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User:Rjstenson/Coherent Raman scattering microscopy

< User:Rjstenson
A comparison of a traditional hematoxylin and eosin stain with nucleic acids in purplish blue and extracellular matrix and cytoplasm in pink (left) and a coherent Raman histology image with protein labeled in red and lipid labeled in green (right). Specific features, like the lipid membranes, can be made clearer in CRH.

Coherent Raman histology

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One of the major applications for CRS is label-free histology, which is also called coherent Raman histology, or sometimes stimulated Raman histology.[1][2](added newer review paper citations) In CRH, CRS images are obtained at lipid and protein images and after some image processing, an image similar to H&E staining can be obtained In CRH, CRS images are obtained in tissue at vibrational frequencies characteristic of lipids and proteins. Through computational image processing, these images are merged to yield a histology-like image comparable to conventional H&E staining.[1][2] (added citations and image to show this) Different from H&E staining, CRH can be done with little preparation time and minimal tissue destruction making it possible for to do live and fresh tissue and doesn't need without fixation or staining.[2] (Added citations of recent review article).

Cell metabolism

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The metabolism of small molecules like glucose, cholesterol, and drugs are studied with CRS in live cells. CRS provide a way to measure molecular distribution and quantities with relatively high throughput. [3]For example, a two-color SRS imaging method was developed that simultaneously tracked glucose uptake and incorporation in living cells with potential cancer applications.[3] (added example and citation).

Myelin imaging

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Myelin is rich in lipid and therefore CRS images can be obtained at vibrational frequencies characteristic of lipids. CRS is routinely used to image myelin in live or fixed tissues to study neurodegenerative diseases or other neural disorders. Examples include a CRS method to study ALS [4](added example and citation here) and Huntington's disease. [5](added example and citation here).

Pharmaceutical research

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The functions of drugs can be studied by CRS too. For example, an anti-leukemia drug imatinib are studied with SRS in leukemia cell lines. The study revealed the possible mechanism of its metabolism in cells and provided insight about ways to improve drug effectiveness. (might leave this section as is, it already has an example).

Common Raman tags (alkyne and nitrile combinations) produce different Raman spectra and can thus provide multi-color cellular images when attached to various molecules.

Raman tags

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Even though CRS allows label-free imaging, Raman tags can also be used to boost signal for specific targets. For example, deuterated molecules are used to shift Raman signal to a band where the interference from other molecules is absent. Alkynes and nitrile functional groups are also common. Specially engineered molecules containing isotopes can be used as Raman tags to achieve super-multiplexing multi-color imaging with SRS.[6] (added another citation more recent than 2017).

  1. 1 2 Cicerone, Marcus T.; Camp, Charles H. (2017-12-18). "Histological coherent Raman imaging: a prognostic review". Analyst. 143 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1039/C7AN01266G. ISSN 1364-5528.
  2. 1 2 3 Ma, Liyang; Luo, Kuan; Liu, Zhijie; Ji, Minbiao (2024-05-21). "Stain-Free Histopathology with Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy". Analytical Chemistry. 96 (20): 7907–7925. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02061. ISSN 0003-2700.
  3. 1 2 Long, Rong; Zhang, Luyuan; Shi, Lingyan; Shen, Yihui; Hu, Fanghao; Zeng, Chen; Min, Wei (2017-12-21). "Two-color vibrational imaging of glucose metabolism using stimulated Raman scattering". Chemical Communications. 54 (2): 152–155. doi:10.1039/C7CC08217G. ISSN 1364-548X. PMC 5764084. PMID 29218356.
  4. ↑ Tian, Feng; Yang, Wenlong; Mordes, Daniel A.; Wang, Jin-Yuan; Salameh, Johnny S.; Mok, Joanie; Chew, Jeannie; Sharma, Aarti; Leno-Duran, Ester; Suzuki-Uematsu, Satomi; Suzuki, Naoki; Han, Steve S.; Lu, Fa-Ke; Ji, Minbiao; Zhang, Rosanna (2016-10-31). "Monitoring peripheral nerve degeneration in ALS by label-free stimulated Raman scattering imaging". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 13283. doi:10.1038/ncomms13283. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5095598. PMID 27796305.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  5. ↑ Devitt, George; Howard, Kelly; Mudher, Amrit; Mahajan, Sumeet (2018-03-21). "Raman Spectroscopy: An Emerging Tool in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Diagnosis". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 9 (3): 404–420. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00413.
  6. ↑ Chen, Chen; Zhao, Zhilun; Qian, Naixin; Wei, Shixuan; Hu, Fanghao; Min, Wei (2021-06-07). "Multiplexed live-cell profiling with Raman probes". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 3405. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23700-0. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8184955. PMID 34099708.
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