1920 – Three African-American circus workers were lynched by a mob in Duluth, Minnesota, a crime that shocked the country for having taken place in the Northern United States.
1991 – An eruption of Mount Pinatubo(pictured) in the Philippines deposited large amounts of particulate matter into the atmosphere, enough to lower global temperatures by about 0.5°C (0.9°F).
1904 – Irish author James Joyce(pictured) began a relationship with Nora Barnacle, and subsequently used the date to set the actions for his 1922 novel Ulysses, commemorated as Bloomsday.
Cedric Howell (17June 1896– 10December 1919) was an Australian flying ace of the First World War. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in 1916 and was posted to the 46th Battalion on the Western Front. In November1916, he was accepted for a transfer to the Royal Flying Corps and was shipped to the United Kingdom for flight training. Graduating as a pilot, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and posted to No.45 Squadron RFC in France during October1917; two months later, the unit sailed to the Italian theatre. Howell spent eight months flying operations over Italy, conducting attacks against ground targets and engaging in sorties against aerial forces and he was credited with shooting down a total of nineteen aircraft. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, the Military Cross and Distinguished Flying Cross. He was posted back to the United Kingdom in July1918. In 1919, Howell was killed while taking part in the England-to-Australia air race. (Fullarticle...)
"Forever" is a rock and roll and pop song recorded by American singer Mariah Carey(pictured) for her fifth studio album, Daydream (1995). Columbia Records released it to American radio stations for airplay on June18, 1996, as the album's fifth single. The lyrics, by Carey, are about one's continued affection despite the end of a romantic relationship. She composed the music and produced the song with Walter Afanasieff. Described by critics as referencing American music of the 1950s and 1960s, "Forever" is a doo-wop-influenced sentimental ballad in the form of a waltz. Its composition includes keyboards, guitars, and programming. "Forever" reached number nine on the BillboardHot100 Airplay chart in the US and number11 on the RPM Hit Tracks list in Canada. The single entered the bottom half of charts in Australia, New Zealand, and the Netherlands. Carey performed "Forever" during the 1996 Daydream World Tour. Her performance at the Tokyo Dome in Japan was released as the music video. (Fullarticle...)
The Atlanta Compromise was a proposal put forth by Booker T. Washington(pictured) in a speech given in 1895. He urged Southern blacks to accept segregation and temporarily refrain from campaigning for equal rights. In return, Southern whites would allow blacks to receive basic legal protections such as land ownership, work opportunities, and vocational and industrial education. The proposal met with opposition from fellow African-American leader W. E. B. Du Bois, who instead urged blacks to fight aggressively for equal rights. Under the direction of Washington's Tuskegee Machine, the Compromise was the dominant policy pursued by black leaders in the South from 1895 to 1915. During this period, the educational opportunities for blacks improved. However, Southern states adopted Jim Crow laws, which codified segregation and racism, and prevented blacks from voting. Equal rights for Southern blacks were not significantly advanced until the civil rights movement of the 1960s. (Fullarticle...)
Tatannuaq (c.1790s– early 1834) was an Inuk interpreter for two of John Franklin's Arctic expeditions in Canada. Originally from a group of Inuit living 320km (200mi) north of Churchill, he was employed as an interpreter at the Hudson's Bay Company trading post in Churchill, becoming proficient in English and Cree. Tatannuaq was an interpreter for Franklin's Coppermine expedition; Franklin would sometimes send him ahead of the party to scout the terrain, and he helped to communicate with groups they encountered. He accompanied Franklin on the Mackenzie River expedition, serving in a diplomatic role and dissuading Inuit groups from attacking the expedition. After working as an interpreter at Fort Chimo, he left to assist in locating John Ross's expedition and died due to bad weather a short distance from Fort Resolution in early 1834. The butterfly species Callophrys augustinus and a Northwest Territories lake were named after him. (Fullarticle...)
2002 – A magnitude-6.5 earthquake struck northwestern Iran, killing at least 230 people and injuring 1,300 others; the official response, perceived to be slow, later caused widespread public anger.
Map of the fleet movements prior to the Battle of Trapani
The Battle of Trapani took place on 23June 1266 off Trapani, Sicily, between the fleets of the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, as part of the War of Saint Sabas (1256–1270). The two fleets met near Trapani in Sicily on 22June. After learning of the Venetian fleet's smaller size, the Genoese war council resolved to attack, but during the night Genoese commander Lanfranco Borbonino reversed the decision and instead ordered his ships to take up a defensive position, bound together with chains, near the shore. As the Venetian fleet attacked the next day, many of the Genoese crews, mostly hired foreigners, lost heart and abandoned their ships. The battle was a Venetian victory, as they sank or captured the entire Genoese fleet. On their return to Genoa, Borbonino and most of his captains were tried and fined large sums for cowardice. Genoa continued the war, in which neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage, until it was ended through French mediation in 1270. (Fullarticle...)
1374 – An outbreak of dancing mania, in which crowds of people danced themselves to exhaustion, began in Aachen (in present-day Germany) before spreading to other parts of Europe.
1950 – A Douglas DC-4 Skymaster aircraft (pictured)crashed after departing from Perth, becoming the worst peacetime aviation accident in Australia's history.
2010 – A G20 summit, the largest and most expensive security operation in Canadian history, began in downtown Toronto.
"The One Where Michael Leaves" is the second season premiere of the American television satirical sitcom Arrested Development (title card pictured), originally broadcast on the Fox Network in November, 2004. The series follows the wealthy Bluth family, and the episode mainly focuses on Michael, as he and his son attempt to flee to Phoenix, while his father is held in prison. Meanwhile, Tobias gets an audition for the Blue Man Group. The episode's production received assistance from the group, who only asked that the series keep their air of mystery. The full-body blue paint was a hassle for David Cross, despite the fact that the actual group only wears blue leotards with face paint. The episode received mostly positive reception, and is retrospectively considered one of the series' finest episodes. Since airing, it has also received thematic analysis from both scholars and critics. (Fullarticle...)
The Morris Park Aerodrome was a short-lived airfield in what is now the Morris Park section of the Bronx, New York, U.S. In operation from 1908 to 1909, it was the first flying field in the nation, occupying the grounds of the Morris Park Racecourse. The Aeronautical Society of New York leased the land in 1908 and used it for building and testing aircraft, and for putting on public exhibitions including major events in November1908 and June1909. The first event, captured in an oil painting by Rudolph Dirks titled The Fledglings, included several glider flights by sixteen-year-old Laurence Lesh (shown), culminating in a crash in which he was severely injured. The second had flights by Glenn Curtiss in his Golden Flyer motorized biplane, including the first demonstration of a stable flight around a closed course using ailerons for lateral control. After Morris Park closed, developed for residential use, the Society moved its operations to Long Island's Roosevelt Field. (Fullarticle...)
1904 – In the worst maritime disaster involving a Danish merchant ship, SSNorge ran aground on Hasselwood Rock and sank in the North Atlantic, resulting in more than 635 deaths.
The Path to Rome is a 1902 travelogue by the French-English author and historian Hilaire Belloc. He recounts his pilgrimage from Toul in northeastern France to Rome. The work contains Belloc's account of events in short vignettes, his thoughts on his travels, and asides about the history and geography of places he visits. Drawings, maps, and musical notation are also included throughout. The book is mostly written in a stream-of-consciousness style, including conversations between Belloc and an imagined reader, and its use of complex literary techniques have been described as foreshadowing postmodern literature. The Path to Rome was Belloc's most financially successful work, established him as a serious author, and influenced several writers at the time. Contemporary reviews were positive, focusing on his authenticity, shrewd observations, and sense of humour. Retrospectives have similarly praised the book. Belloc himself later recounted that it was "the only book I ever wrote for love". (Fullarticle...)
1613 – The original Globe Theatre in London burned to the ground after a cannon employed for special effects misfired during a performance of Henry VIII and ignited the roof.
1967 – Actress Jayne Mansfield(pictured), her boyfriend Sam Brody, and their driver were killed in a car accident outside of New Orleans, while her children Miklós, Zoltán, and Mariska Hargitay escaped with only minor injuries.
2020 – Reddit banned r/The_Donald, a pro-Trump subreddit, for rule violations and antagonizing the company.
No. 1 Aircraft Depot (No.1AD) was a maintenance unit of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Formed in July 1921 at RAAF Point Cook, Victoria, it relocated to RAAF Laverton in March 1926. In its early years, the depot serviced aircraft and other equipment, trained maintenance staff, and supported survey flights in Australia and the Pacific region. No.1 AD's strength increased from 350 staff in the 1930s to over 2,000 during World WarII, when it assembled, tested and repaired aircraft such as Tiger Moth trainers, Spitfire fighters, and B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers. After World WarII, No.1 AD introduced the first jets into RAAF service. In 1961, it ceased airframe maintenance but continued to service aero engines. By the 1970s, the depot's focus was ground-based equipment, though it still handled some aircraft components. No.1 AD was disbanded in December 1994; at the time of its disbandment, it was the oldest RAAF unit in continuous operation. (Fullarticle...)
Marcus Trescothick played first-class cricket for Somerset County Cricket Club and represented England in Test matches and One Day Internationals (ODI). A left-handed opening batsman, he made his first-class debut for Somerset in 1993, his ODI debut in July 2000 and his Test debut a month afterwards. He held the record for the most ODI centuries of any English player and for the fastest half-century in English Twenty20 cricket. Trescothick also positioned as slip fielder and a right-handed medium pace bowler; he kept wicket for England in five ODIs and was England captain for two Test matches and ten ODIs. A stress-related illness in 2006 forced him to withdraw from the national squad. He joined Somerset in 2007 and played while working as a commentator and analyst for Sky Sports in the off-season. He retired in 2019, holding several Somerset batting records. He is currently the lead batting coach for the England Test team. (Fullarticle...)
The Liberty Bell is an iconic symbol of American independence located in Philadelphia. Originally placed in the steeple of Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell today is located across the street to the Liberty Bell Center. The bell was commissioned in 1752 by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly from the London-based firm Lester and Pack, and was cast with the words "Proclaim LIBERTY Throughout all the Land unto all the Inhabitants Thereof". It cracked when rung after its arrival in Philadelphia, and was twice recast by local workmen John Pass and John Stow, whose surnames appear on the bell. It is likely that the Liberty Bell was among the bells in Philadelphia to ring on July 8, 1776, when the Declaration of Independence was first read to the public, although no contemporary account exists. It acquired its distinctive large crack sometime in the first half of the 19th century—a widespread story claims it cracked while ringing after the death of the Chief Justice, John Marshall, in 1835. (Fullarticle...)
The Lyon class was a set of battleships planned for the French Navy (Marine Nationale) in 1913, with construction scheduled to begin in 1915. The class was to have consisted of four ships, named Lyon, Lille, Duquesne, and Tourville. The first two were named for cities in France, and the latter pair honored the French admirals Abraham Duquesne and Anne Hilarion de Tourville. The Lyon class would have featured superior firepower over the previous Normandie class, utilizing a fourth quadruple-gun turret to mount a total of sixteen 34cm (13.4in) guns. The French were aware that the latest British battleships—the Queen Elizabeth class—were to be armed with 38cm (15in) guns, but they believed that at the expected battle ranges in the Mediterranean, their 34cm guns would be effective. Construction on the Lyons was cancelled due to the August 1914 outbreak of World War I, before any of the ships were laid down. (Fullarticle...)
1937 – The Hormel Foods Corporation introduced Spam, the canned precooked meat product that would eventually enter into pop culture, folklore, and urban legend.
1950 – Korean War: In the first encounter between North Korean and American forces, an unprepared and undisciplined U.S. Army task force was routed at the Battle of Osan.
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