The Whitegate refinery, near Whitegate, County Cork, is Ireland's only oil refinery. It has a capacity of 75,000 barrels of oil per day (bpd), sufficient to provide 40 percent of Ireland's fuel requirements. It was commissioned in 1959 and was redeveloped several times and produces a range of petroleum products.
_(cropped).jpg) | |
 Interactive map of Whitegate refinery | |
| Country | Ireland |
|---|---|
| Province | County Cork, Munster |
| City | Cork |
| Coordinates | 51°49′08″N 08°14′51″W / 51.81889°N 8.24750°W |
| Refinery details | |
| Operator | Irving Oil |
| Owner | Irving Oil |
| Commissioned | 1959 |
| Capacity | 75,000 bbl/d (11,900 m3/d) |
| No. of employees | 230 |
| Refining units | see table in text |
History
editIn the late 1950s, the Government of Ireland sought to develop industry in the country.[1] A consortium of oil companies formed the Irish Refining Company Limited to construct and operate a refinery; the participant companies and their interests were Esso (40%), Shell-Mex & BP (40%) and Caltex (20%). The refinery was constructed on a 330-acre (133 ha) site at Whitegate, East Cork, County Cork. It was built over the period 1957 to 1959 at a cost of about £12.5 million. The refinery was commissioned in April 1959 with Esso as the operator.[1] In 1965 the refinery was expanded to increase the capacity from 1.9 million tons per year to 2.5 million tons per year, at a cost of £3 million.[2]
In 1981, the Irish Refining Company Limited closed the refinery because of poor financial returns.[1] The government recognised that permanent closure would have major economic and strategic consequences, and as a result, ownership was transferred to the Irish state in March 1982 through the Irish National Petroleum Corporation. The refinery was purchased by Tosco in July 2001, a company taken over by Phillips Petroleum in September 2001. Phillips merged with Conoco in September 2002 to form ConocoPhillips. In 2012, Phillips 66 assumed ownership. Irving Oil purchased the refinery in 2016.[3][4]
Plant and processes
edit
Whitegate is a relatively simple refinery with a Nelson complexity index of 3.8.[5] Crude oil arrives at the refinery by tanker at the Marine Terminal. This comprises two berths, Berth 1 for tankers of up to 160,000 tonnes and Berth 2 for coasters of up to 5,000 tonnes. Oil from the tankers is routed to one of seven floating roof crude oil tanks on Corkbeg Island where it is stored until required at the refinery. There are also ballast water facilities[6]
The operation of the refinery process plant is summarised in the following table.[6]
| Unit | Commissioned | Capacity | Feedstock | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pipestill (Crude oil distillation) | 75,000 barrels per day (bpd) | Crude oil | Overheads,
Heavy gas oil | |
| Naphtha Splitter (two columns) | – | Pipestill overheads | Liquid petroleum gas (LPG),
Light naphtha, Heavy naphtha | |
| LPG Splitter | – | LPG | Propane, Butane | |
| Powerformer Unit (catalytic reformer) | 1958
1966 |
9,000 bpd
14,500 bpd |
Heavy naphtha + hydrogen | Gasoline,
Hydrogen rich gas |
| Isomerisation Unit (UOP catalytic process: converts straight chain pentane and hexane to branched isomers) | 1999 | 6,250 bbd | Light naphtha + hydrogen | High octane blendstock |
| Hydrofiner Unit (desulphurisation) | 1958 | 6,100 bpd | High sulphur diesel + hydrogen rich gas from reformer | Low sulphur Diesel, Hydrogen sulphide |
| Hydrofiner Unit (desulphurisation) | 2007 | 26,000 bpd | High sulphur kerosene and gas oil + hydrogen rich gas from reformer | Low sulphur Diesel, hydrogen sulphide |
| Sulphur recovery Unit | 1996 | Hydrogen sulphide | Elemental sulphur | |
| Amine Sulphuric Acid Plant | 2011 | 30 tonnes / day | Hydrogen sulphide | Sulphuric Acid |
| Blending Plant | – | Gasoline, High octane blendstock, LPG, Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), Ethanol | Grade Gasoline |
The products from the refinery are stored in the adjacent tank farm until required.[6] Petroleum blendstocks are also imported via the Marine Terminal and are routed to the blending plant. Low flash point products such as crude oil, gasolines, blendstocks, and naphtha are stored in floating roof tanks. High flash point substances such as kerosene, gasoil, diesel and heavy fuel oil are stored in cone roof tanks. Propane and butane are stored at pressure in spherical vessels.[6]
Utilities
editA number of utilities support the refinery operations:[6]
- Ballast water treatment and disposal
- Drains – including API separator
- Demineralisation plant – for boiler feedwater
- Electricity – 6.2 MW gas turbine combined heat and power plant (CHP). There are two 110 kV feeder lines from the National Grid via the adjacent Whitegate substation. Electricity can also be fed from the refinery into the National Grid.
- Steam – 13.5 tonnes per hour
- Air – plant and instrument air
- Process cooling – air coolers
Production
editCrude oil supply
edit
Products
editThe products from the refinery are:[6]
- Propane
- Butane
- Gasoline
- Kerosene
- Diesel
- Heating Oil
- Heavy fuel oil
- Sulphuric acid
The production of each of the products in 2010 was:[8]
| Product | Production, barrels | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| LPG | 390,000 | 2.0 |
| Naphtha | 900,000 | 4.6 |
| Gasoline | 3,700,000 | 19.0 |
| Distillate fuel oil | 7,700,000 | 39.5 |
| Residual fuel oil | 6,000,000 | 30.8 |
| Refinery fuel | 810,000 | 4.1 |
| Total | 19,500,000 | 100 |
Export
editThe majority of products are exported by sea via the Marine Terminal. LPG is transferred to the adjacent Calor gas bottling plant by pipeline. The road loading facility has five bottom loading bays for exporting gasoline, gas oil and kerosene to local consumers.[6]
The refinery was run at a loss of $22.5 million in 2020, as a result of reduced demand because of Covid. This compares to a profit of $84.7 million in 2019.[9]
Blockade
editOn the 8th of April 2026, protesters began to block the two entrances to the Irving Oil Whitegate Refinery with heavy vehicles including tractors, and lorries. [10] This was part of the wider 2026 Irish fuel protests.
Protesters successfully blocked oil transporter trucks from entering and exiting Ireland's only oil refinery until Friday, 10th April 2026 when protesters allowed two trucks to enter the refinery to load fuel for emergency service vehicles and home heating. [1] [11]
On the same day, Irish Taoiseach Micheál Martin said during an interview that Ireland was on the "precipice of turning oil away from the country in the middle of a global oil supply problem" due to the blockade. He went on to say that the crude oil already refined in Whitegate could be diverted to other international markets if the blockade does not end. [12] Due to the seriousness of the situation, that evening the Garda Commissioner declared the situation an "exceptional event" and ordered every garda in the country to work for next three days. [13]
Shortly before 11:30am on Saturday, 11th April 2026, four busloads of gardaí arrived at Whitegate to disperse protesters and unblock the road to allow the safe passage of trucks into the facility to remove and distribute the refined oil products around the country. [14] Gardaí used pepper spray on protesters and convinced them to hand over the keys of their tractors and other heavy vehicles so they, the Gardaí, could move them and clear the road. [14] The protesters eventually complied and seven oil transporter trucks entered the facility and left around 3pm with the refined product, bringing an end to the blockade. [14]
Plant Review and Potential Sale
editIrving Oil have periodically reviewed the future of the plant and may deem it's disposal as an option.[15]
Whitegate power station
editAdjacent to the refinery to the south (Coordinates: 51°49’07”N 08°15’17”W) is the Whitegate power station, Glanagow, County Cork. This 435 MW gas turbine station is owned by Bord Gáis part of Centrica. It is designed to run on natural gas or distillate oil, the latter from the refinery, and operates as a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT).[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- 1 2 3 4 "Ireland's National Oil Refinery". issuu.com. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ↑ "£3m expansion at Irish Refinery". The Times. 2 February 1965. p. 18.
- ↑ "Fuel Oil News 2021". www.fueloilnews.co.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ↑ "A Barrel Full". abarrelfull.wikidot.com. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ↑ "No easy decisions at Whitegate". fueloilnews.co.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Licensing" (PDF). epawebapp.epa.ie. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ↑ "Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland". www.seai.ie. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- 1 2 Minerals Yearbook Area Reports International: Europe and Central Eurasia, various editions
- ↑ "Covid fuel slump pushes Whitegate oil refinery to €20m loss". Irish Independent. 19 November 2021.
- ↑ Cox, Aengus (8 April 2026). "Whitegate blockade 'act of national sabotage' - Taoiseach".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Dunphy, Liz (10 April 2026). "Protesters block oil truck at Cork's Whitegate site despite garda access to refinery". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
- ↑ "Fuel protester's comments deeply disturbing, Taoiseach says". BreakingNews. 10 April 2026. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
- ↑ O'Connor, David MacRedmond and Niall (10 April 2026). "Every garda in the country ordered to work for next three days for 'exceptional event'". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
- 1 2 3 O'Connor, Emma Hickey and Niall (11 April 2026). "Fuel trucks leave Whitegate oil refinery in Co Cork after four-day blockade broken by gardaí". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
- ↑ "Irving Oil Reviews Whitegate Refinery's Future". www.chemxplore.com/. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
- ↑ "Whitegate power station". www.gem.wiki. Retrieved 22 January 2022.