural KZN". Mail & Guardian.
  106. ↑ Gwala, Mafika Pascal (1973). Black Review 1973 (PDF). Durban, South Africa: Black Community Programmes. p. 171. ISBN 086975 037 2.
  107. 1 2 Nxumalo, J. A. W. Uzwelonke kaNkosiyakithi, Kamanqondo WakwaNdwandwe [Zwelonke of Nkosiyakithi of Manqondo of Ndwandwe] (PDF) (in Xhosa). Dundee, KwaZulu Natal: Shuter and Shooter Pietermaritzburg. p. 7.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Royal_House_of_Hlongwane&oldid=1365387990"