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As an automotive editor and journalist, Spooner often evaluated different propulsion methods during the transition from horse-drawn transport.

In the April 1899 issue of The Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal, Spooner supported using compressed air for heavy city transit,[1] and praised the widespread use of the technology in the United States, adding that "there is a big future for compressed air, and we only wonder why so little has hitherto been attempted to utilise this form of energy for moto-vehicles."[2] As the technical challenges of utilizing compressed air for personal motor cars became apparent, Spooner's outlook shifted. In the 15 March 1900 issue, he printed an article titled "Electric Automobiles", which featured a paper by American inventor Elmer A. Sperry comparing compressed air to the electric battery. His data showed that the pistons used in air engines were "a long step backward" compared to smooth, spinning electric motors. And an electric battery could produce over four times as much power as an equally heavy compressed air tank without needing complex, heavy valves.[3] Spooner's scepticism was finalized in November 1900 following his review of the automotive exhibits at the Paris Universal Exposition in Vincennes, observing that the compressed-air cars on display exhibited "nothing of any commercial importance or of novelty", and noting that during an earlier visit to the exposition, one pneumatic vehicle had an "uncommonly noisy air compressor." This led him to conclude that such poor presentations failed to impress potential buyers.[4]

Analysing the early market for private electric cars in his 1904 contribution to Alfred Harmsworth's Motors and Motor-Driving, he explained that early industry attempts to utilise them for long-distance touring and racing had largely ended. He pointed out that while early manufacturers hoped widespread charging infrastructure would allow electric cars to compete with petrol alternatives, practical experience had instead limited their use to short range urban trips. He noted that the required lead-acid rechargeable batteries needed frequent recharging, were heavy, and often needed to be replaced due to their fragile nature. Furthermore, they needed a level of care and highly skilled attention beyond what an average owner could provide. Because of this, Spooner concluded that the electric vehicle was a luxury restricted either to rural owners with private electric-lighting plants, or to urban residents with access to specialized city charging depots. . Within this urban sphere, however, he praised them as an ideal "town carriage" due to their "fool-proof" operation, lack of vibration, and near-silent, odourless mechanics. While acknowledging that their £500 annual fixed tariff was considered high by early motorists, he argued that the cost was equivalent to maintaining a two-horse carriage in London and predicted steady, incremental improvements to battery technology.[5]

Views on early automotive propulsion

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As an automotive editor and journalist, Spooner often evaluated different propulsion methods during the transition from horse-drawn transport. Analysing the early market for private electric cars in his 1904 contribution to Alfred Harmsworth's Motors and Motor-Driving, he praised them as an ideal "town carriage" due to their "fool-proof" operation, lack of vibration, and near-silent, odourless mechanics. While acknowledging that their £500 annual fixed tariff was considered high by early motorists, he argued that the cost was equivalent to maintaining a two-horse carriage in London and predicted steady, incremental improvements to battery technology.[6]

In a May 1906, publication of The Bystander, he evaluated electric, steam, and petrol power sources using the heavy motor-omnibus sector as a benchmark to test each system's durability, and concluded that petrol and advanced steam were vastly superior to electric options. Spooner dismissed electric propulsion generally, and noted that there had been no far-reaching improvements in rechargeable batteries for a decade. This left battery life too short and operating costs unsustainably high compared to petrol. Conversely, he praised the development of the "flash" type boiler systems engineered by the White Steam Car Company and British engineer Thomas Clarkson, finding that steam compared highly favourably with petrol variants in operating efficiency. While acknowledging that contemporary petrol engines produced odour, and were noisy, he anticipated that these engineering defects were short-term and would soon be overcome through advanced lubrication systems and superior construction.[7]

By May 1906, Spooner expanded his evaluation of these power sources to a broader, comparative analysis published in The Bystander. While concluding that petrol and advanced steam were generally superior to electricity for automobile requirements, he used the heavy motor-omnibus sector as a benchmark to test each system's durability under arduous conditions. He dismissed electric propulsion generally, noting that a decade without far-reaching improvements in accumulators left battery life too short and operating costs unsustainably high. Conversely, he praised the development of "flash" type boiler systems engineered by the White Steam Car Company and British engineer Thomas Clarkson, finding their efficiency highly competitive. Though acknowledging that contemporary petrol engines remained experimental, noisy, and produced odour, Spooner maintained that these mechanical defects would soon be overcome through superior construction and advanced lubrication systems.[8]

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[18] This address had been the premises of the Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland from May 1902 until it became the Royal Automobile Club in March 1907 following a royal decree by King Edward VII.[19][20][21]

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At the time of the 1881 Census, he was a Newspaper Advertising Manager at Little Piazza, Tavistock Chambers.[26]

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When Rolls co-founded the Aero Club of Great Britain (later the Royal Aero Club) in 1901, Spooner joined as a foundational committee member, establishing close ties between the two organizations.[32][32]

Having actively supported the scientific development of flight since joining the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (later the Royal Aeronautical Society) during its turn-of-the-century revival era,[32] he maintained a lifelong dedication to the organization. To ensure the continuation of this work, £5,000 of his estate was bequeathed to the society to establish the Stanley Spooner Scholarship for aeronautical research.[33]

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https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Flying_Mathematicians_of_World_War_I/_OvoDwAAQBAJ?&pg=PA71

https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Flying_Mathematicians_of_World_War_I/=PA71

https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Flying_Mathematicians_of_World_War_I/_OvoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=PA71

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[45] This section of the journal consistently covered early aviation milestones alongside automotive news until the launch of Flight magazine. In May 1903, it featured Alberto Santos-Dumont and his Airship Number 9, [46] followed that September by a report on the Wright brothers' experiments.[47] Coverage expanded as aviation progressed; an October 1906 entry detailed Santos-Dumont's historic flight at Bagatelle in the 14-bis biplane,[48] and a January 1908 issue recorded Henri Farman winning the Deutsch-Archdeacon prize at Issy, France.[49] By April 1908, the journal published official technical diagrams of the Wright brothers' patented aeroplane design.[50]

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W.D. Spaulding My Mother's Own Refrain, from 1882:

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Family Search USA here: [86]

Lay out sources like this. Put "access date" for citations with a URL: [87]

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You DO NOT need to type "access-date" or "Retrieved on" for non URL paper works such as the British Newspaper Archive where no URL has been linked to:

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with an author:

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Just a book. No URL;

Begg, P., & Bennett, J. (2013). Jack the Ripper: The Forgotten Victims. New Haven: Yale University Press.p. 57.

Cook, A. (2012). Jack the Ripper: Case Closed. Stroud: Amberley Publishing.p. 16.

Sugden, P. (2002). The Complete History of Jack the Ripper. London: Robinson Publishing.p. 36.

Sugden, P. (2002). The Complete History of Jack the Ripper. London: Robinson Publishing.p. 37.

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"Edition" takes an ordinal not cardinal number. So write the source out like "edition=2nd". Not "edition=2", for books.-

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Google Book with two editors. -

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Billy Walker Herbert Chapman

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Tom Cribb:

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Jacob Schaefer; His birth date; [137]

Schaefer first started playing billiards at the age of eleven,[138] at a billiard hall that was owned by his step-father John Berg. He was the best player in Leavenworth by the age of fifteen.[139] Before May 1874, he had become the champion of Kansas.[140]

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Schaefer winning 1879 straight rail world championship. -

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Notelist is more efficient than Reflist|group=note. But notes should go above references in an article and not below them.-

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Billy Mitchell Joseph Bennett

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Dictionary of National Biography for Bendigo.

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Notes

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  1. ↑ All official matches for the championship up to and including 1885, were played on tables with pockets of this size.[176][177]
  2. ↑ All official matches for the championship up to and including 1885, were played on tables with pockets of this size.[176][178]

References

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  1. ↑ "Compressed-Air Moto-Vehicles". The Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal. 3 (31): 371. April 1899. For omnibus traffic compressed air is unquestionably superior to either steam or electricity.
  2. ↑ "Compressed Air". The Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal. 3 (31): 379. April 1899.
  3. ↑ "Electric Automobiles". The Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal. 4 (42): 257–258. 15 March 1900.
  4. ↑ "Compressed-air Cars". The Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal. 5 (50): 58. November 1900.
  5. ↑ Stanley Spooner (1904). "Chapter XIII: Electric Cars". Motors and Motor-Driving. By Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William (3rd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd. pp. 316–318. Retrieved 10 June 2026 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ↑ Stanley Spooner (1904). "Chapter XIII: Electric Cars". Motors and Motor-Driving. By Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William (3rd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd. pp. 316–318. Retrieved 10 June 2026 – via Internet Archive.
  7. ↑ Miller, Douglas (2 May 1906). "Automobile Topics: Electricity v. Petrol". The Bystander. Vol. 10, no. 135. pp. 44–45. Retrieved 10 June 2026 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  8. ↑ Miller, Douglas (2 May 1906). "Automobile Topics: Electricity v. Petrol". The Bystander. Vol. 10, no. 135. pp. 44–45. Retrieved 10 June 2026 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  9. ↑ Stanley Spooner (1904). "Chapter XIII: Electric Cars". Motors and Motor-Driving. By Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William (3rd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd. pp. 316–318. Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  10. ↑ C. L. Freeston (1902). "Appendix - Automobile Literature". Motors and Motor-Driving. By Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd. p. 398. Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  11. ↑ C. L. Freeston (1902). "Appendix - Automobile Literature". Motors and Motor-Driving. By Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd. p. 398. Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  12. ↑ Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William (1902). "Appendix - Automobile Literature". Motors and Motor-Driving (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd. p. 398. Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via Internet Archive. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapter-author= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William (1902). "Appendix - Automobile Literature". Motors and Motor-Driving (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd. p. 398. Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via Internet Archive. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapter-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |chapter-last= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William (1902). "Appendix - Automobile Literature". Motors and Motor-Driving (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd. p. 398. Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via Internet Archive. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |contribution-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |contribution-last= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ "The Wright Aeroplane: Detailed Technical Descriptions and Diagrams". The Automotor Journal. F. King & Co. 18 April 1908. Retrieved 9 June 2026. Reprinted in the inaugural issues of Flight: compiled from original patents published in April 1908
  16. ↑ "Deaths: Spooner". The Times. No. 48583. 6 April 1940. p. 1. Retrieved 27 May 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive. ...Funeral at Brookwood Cemetery, to-day (Saturday).
  17. ↑ "Deaths: Spooner". The Times. No. 48583. 6 April 1940. p. 1. Retrieved 27 May 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive. ...Funeral at Brookwood Cemetery, to-day (Saturday).
  18. ↑ "England, Surrey Parish Registers, 1536–1992: Burial entry for Bessey Spooner, 16 September 1926". FamilySearch. The London Archives. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2021. Brookwood Cemetery, Brookwood, Surrey; FHL microfilm 1,751,648
  19. ↑ "Fatal Accident At Woodhatch". Surrey Mirror. 2 May 1902. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 15 September 2021 (Subscription required.)
  20. ↑ "Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History. Retrieved 15 September 2021. 1907. The Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland (A.C.G.B. & I.) became the Royal Automobile Club.
  21. ↑ "Honour Conferred By The King". The Referee. 10 March 1907. p. 10 – via British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 15 September 2021 (Subscription required.)
  22. ↑ "England and Wales Marriage Registration Index, 1837–2005: Entry for Stanley Spooner and Bessey Craggs Maddox, 1907". FamilySearch. General Register Office, Southport, England. Retrieved 5 September 2021. St. George Hanover Square, London, volume 1A, page 1225, quarter 3
  23. ↑ "Wilbur & Orville Wright: A Chronology – Flight Log: 1908 Camp d'Auvours, Le Mans, France". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 8 June 2021. Oct 8: Griffith Brewer, passenger, first Englishman to fly
  24. 1 2 "1948 Obituary: Griffith Brewer". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History. The Engineer. 12 March 1948. Retrieved 8 June 2021. (From The Engineer): "the flight made on October 8, 1908, gained Mr. Griffith Brewer the distinction of being the first Englishman to go up in an aeroplane. Cite error: The named reference "EngineerObit1948" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  25. ↑ "London, England, Stock Exchange Membership Applications, 1802–1924: Entry for Stanley Spooner". Ancestry.co.uk. The London Archives. 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2018. Admission date: 24 March 1890
  26. ↑ "1881 England Census: Entry for Stanley Spooner". Ancestry.co.uk. The National Archives. 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2021. Class: RG11; Piece: 333; Folio: 29; Page: 17; GSU roll: 1341072
  27. ↑ "1903 Bio Note: Stanley Spooner". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History. Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland. 26 February 1903. Retrieved 23 July 2018. Reprinted from the Automobile Club Journal: "Born in 1856, and educated at King's College, London, France, and Germany"
  28. ↑ "England, United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751–1921: Entry for Stanley Spooner, Chiltern Lodge, No. 1470, Folio 173". Ancestry.co.uk. United Grand Lodge of England. 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  29. ↑ "England and Wales Birth Registration Index, 1837–2008: Frederick William Spooner, 1837". FamilySearch. General Register Office, Southport, England. 12 May 2026. Retrieved 9 June 2026. Frederick William Spooner, Shoreditch, London, England, 1837 Reg Qtr 4, Volume 2, Page 244, Line number 35
  30. ↑ Template:Cite database
  31. ↑ "Entry for Stanley Spooner, 15 January 1929". The London Archives. 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2018 – via Ancestry.co.uk. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |database= ignored (help)
  32. 1 2 3 Sprigg, T. Stanhope; Sedorski, M. Glen (1933). "Spooner, Stanley". Who's Who in British Aviation. London: Airways Publications Ltd. Retrieved 9 June 2026 – via Grace's Guide.
  33. ↑ "Wills And Bequests". Chelmsford Chronicle. 14 June 1940. p. 5. Retrieved 26 July 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  34. ↑ "Untitled". Lincolnshire Chronicle. 20 October 1896. p. 4. Retrieved 23 July 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. The first number has just appeared of The Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal, a sixpenny monthly paper, which, in its own words, 'anticipates the field which will doubtless soon exist for its operations.' Its originators are convinced that in the near future the auto-car industry must become one of the leading features of the United Kingdom...
  35. ↑ Royle, Tony (2020). "Flight". The Flying Mathematicians of World War I. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0228003731 – via Google Books. Spooner was educated at King's College, London, and he came into aeronautics from the world of motor cars, having founded The Automotor Journal and Horseless Vehicle in 1896
  36. ↑ Foster, Joseph (1885). "Daniell, Thomas Toller Hurst". Men-At-The-Bar: A Biographical Hand-List of the Members of the Various Inns of Court, Including Her Majesty's Judges, Etc. London and Aylesbury: Hazell, Watson and Viney Limited. p. 114.
  37. ↑ "Fatal Accident At Woodhatch". Surrey Mirror. 2 May 1902. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 15 September 2021 (Subscription required.)
  38. ↑ "Honour Conferred By The King". The Referee. 10 March 1907. p. 10 – via British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 15 September 2021 (Subscription required.)
  39. ↑ "The Fancy Bazaar". Lincolnshire Chronicle. 27 September 1873. p. 4. Retrieved 17 September 2021 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  40. ↑ "The Fancy Bazaar". Gravesend Reporter, North Kent and South Essex Advertiser. 27 September 1873. p. 4. Retrieved 17 September 2021 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  41. ↑ "Metropolitan: Enoch Lodge (No.11)". The Freemasons' Monthly Magazine. Vol. 1, no. 1. 1 January 1855. p. 30 – via Masonic Periodicals Online. This being the day of election for W.M., Bro. F.W. Spooner was unanimously elected to that distinguished position
  42. ↑ "Anglo-American Lodge (No. 2191)". The Freemason. 1 June 1889 – via Masonic Periodicals Online. Bro. S. Spooner, 1470, was unanimously elected a joining member.
  43. ↑ "The Freemason: 1889-06-01, Page 7." Masonic Periodicals Online, Library and Museum of Freemasonry. Retrieved 2 Aug 2018.
  44. ↑ Merriam, Frederick Warren (2022). "Thanks To The press". Echoes from Dawn Skies: Early Aviators: A Lost Manuscript Rediscovered. Air World. p. 157. ISBN 978-1526726209 – via Google Books. The two pioneer weekly aviation journals, Flight (the first aeronautical weekly in the world) and The Aeroplane, the first established in 1909 and the second in 1911, were founded and edited by the late Messrs Stanley Spooner and Charles G. Grey respectively...The former was, and still is, the Official Organ of the Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom.
  45. ↑ Merriam, Frederick Warren (2022). "Thanks To The press". Echoes from Dawn Skies: Early Aviators: A Lost Manuscript Rediscovered. Air World. p. 157. ISBN 978-1526726209 – via Google Books. The two pioneer weekly aviation journals, Flight (the first aeronautical weekly in the world) and The Aeroplane, the first established in 1909 and the second in 1911, were founded and edited by the late Messrs Stanley Spooner and Charles G. Grey respectively...The former was, and still is, the Official Organ of the Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom.
  46. ↑ "Aerial Progress". The Automotor Journal. 8 (20): 503–504. 16 May 1903. Retrieved 23 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  47. ↑ "Royal Aeronautical Society And Flight. Complimentary Dinner To Mr Stanley Spooner". Flight. 22 (1098): 100. 10 January 1930.
  48. ↑ "Santos Dumont's Record Flight". The Automotor Journal. 27 October 1906. Retrieved 6 June 2026.
  49. ↑ "Henry Farman Wins the Grand Prix". The Automotor Journal. 18 January 1908. Retrieved 6 June 2026.
  50. ↑ "The First Power-Driven Machine". Flight. 54 (2079): 506. 28 October 1948. Retrieved 6 June 2026.
  51. ↑ "Deaths". The Times, Saturday 6 April 1940, p.1. Accessed via Gale Primary Sources: The Times Digital Archive. Retrieved 27 May 2022. (Subscription required.)
  52. ↑ "Deaths: Spooner". The Times. No. 48583. 6 April 1940. p. 1. Retrieved 27 May 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive.
  53. ↑ "What Is An Aerodrome?". Flight. 1 (1): 13. 2 January 1909. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2026.
  54. ↑ "The Future of Flight. It's New Ownership." Flight, April 12, 1934, No.1320. (Vol.XXVI. No.15). p.1. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  55. ↑ "The Future of Flight. It's New Ownership". Flight. 26 (1320): 1. 12 April 1934. Retrieved 23 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  56. ↑ "Stanley Spooner: 1940 Obituary". 11 April 1940. Retrieved 10 August 2020 – via Grace's Guide. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  57. ↑ "Stanley Spooner: Obituary". Flight. 37 (1633): 333. 11 April 1940. Retrieved 10 August 2020 – via Grace's Guide.
  58. ↑ "Stanley Spooner: Obituary". Flight. 37 (1633): 333. 11 April 1940 – via Grace's Guide.
  59. ↑ "No. 34116". The London Gazette. 21 December 1934. p. 8320.
  60. ↑ "Royal Aeronautical Society And Flight. Complimentary Dinner To Mr Stanley Spooner". Flight. XXII (1098): 99. 10 January 1930. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  61. ↑ Stanley Spooner (3 January 1930). "Untitled". Flight. XXII (1097): 11. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  62. ↑ "The Maurice Farman Biplane". Flight. I (6): 78. 6 February 1909. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  63. ↑ "Maurice Farman Flies". Flight. I (7): 92. 13 February 1909. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  64. ↑ "Aviation In War". Flight. V (4): 89. 25 January 1913. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  65. ↑ "The Music Publishers' Association Of The United States". American Art Journal. 65 (11): 171. 22 June 1895. Retrieved 8 October 2024 – via Google Books.
  66. ↑ "York and North Midland. Resignation of Mr. Hudson". The Railway Chronicle. 6 (20): 358–359. 19 May 1849. Retrieved 27 July 2025 – via Google Books.
  67. ↑ Blaauw, W.H. (1849). "On the Early History of Lewes Priory, and its Seals, with extracts from a MS. Chronicle". Sussex Archaeological Collections. 2: 35–36. doi:10.5284/1085061.
  68. ↑ Herbert, Sandra (1991). "Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author". British Journal for the History of Science. 24 (2): 159–192. doi:10.1017/S0007087400027060. S2CID 143748414. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
  69. ↑ "Springs – A simple study of car suspension". The Automotor Journal. 17 (32): 936–937. August 10, 1912.
  70. ↑ "Front Cover". The Automotor Journal. 8 (1): 1. 3 January 1903. Retrieved 19 September 2021 – via Internet Archive.
  71. ↑ "Aerial Progress". The Automotor Journal. 8 (20): 503–504. 16 May 1903. Retrieved 23 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  72. ↑ "Election Of The New Club Committee". The Automotor Journal. 9 (10): 276. 5 March 1904. Retrieved 23 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  73. ↑ "Aeronautics: The Brothers Wright's Official Communication". The Automotor Journal. XI (16): 489. 21 April 1906.
  74. ↑ "Front Cover". The Automotor Journal. 1 (2): 37. 17 November 1896. Retrieved 10 August 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  75. ↑ "Paulhan flies 4,126 Feet High". Flight: 44. 15 January 1910.
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  1. ↑ All official matches for the championship up to and including 1885 were played on tables with pockets of this size.
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