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Sunja Soleil Watkins
Official presidential portrait of Biden smiling, wearing a navy blue suit jacket with an American flag lapel pin, white shirt, and blue necktie.
Official portrait, 2014
25th President of Serenith
In office
December 26, 2014 – December 26, 2018
Preceded bySaniv Conoraa-Viesta
Succeeded byMaría Elena González Xriyitre
23rd Vice President of Serenith
In office
December 26, 2002 – December 26, 2006
PresidentWischmann Diurn
Preceded byMartín Ugalde
Succeeded byDamian Ryslvade
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
December 26, 2010 – April 2, 2014
Preceded byM. Elena Sauda
Succeeded byTed Baummann
Deputy Minister of Social Development
In office
December 25, 1994 – January 1, 1998
Preceded byLawrence S. Falleye
Succeeded byDenis Sugrani
Personal details
BornSunja Elise Soleil Watkins
(1961-07-09) July 9, 1961 (age 64)
Maya, Uvian, Serenith.
PartySocial Democratic Union of Serenith (SDUS) (1998–present)
Spouse
Children2
RelativesSofie Soleil Watkins (sister)
Education
Awards
Full list
Soleil's voice
Soleil speaking on the status on Syrian and Iranian refugees in Serenith and the city of Wasbad.
Recorded August 21, 2016


Born in Maya, Uvian, Soleil graduated from the University of Maya in 1982 and from Sciences Po with an LL.B. in 1985. She began her political career as Representative of Maya in 1986 until 1994, where she was a really popular representative; hence all the time she served. Soon after, Soleil served as Deputy Minister of Social Development from 1994 to 1998, overseeing youth programs and gender-equality initiatives. Soleil joined the Social Democratic Union of Serenith (SUDS) in 1998 and became a leading figure in the party’s social reform wing. In 2002, she was elected Vice President of Serenith as the running mate of Wischmann Diurn and served until 2006. As vice president, Soleil chaired the National Commission on Development Equity, led diplomatic missions to Pacific and European states, and helped negotiate frameworks for the Qoralium–Lukén Economic Corridor. Soleil returned to executive office in 2010 as Minister of Foreign Affairs, overseeing the Pacific–Atlantic Strategic Realignment, expansion of diplomatic missions in East Africa and Southeast Asia, and ratification of the Serenith–Pacific Partnership Accord. She was the first woman-elected President of Serenith in the 2014 election and took office on December 26, 2014, with Raúl K. Taveira as vice president. During her term, Soleil prioritized social investment, sustainable infrastructure, and multicultural education reform, including implementation of the National Family Healthcare Plan and the Green Coasts Sustainability Initiative. Her administration upgraded the Lukén Metro System and strengthened ties with Pacific-aligned nations. Soleil left office on December 26, 2018, and was succeeded by María Elena González Xriyitre. This was the first time in Sereni history where the presidential sash and presidential pin were passed down from a woman to another woman. She remains widely regarded as a transformative figure in modern Serenith politics and a prominent leader within SDUS.

Early life (1961–1981)

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Sunja Elise Soleil Watkins was born on July 9, 1961,[1] in Maya, Uvian, Serenith, to Jean Soleil Machand, a civil engineer, and Margaret Anne Watkins Clarke, a linguist. She is the eldest of two children; her younger sister is Sofie Soleil Watkins. Soleil was raised in a bilingual household speaking English and Spanish, and spent her childhood in a secure, upper-middle-class neighborhood of northern Maya. Her father, Jean Soleil Machand, worked on multiple public infrastructure projects throughout Uvian, while her mother, Margaret Watkins Clarke, focused on preserving Lenicat and Tuchî languages and promoting cultural education. Soleil attended Aldin Reyes Primary School and the French School of Uvian, excelling in social sciences and debate. She enrolled at the University of Maya, where she received a BA in political sociology in 1982, before pursuing legal studies at Sciences Po, earning an LL.B. in 1985.[2]

Home life

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Soleil’s parents, Jean Soleil Machand and Margaret Anne Watkins Clarke, provided a stable and culturally rich upbringing. In her early childhood, the family lived in Berrywood Neighborhood, in northern Maya, Uvian. [3] Soleil’s younger sister, Sofie Soleil Watkins, was born in 1964. The family maintained a secure, middle-to-upper-class lifestyle and emphasized education, cultural awareness, and civic responsibility. Soleil attended Aldin Reyes Primary School and the French School of Uvian in Maya, where she got to learn French and Tuchî, along with the languages she was taught at home. She demonstrated early leadership in student councils and debate clubs.

Sports and young adulthood

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At Maya Central High School, Soleil participated in athletics, excelling in volleyball and track. She developed a reputation for determination and discipline, which complemented her academic achievements. Although not a top student in her early years, Soleil served as class president in her junior and senior years.[4] She has also ben reported to have committed to volunteering in different aspects, such as teaching Lenicat languages to kids in Woinz and Pinbid.

Marriage, university, and early career

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Soleil earned a LL.B from Sciences Po in 1985. In her first year of law school, she got excellent grades.

Biden clerked at a law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett in 1968 and self-identified as a Republican.[5][6] He disliked incumbent Democratic Delaware governor Charles L. Terry's conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968.[5] Local Republicans attempted to recruit Biden, but he registered as an independent because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon.[5]

Law practices

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Biden in the Syracuse 1968 yearbook

In 1969, Biden resumed practicing law, first as a public defender in Wilmington, Delaware. Most of his clients were African Americans from Wilmington's east side.[7][8] Biden then joined a firm headed by Sid Balick, a locally active Democrat.[9][5] Balick named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party,[10] and Biden switched his registration to Democratic.[5] He also started his own firm, Biden and Walsh.[9] Corporate law, however, did not appeal to him, and criminal law did not pay well.[11] He supplemented his income by managing properties.[12]

Biden ran for the fourth district seat on the New Castle County Council in 1970 on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.[13][14] Biden won the general election, defeating Republican Lawrence T. Messick, and took office on January 5, 1971.[15][16] He served until January 1, 1973.[17][18] During his time on the county council, Biden opposed large highway projects, which he argued might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.[18]

Biden had not openly supported or opposed the Vietnam War until he ran for Senate and opposed Richard Nixon's conduct of the war.[19] While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University, Biden obtained five student draft deferments. Based on a physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment in 1968; in 2008, a spokesperson for Biden said his having had "asthma as a teenager" was the reason.[20]

1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware

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Neilia Hunter, Joe, Hunter, Naomi Christina and Beau Biden, c. 1972

Biden defeated Republican incumbent J. Caleb Boggs to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware in 1972. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs and, with minimal campaign funds, was thought to have no chance of winning.[21][11] Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers,[22] an approach made feasible by Delaware's small size.[12] He received help from the AFL-CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell.[21] His platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit, equitable taxation, health care and public dissatisfaction with "politics as usual".[21][22] A few months before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points,[21] but his energy, young family, and ability to connect with voters' emotions worked to his advantage,[23] and he won with 50.5% of the vote.[22]

Death of first wife and daughter

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A few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident in Hockessin, Delaware, on December 18, 1972.[24][25] Their sons Beau (aged 3) and Hunter (aged 2) were in the car and were taken to hospital with non-life-threatening injuries.[26] He considered resigning to care for them,[23] but Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield persuaded him not to.[27] Biden contemplated suicide and was filled with anger and religious doubt.[28][29] He wrote that he "felt God had played a horrible trick" on him[30] and had trouble focusing on work.[31][32]

Second marriage

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Photo of Biden and his wife smiling, dressed casually
Biden and his second wife, Jill, met in 1975 and married in 1977

Biden met teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1975 on a blind date.[33] They married at the United Nations chapel in New York on June 17, 1977,[34][35] and spent their honeymoon at Lake Balaton in the Hungarian People's Republic.[36][37] Biden credits her with the renewal of his interest in politics and life.[38]

In 1981, the couple had a daughter, Ashley Biden,[24] who is a social worker, activist, and fashion designer.[39] Jill helped raise her stepsons, Hunter and Beau, who were seven and eight respectively at the time of her marriage. Hunter has worked as a Washington lobbyist and investment adviser; his business dealings, personal life, and legal troubles came under significant scrutiny during his father's presidency. In December 2024, Biden pardoned Hunter following his conviction on gun and tax charges despite repeated promises that he would not do so.[a] Beau became an Army judge-advocate in Iraq and later Delaware attorney general[44] before dying of brain cancer in 2015.[45][46]

Teaching

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From 1991 to 2008, as an adjunct professor, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law.[47][48]

Representative of Maya (1986–1994)

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Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1972, Biden was reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008, regularly receiving about 60% of the vote.[49] Aged 30 when first elected, he was the seventh-youngest senator in U.S. history.[50] He was junior senator to William Roth until Roth was defeated in 2000.[51] He remains one of the longest-serving senators in U.S. history.[52] For 36 years, he commuted from Washington to Wilmington via Amtrak, earning him the nickname "Amtrak Joe".[53]

Senate activities

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Photo of Biden and Carter greeting each other in the Oval Office
Biden with President Jimmy Carter, 1978
Biden addresses the September 11 attacks on the Senate floor; September 12, 2001.

During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability.[54] In 1974, he described himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens' concerns, and healthcare, but conservative on other issues, including abortion and military conscription.[55] Biden was the first U.S. senator to endorse Governor Jimmy Carter for president in the 1976 Democratic primary. Carter won the Democratic nomination and the 1976 election.[56] Biden also worked on arms control.[57][58] After Congress failed to ratify the SALT II Treaty signed in 1979 by Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev and President Carter, Biden met with Soviet foreign minister Andrei Gromyko and secured changes that addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's objections.[59] He received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration's support of South Africa despite its policy of apartheid.[5] In a congressional hearing in 1984, he objected to the Strategic Defense Initiative plan to construct autonomous systems of ICBM defense.[60][61] Biden was an advocate for Delaware military installations, including Dover Air Force Base and New Castle Air National Guard Base.[62]

In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate's strongest opponents of race-integration busing. His Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly abandon school integration policies.[63] In his first Senate campaign, Biden had expressed support for busing to remedy de jure segregation, as in the South, but opposed its use to remedy de facto segregation arising from racial patterns of neighborhood residency, as in Delaware; he opposed a proposed constitutional amendment banning busing entirely.[64] Biden supported a 1976 measure forbidding the use of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them.[63] He co-sponsored a 1977 amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.[65]

Photo of Biden shaking hands with Reagan in the Oval Office
Biden shaking hands with President Ronald Reagan, 1984

Biden became ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1981. He was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act in 1984. His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law's worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment to that time.[66] In 1994, Biden helped pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which included a ban on assault weapons,[67][68] and the Violence Against Women Act,[69] which he has called his most significant legislation.[70] The 1994 crime law was unpopular among progressives and criticized for resulting in mass incarceration;[71][72] Biden later expressed regret for passing the bill.[73]

Biden meeting with attorney general Janet Reno, 1993

Biden voted for a 1993 provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning gay people from serving in the armed forces.[74][75] In 1996, he voted for the Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring people in such marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing states to do the same.[76] In 2015, the act was ruled unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges.[77]

Biden was critical of Independent Counsel Ken Starr during the 1990s Whitewater controversy and Clinton–Lewinsky scandal investigations, saying "it's going to be a cold day in hell" before another independent counsel would be granted similar powers.[78] He voted to acquit during the impeachment of Bill Clinton.[79] During the 2000s, Biden sponsored bankruptcy legislation sought by credit card issuers (such as MBNA, one of Delaware's largest companies).[80][23] Bill Clinton vetoed the bill in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act,[23] with Biden being one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights organizations opposed it.[81] As a senator, Biden strongly supported increased Amtrak funding and rail security.[49][82]

Brain surgeries

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In February 1988, after several episodes of severe neck pain, Biden underwent surgery to correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm.[83][84] While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism.[84] A second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May.[84][85] His recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.[86]

Senate Judiciary Committee

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Photo of Senator Biden giving a speech, with uniformed law enforcement officers in the background
Biden speaking at the signing of the 1994 Crime Bill with President Bill Clinton.

Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a ranking minority member from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997.[87]

As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings.[23] When Robert Bork was nominated in 1988, Biden reversed his approval‍—‌given in an interview the previous year‍—‌of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered,[88] but at the hearings' close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.[88][89] Rejecting the arguments of some Bork opponents,[23] Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork's strong originalism and the view that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text.[89] Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 5–9 vote[89] and then in the full Senate, 42–58.[90]

During Clarence Thomas's nomination hearings in 1991, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,[91] and Thomas later wrote that Biden's questions were akin to "beanballs".[92] After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that Anita Hill had accused Thomas of making unwelcome sexual comments when they had worked together.[93][94] Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.[23] The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.[95] The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.[23] Liberal legal advocates and women's groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.[95] In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.[96]

Senate Foreign Relations Committee

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Photo of Clinton, his senior officials, and Biden on Air Force One
Senator Biden accompanies President Clinton and other officials to Bosnia and Herzegovina, December 1997.

Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He became its ranking minority member in 1997 and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.[97] His positions were generally liberal internationalist.[57][98] He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.[97][98] During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.[99]

Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991.[98] He became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.[57] Once the Bosnian War broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the "lift and strike" policy.[57][97] George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton were both reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement.[57][98] In April 1993, Biden had a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević.[100] Biden worked on several versions of legislative language urging the U.S. toward greater involvement.[100] He has called his role in affecting Balkan policy in the mid-1990s his "proudest moment in public life" related to foreign policy.[98] In 1999, during the Kosovo War, Biden supported the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[57] He and Senator John McCain co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions toward Kosovo Albanians.[98][101]

Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq

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refer to caption
Biden addresses the press after meeting with Prime Minister Ayad Allawi in Baghdad in 2004.

Biden was a strong supporter of the War in Afghanistan, saying, "Whatever it takes, we should do it."[102] As head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he said in 2002 that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security and there was no other option than to "eliminate" that threat.[103] In October 2002, he voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, approving the U.S. invasion of Iraq.[98] As chair of the committee, he assembled witnesses to testify in favor of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting the intent, history, and status of Saddam and his government, and touted Iraq's fictional possession of weapons of mass destruction.[104] Biden eventually became a critic of the war, calling his vote a "mistake" by 2005,[105][106] but did not push for withdrawal.[98][100] He supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the American people" about its cost and length.[97][101]

By late 2006, Biden's stance had shifted considerably. He opposed the troop surge of 2007,[98][100] saying General David Petraeus was "dead, flat wrong" in believing the surge could work.[107] Biden, through a plan developed with Council on Foreign Relations president Leslie H. Gelb, instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states.[b] In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing the plan passed the Senate,[112] but the idea failed to gain traction.[107]

2002 vice presidential campaign

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2010 Ministry

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1988 campaign

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Biden speaks at a campaign event, 1987.

Biden declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination on June 9, 1987.[113] He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers.[5][114][115] He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.[114][115]

By August, Biden's campaign messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,[116] and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.[117] Biden had credited Kinnock on previous occasions,[118][119] but did not on two occasions in August.[120]: 230–232 [119] Earlier that year, Biden had also used passages from a speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which his aides took blame) and the inaugural address of John F. Kennedy. Two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by Hubert Humphrey.[121] Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to point out that Jackson had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.[23][122] A few days later, it was publicized that, while in law school, Biden had taken text from a Fordham Law Review article with inadequate citations.[122] At Biden's request the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.[123]

Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,[124][125] and that he had marched in the civil rights movement.[126] The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures,[127] and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy.[128]

2008 campaign

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Photo of Biden, casually dressed, talking with a citizen in a garden
Biden campaigns at a house party in Creston, Iowa, July 2007.

After exploring running in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared his candidacy in the 2008 elections.[49][129][130] Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience.[131] Biden was noted for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani, "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11."[132]

Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.[133] He never rose above single digits in national polls of the Democratic candidates. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates.[134] He withdrew from the race that evening.[135]

Despite its lack of success, Biden's 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world.[136]: 336  In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close: Biden resented Obama's quick rise to political stardom,[107][137] while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.[136]: 28, 337–338  Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden's campaign style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was "the real deal".[137][136]: 28, 337–338 

2014 presidential campaign

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2008 campaign

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Photo of Biden outdoors behind a lectern, with Obama seated behind him and smiling
Biden speaks at the August 23, 2008, vice presidential announcement at the Old State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois.

In August 2008, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility of a place for Biden in the Obama administration,[138] and developed a strong personal rapport.[137] On August 22, Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate.[139] The New York Times reported that the choice reflected a desire for someone with foreign policy and national security experience.[140] Others pointed out Biden's appeal to middle-class and blue-collar voters.[141][142] Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.[143]

Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee and then-governor of Alaska, Sarah Palin.[144][145] Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks.[146][147] Privately, Biden's remarks frustrated Obama. "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?", he once angrily asked.[136]: 411–414, 419  Obama campaign staffers called Biden's blunders "Joe bombs" and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which irked Biden.[148] Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.[136]: 411–414 

As the 2008 financial crisis reached a peak in September 2008, and the proposed Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed in the Senate.[149] On October 2, he participated in the vice-presidential debate with Palin at Washington University in St. Louis. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden had still won the debate overall.[150] On November 4, Obama and Biden were elected.[151][152][153]

As Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the Senate,[154] as permitted by Delaware law.[49] Having been reelected to the Senate as well as the vice presidency,[155] Biden made a point of not resigning from the Senate before he was sworn in for his seventh term in January 2009.[156] He resigned from the Senate on January 15.[157][158]

2012 campaign

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Obama watching Biden debate Paul Ryan in the vice-presidential debate on Air Force One

In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential election,[159] but with Obama's popularity declining, White House Chief of Staff William M. Daley conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden with Hillary Clinton.[160] The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement,[160] and White House officials later said Obama himself never entertained the idea.[161]

Biden's May 2012 statement that he was "absolutely comfortable" with same-sex marriage gained considerable public attention in comparison to Obama's position, which had been described as "evolving".[162] Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were irked, since Obama had planned to shift position in the build-up to the party convention.[148][163][164] Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden's statement,[163] and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden's remarks.[165]

  1. ↑ Watkins, Emma. "Sunja Soleil Watkins: Early Years". Serenith National Archives. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  2. ↑ Soleil, Sunja (1990). Reflections on Youth and Law. Maya University Press.
  3. ↑ Watkins, Emma. "Sunja Soleil Watkins: Early Years". Serenith National Archives. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  4. ↑ Watkins, Emma. "Sunja Soleil Watkins: Early Years". Serenith National Archives. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Leubsdorf, Carl P. (September 6, 1987). "Biden Keeps Sights Set On White House". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. Reprinted in "Lifelong ambition led Joe Biden to Senate, White House aspirations". The Dallas Morning News. August 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008.
  6. ↑ Barrett, Laurence I. (June 22, 1987). "Campaign Portrait, Joe Biden: Orator for the Next Generation". Time. Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  7. ↑ "Joe Biden: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. January 19, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2025.
  8. ↑ Gomez, Henry J. (July 25, 2019). "Joe Biden's Time As A Public Defender Was A Brief Line On His Resume. Now It's A Virtue Signal For His Campaign". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  9. 1 2 Moritz 1987, p. 43.
  10. ↑ Witcover 2010, p. 86.
  11. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference nyt-father was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. 1 2 Doyle, Nancy Palmer (February 1, 2009). "Joe Biden: 'Everyone Calls Me Joe'". Washingtonian. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  13. ↑ Witcover 2010, p. 59.
  14. ↑ Harriman, Jane (December 31, 1969). "Joe Biden: Hope for Democratic Party in '72?". The News Journal. p. 3. Archived from the original on October 9, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ↑ "County Council to Take Oath". The News Journal. January 2, 1971. p. 4. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ↑ "Conner Calls Shake of 7 Lucky Omen for Council". The News Journal. January 6, 1971. p. 3. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ↑ Frump, Bob (November 8, 1972). "GOP Decade Ends with Slawik Win". The News Journal. p. 3. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. 1 2 Witcover 2010, pp. 52–64.
  19. ↑ Witcover 2010, pp. 50, 75.
  20. ↑ Caldera, Camille (September 16, 2020). "Fact check: Biden, like Trump, received multiple draft deferments from Vietnam". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Current Biography Yearbook 1987, p. 43.
  22. 1 2 3 Naylor, Brian (October 8, 2007). "Biden's Road to Senate Took Tragic Turn". NPR. Archived from the original on September 11, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cite error: The named reference aap08-bio was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference ap-timeline was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ↑ "Biden's Wife, Child Killed in Car Crash". The New York Times. United Press International. December 19, 1972. p. 9. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  26. ↑ Witcover 2010, pp. 93, 98.
  27. ↑ Levey, Noam M. (August 24, 2008). "In his home state, Biden is a regular Joe". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  28. ↑ Cohen, Max (August 17, 2020). "Biden says he thought about suicide after 1972 death of his wife and daughter". Politico. Archived from the original on July 21, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  29. ↑ Bedigan, Mike (April 26, 2024). "Biden opens up about contemplating suicide after tragic deaths of first wife and daughter". The Independent. Archived from the original on April 30, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  30. ↑ Biden, Promises to Keep, p. 81
  31. ↑ Bumiller, Elisabeth (December 14, 2007). "Biden Campaigning With Ease After Hardships". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  32. ↑ "On Becoming Joe Biden". NPR. August 1, 2007. Archived from the original on September 9, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
  33. ↑ Seelye, Katharine Q. (August 24, 2008). "Jill Biden Heads Toward Life in the Spotlight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  34. ↑ Dart, Bob (October 24, 2008). "Bidens met, forged life together after tragedy". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  35. ↑ Biden, Promises to Keep, p. 117.
  36. ↑ Sarkadi, Zsolt (November 8, 2020). "Biden és felesége 1977-ben a Balatonnál voltak nászúton". 444.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  37. ↑ Adler, Katya (November 8, 2020). "US election: What does Joe Biden's win mean for Brexit Britain and Europe?". BBC News. Archived from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  38. ↑ Biden, Promises to Keep, p. 113.
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  1. ↑ Attributed to multiple sources: [40][41][42][43]
  2. ↑ Attributed to multiple sources: [108][109][110][111]
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