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Effect on Central Nervous System
editOpioid receptors, located in both the central nervous system as well as peripheral tissues, play a vital role in regulating numerous physiological functions. Many of these functions are influenced by exorphins. To impact the central nervous system, exorphins bind to opioid receptors, thereby regulating neuronal communication. This binding affects pain perception, emotions, mood, memory, and more. The influence of exorphins on brain function suggests that exogenous opioid peptides may cross the blood-brain barrier. This understanding of how endorphins enter through blood and end up affecting brain functions could pave the way for the development of new treatment strategies.[1]
Effect on Gastrointestinal System
editAside from the central nervous system, exorphins also affect the gastrointestinal system. As mentioned earlier, exorphins are peptides that are derived from food. There are different types of exorphins such as gluten exorphins (gluten), casomorphins (milk), and many other types of exorphins from various sources. Depending on the type of source, they hold a different effect upon the body--some foods affect functions such as appetite, release of hormones, production of mucus, and more. For instance, casomorphins regulate motility, secretion of hormones, and immune responses.[2]
Connection with Celiac Disease
editCeliac Disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that damages the small intestine. In turn, the body is unable to absorb nutrients from food. The gastrointestinal issues that usually come along with CD includes abdominal pain, bloating, as well as other symptoms. When patients do not show any symptoms but are affected by CD, they have Asymptomatic Celiac Disease (ACD). According to research, there are links between an intake in gluten and ACD. The intake in gluten results in more exorphins in the body, which results in ACD. Often, patients with ACD also have other disorders such as diabetes mellitus I, autism, schizophrenia, depression, and several others. This indicates that there is a high chance that the other disorders are also associated with the increase of gluten exorphins.[3]
Lead
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editReferences
edit- ↑ Liu, Z., & Udenigwe, C. C. (2019). Role of food-derived opioid peptides in the central nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Journal of food biochemistry, 43(1), e12629. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12629
- ↑ Tyagi, A., Daliri, E. B. -M., Kwami Ofosu, F., Yeon, S. -J., & Oh, D. -H. (2020). Food-Derived Opioid Peptides in Human Health: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(22), 8825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228825
- ↑ Pruimboom, L., de Punder, K. The opioid effects of gluten exorphins: asymptomatic celiac disease. J Health Popul Nutr 33, 24 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-015-0032-y