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User:Persept/sandbox

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Persept/sandbox
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • Unscheduled (US)
Identifiers
  • N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC14H18N2O2
Molar mass246.305 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C2N(CC(=O)Nc1c(cccc1C)C)CCC2
  • InChI=1S/C14H18N2O2/c1-10-5-3-6-11(2)14(10)15-12(17)9-16-8-4-7-13(16)18/h3,5-6H,4,7-9H2,1-2H3,(H,15,17) checkY
  • Key:NGHTXZCKLWZPGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Nefiracetam is a nootropic antidementia drug of the racetam family.[1]

Nefiracetam's cytoprotective actions are mediated by enhancement of GABAergic, cholinergic, and monoaminergic neuronal systems that give antiamnesia effects to the Alzheimer's type and cerebrovascular type of dementia.[2][3]

Concerns

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Animals which metabolize nefiracetam differently than humans and primates are at risk for renal [4][5] and testicular [6] [7] toxicity. Dogs especially are particularly sensitive, which has been shown to be caused by a specific metabolite, M-18[5]. Higher doses than those in dogs were needed to cause testicular toxicity in rats, although no toxicity [9] and [10]., however, was seen in monkeys. Additionally, there has been no evidence of toxicity during clinical trials [8][9] <ref name=Shimomura>


See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Murphy, Keith (22 July 2004). "Chronic Exposure of Rats to Cognition Enhancing Drugs Produces a Neuroplastic response" (PDF). Neuropsychopharmacology. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  2. ↑ Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Clarence-Smith K, Starkstein S (2009). "Double-blind treatment of apathy in patients with poststroke depression using nefiracetam". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 21 (2): 144–51. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21.2.144. PMID 19622685.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Clarence-Smith K (2008). "Double-blind randomized treatment of poststroke depression using nefiracetam". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 20 (2): 178–84. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.2.178. PMID 18451188.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Tsuchiya was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. 1 2 Goto, Koichi; Ishii, Yoshikazu; Jindo, Toshimasa; Furuhama, Kazuhisa (3). "Effect of Nefiracetam, a Neurotransmission Enhancer, on Primary Uroepithelial Cells of the Canine Urinary Bladder". Toxicological Sciences. 1 (72): 164–70. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfg010. PMID 12604846. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Shimada, M; Shikanai, Y; Shimomura, K; Harada, S; Watanabe, G; Taya, K; Kato, M; Furuhama, K (2003). "Investigation of testicular toxicity of nefiracetam, a neurotransmission enhancer, in rats". Toxicology Letters. 143 (3): 307–15. doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00197-8. PMID 12849691.
  7. ↑ Shimomura, K; Shimada, M; Hagiwara, M; Harada, S; Kato, M; Furuhama, K (2004). "Testicular toxicity induced in dogs by nefiracetam, a neutrotransmission enhancer". Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 18 (3): 423–30. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.01.008. PMID 15082078.
  8. ↑ M Murasaki, M Inami, J Ishigooka, H Watanabe, M Utsumi, T Matsumoto; et al. (1994). "Phase I study on DM-9384 (nefiracetam)". Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. 22: 3539–3587. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ E Otomo, K Kogure, S Hirai, F Goto, K Hasegawa, Y Tazaki; et al. (1994). "Clinical evaluation of DM-9384 in the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders: early phase II study". Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. (22): 3589–3624. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Category:Racetams Category:Pyrrolidones Category:Acetanilides Category:Nootropics


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