User:PenangLion/sandbox 2

Mahathir Mohamad
Mahathir Mohamad
محاضر محمد
	At the White House, 1984.
Prime Minister of Malaysia
	In office; 10 May 2018 – 24 February 2020; Interim: 24 February–1 March 2020
Monarchs	Muhammad V; Abdullah;
Deputy	Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
Preceded by	Najib Razak
Succeeded by	Muhyiddin Yassin
	In office; 16 July 1981 – 31 October 2003
Monarchs	Ahmad Shah; Iskandar; Azlan Shah; Ja'afar; Salahuddin; Sirajuddin;
Deputy	Musa Hitam; Ghafar Baba; Anwar Ibrahim; Abdullah Ahmad Badawi;
Preceded by	Hussein Onn
Succeeded by	Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Monarchs
Ministerial portfolios
Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia
	In office; 5 March 1976 – 16 July 1981
Monarchs	Abdul Halim; Yahya Petra;
Prime Minister	Hussein Onn
Preceded by	Hussein Onn
Succeeded by	Musa Hitam
Minister
1974–1978	Education
1978–1981	Trade and Industry
1981–1986	Defence
1986–1999	Home Affairs
1998–1999	Finance
2001–2003	Finance
2020	Education (acting)
Preceded by
Parliamentary offices
Member of Parliament; for Langkawi
	In office; 16 July 2018 – 10 October 2022
Preceded by	Nawawi Ahmad
Succeeded by	Mohd Suhaimi Abdullah
Member of Parliament; for Kubang Pasu
	In office; 4 November 1974 – 4 March 2004
Preceded by	Constituency established
Succeeded by	Mohd Johari Baharum
Member of Parliament; for Kota Star Selatan
	In office; 18 May 1964 – 20 March 1969
Preceded by	Wan Sulaiman Wan Tam
Succeeded by	Yusof Rawa
President
Political positions
Chairman of the Homeland Fighter's Party
	In office; 12 August 2020 – 17 December 2022
President	Mukhriz Mahathir
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Position vacant
Chairman of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party
	In office; 7 September 2016 – 28 May 2020
President	Muhyiddin Yassin
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Muhyiddin Yassin (acting)
President of UMNO
	In office; 28 June 1981 – 31 October 2003
Deputy	Musa Hitam; Ghafar Baba; Anwar Ibrahim; Abdullah Ahmad Badawi;
Preceded by	Hussein Onn
Succeeded by	Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Coalition leadership
1981–2003	Chairman of Barisan Nasional
2017–2020	Chairman of Pakatan Harapan
2022–2023	Chairman of Gerakan Tanah Air
Personal details
Born	Mahathir bin Mohamad; 10 July 1925 (age 100); Alor Setar, Kedah, Unfederated Malay States
Party	UMNO (1946–1969, 1972–2008, 2009–2016); BERSATU (2017–2020); PEJUANG (2020–2023); PUTRA (2023–present);
Spouse	Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali (m. 1956)
Children	7 (including Marina, Mokhzani and Mukhriz)
Parents	Mohamad Iskandar [ms] (father); Wan Tempawan Wan Hanapi [ms] (mother);
Relatives	Mohamed Hashim Mohd Ali (brother-in-law); Ismail Mohamed Ali (brother-in-law);
Education	Sultan Abdul Hamid College
Alma mater	King Edward VII College of Medicine (MBBS);
Occupation	Politician; author; doctor;
Awards	Full list
Website	thechedet.com

From 1955 to 1957

Chief ministers

Portrait		Chief minister	Term of office		Mndt.^[a]	Party^[b]	Government	High Commissioner
Portrait		Chief minister	Start	End	Mndt.^[a]	Party^[b]	Government	High Commissioner
		His Highness Tunku Abdul Rahman تونکو عبد الرحمن‎ MLC for Sungei Muda (1903–1990)	1 August 1955	31 August 1957	1955	Alliance–UMNO	Rahman I	Donald MacGillivray

Since 1957

Prime ministers

- Alliance Party (2)
- Barisan Nasional (6)
- Pakatan Harapan (2)
- Perikatan Nasional (1)

Portrait	Prime minister	Term of office		Mndt.^[a]	Party^[c]	Government	Monarch(s)
Portrait	Prime minister	Start	End	Mndt.^[a]	Party^[c]	Government	Monarch(s)
	His Highness Tunku Abdul Rahman تونکو عبد الرحمن‎ MP for Kuala Kedah (1903–1990)	31 August 1957	22 September 1970	1959	Alliance–UMNO	Rahman II	Abdul Rahman Hisamuddin Putra Ismail Nasiruddin Abdul Halim
				1964		Rahman III
				1969		Rahman IV
	Tun Haji Abdul Razak Hussein عبد الرزاق حسين‎ MP for Pekan (1922–1976)	22 September 1970	14 January 1976^[d]	–	Alliance–UMNO	Razak I	Abdul Halim Yahya Petra
		22 September 1970	14 January 1976^[d]	1974	BN–UMNO	Razak II	Abdul Halim Yahya Petra
	Tun Hussein Onn حسين عون‎ MP for Sri Gading (1922–1990)	15 January 1976	16 July 1981	–	BN–UMNO	Hussein I	Yahya Petra Ahmad Shah
		15 January 1976	16 July 1981	1978	BN–UMNO	Hussein II	Yahya Petra Ahmad Shah
	Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad محاضير محمد‎ MP for Kubang Pasu (b. 1925)	16 July 1981	30 October 2003	—	BN–UMNO	Mahathir I	Ahmad Shah Iskandar Azlan Shah Ja'afar Salahuddin Sirajuddin
				1982		Mahathir II
				1986		Mahathir III
				1990		Mahathir IV
				1995		Mahathir V
				1999		Mahathir VI
	Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi عبد الله احمد بدوي‎ MP for Kepala Batas (b. 1939)	31 October 2003	3 April 2009	—	BN–UMNO	Abdullah I	Sirajuddin Mizan Zainal Abidin
				2004		Abdullah II
				2008		Abdullah III
	Dato' Sri Haji Najib Razak نجيب رزاق‎ MP for Pekan (b. 1953)	3 April 2009	9 May 2018	—	BN–UMNO	Najib I	Mizan Zainal Abidin Abdul Halim Muhammad V
		3 April 2009	9 May 2018	2013	BN–UMNO	Najib II	Mizan Zainal Abidin Abdul Halim Muhammad V
	Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad محاضير محمد‎ MP for Langkawi (b. 1925)	10 May 2018	24 February 2020	2018	PH–BERSATU	Mahathir VII	Muhammad V Abdullah
During this interval, prime minister Mahathir Mohamad was the interim prime minister.							Abdullah
	Tan Sri Dato' Haji Muhyiddin Yassin محيي الدين ياسين‎ MP for Pagoh (b. 1947)	1 March 2020	16 August 2021	—	PN–BERSATU	Muhyiddin
During this interval, prime minister Muhyiddin Yassin was the caretaker prime minister.
	Dato' Sri Ismail Sabri Yaakob اسماعيل صبري يعقوب‎ MP for Bera (b. 1960)	21 August 2021	24 November 2022	—	BN–UMNO	Ismail Sabri
	Dato' Sri Anwar Ibrahim انور ابراهيم‎‎ MP for Tambun (b. 1947)	24 November 2022	Incumbent	(2022)	PH–PKR	Anwar

Timeline

1 2 Legend for mandate portion of column:

1955
a year
indicates a general election won by the government or that led to the formation of a government (the year links to the election's article);

(2022)
a parenthesised year
indicates an election resulting in no single party or coalition winning a parliamentary majority (the year links to the election's article);

—
a dash
indicates the formation of a majority government without an election.
↑ This column names only the Prime Minister's party. The government may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.
↑ This column names only the Prime Minister's party. The government may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.
↑ Died in office.

Length of tenure

List of office holders by tenure


No.	Prime minister	Length	Terms	Coalition–Party	Start	End	Reasons of departure
1	Mahathir Mohamad (1)	22 years, 107 days	6	National Front	1981	2003	Resignation
2	Tunku Abdul Rahman	13 years, 23 days	3	Alliance	1957	1970	Resignation
3	Najib Razak	9 years, 37 days	2	National Front	2009	2018	Election
4	Hussein Onn	5 years, 183 days	2	National Front	1976	1981	Resignation
5	Abdullah Ahmad Badawi	5 years, 156 days	3	National Front	2003	2009	Resignation
6	Abdul Razak Hussein	5 years, 115 days	2	National Front	1970	1976	Died in office
7	Mahathir Mohamad (2)	1 year, 291 days	1	Alliance of Hope	2018	2020	Resignation
8	Muhyiddin Yassin	1 year, 169 days	1	National Alliance	2020	2021	Resignation
9	Ismail Sabri Yaakob	1 year, 96 days	1	National Front	2021	2022	Election
10	Anwar Ibrahim	3 years, 226 days	1	Alliance of Hope	2022	–	In office

Single-pitch routes

Redpointed by men

9c (5.15d):^[a]

Routes	First accent date	First accent	Repeated accents	Description
Silence^{[note 2]} Hanshelleren Cave, Flatanger (NOR)	September 3, 2017	Adam Ondra	Unrepeated	Ondra suggested the 9c rating for the route, describing it "much harder than anything else" he had previously done.^[3]^[4]
DNA Flatanger (NOR)	April 29, 2022	Sébastien Bouin	Unrepeated	Ondra suggested the 9c rating for the route, describing it "much harder than anything else" he had previously done.

9b+ (5.15c):^[b]

Routes	First accent date	First accent	Repeated accents	Description
Silence^{[note 3]} Hanshelleren Cave, Flatanger (NOR)	September 3, 2017	Adam Ondra	Ghisofli, 2020 Bouin, 2022	Ondra suggested the 9c rating for the route, describing it "much harder than anything else" he had previously done.^[3]^[4]
DNA Flatanger (NOR)	April 29, 2022	Sébastien Bouin	Sharma, 2013	Ondra suggested the 9c rating for the route, describing it "much harder than anything else" he had previously done.

9c (5.15d):^[c]

Silence (also Project Hard) – Flatanger (NOR) – September 3, 2017 – First ascent by Adam Ondra, who described it as "much harder than anything else" he had previously done, and cautiously suggested the 9c rating for the 45 m route.^[3]^[4] Remains unrepeated (June 2023).

DNA – Flatanger (NOR) – April 29, 2022 – First ascent by Sébastien Bouin who proposed the grade of 9c, saying "Comparing this route to Bibliographie, Move, Beyond [Integral], it seems a step ahead", and "To choose 9c is to take a risk". Remains unrepeated (June 2023).^[8]

9b+ (5.15c):^[d]

Change [fr] – Flatanger (NOR) – October 4, 2012 – First-ever 9b+, by Adam Ondra;^[10] grade confirmed by Stefano Ghisolfi (2020).^[11] The third ascent was by Seb Bouin (2022), who felt that the use of a kneebar made the grade closer to 9b/9b+ (5.15b/c).^[12]
La Dura Dura – Oliana (ESP) – February 7, 2013 – Second-ever 9b+, by Adam Ondra; first-ever 9b+ repeat by Chris Sharma (2013).^[13]
Vasil Vasil – Moravský Kras (CZE) – December 4, 2013 – Third-ever 9b+, by Adam Ondra. Remains unrepeated (June 2023).^[14]
Perfecto Mundo – Margalef (ESP) – May 9, 2018 – Fourth 9b+, by Alexander Megos; repeat by Stefano Ghisolfi (2018), and Jakob Schubert (2019).^[15]

↑ "Sean Bailey sends Bibliographie at Céüse". PlanetMountain. 3 September 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
↑ "These are the most difficult climbing routes in the world". LACrux. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
1 2 3 planetmountain.com, ed. (September 4, 2017). "Interview: Adam Ondra climbs world's first 9c at Flatanger in Norway". Retrieved September 4, 2017.
1 2 3 Van Leuven, Chris (9 September 2017). "Interview: Adam Ondra on What It Took to Climb the World's First 5.15d". Climbing. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
↑ "Jonatan Flor Sends Chilam Balam 5.15a/b, First Climbed in 2003". Gripped. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
↑ "Sean Bailey sends Bibliographie at Céüse". PlanetMountain. 3 September 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
↑ "These are the most difficult climbing routes in the world". LACrux. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
↑ Walsh, Anthony (5 May 2022). "Seb Bouin Does Potential 5.15d FA, World's Second of the Grade". Climbing. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
↑ "Jonatan Flor Sends Chilam Balam 5.15a/b, First Climbed in 2003". Gripped. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
↑ Oviglia, Maurizio (23 December 2012). "The evolution of free climbing". PlanetMountain.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
↑ Natalie Berry, ed. (September 28, 2020). "Second Ascent of Change 9b+ by Stefano Ghisolfi". Retrieved October 14, 2020.
↑ Potter, Stephen (8 August 2022). "Seb Bouin Gets Third Ascent of the World's First 5.15c". Climbing. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
↑ "La Dura Complete: The Full Story Of The Hardest Rock Climb In The World". Climbing. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
↑ "Ondra Completes Third 5.15c First Ascent". www.climbing.com. 5 December 2013.
↑ "Jakob Schubert claims third ascent of Perfecto Mundo 9b+ at Margalef". PlanetMountain. 9 November 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2022.

↑ Excluded from 9c: Alex Megos's Bibliographie (2020) is excluded post its 2021 downgrade by Stefano Ghisolfi (that Megos agreed with), and Sean Bailey's (2020) further confirmation that it is at 9b+ (it ranks as the fifth-ever 9b+ in history).^[1]^[2]
↑ Excluded from 9b+: Bernabè Fernandez [es]'s Chilam Balam [fr] (2003), was an unconfirmed and disputed first ascent that Fernandez proposed at 9b+ (5.15c) (the world's first-ever 9b+), which Adam Ondra regraded to a "low end" 5.15b (9b) in 2008, and which was further downgraded by later repeaters to a consensus of "hard 9a+ or 9a+/b".^[5]
↑ Excluded from 9c: Alex Megos's Bibliographie (2020) is excluded post its 2021 downgrade by Stefano Ghisolfi (that Megos agreed with), and Sean Bailey's (2020) further confirmation that it is at 9b+ (it ranks as the fifth-ever 9b+ in history).^[6]^[7]
↑ Excluded from 9b+: Bernabè Fernandez [es]'s Chilam Balam [fr] (2003), was an unconfirmed and disputed first ascent that Fernandez proposed at 9b+ (5.15c) (the world's first-ever 9b+), which Adam Ondra regraded to a "low end" 5.15b (9b) in 2008, and which was further downgraded by later repeaters to a consensus of "hard 9a+ or 9a+/b".^[9]

↑ Disputed with Muhyiddin Yassin from 24 February to 28 May 2020
↑ Also known as Project Hard
↑ Also known as Project Hard

Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

[Mandate-2] 1 2 Legend for mandate portion of column:

1955
a year
indicates a general election won by the government or that led to the formation of a government (the year links to the election's article);

(2022)
a parenthesised year
indicates an election resulting in no single party or coalition winning a parliamentary majority (the year links to the election's article);

—
a dash
indicates the formation of a majority government without an election.

[3] This column names only the Prime Minister's party. The government may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.

[4] This column names only the Prime Minister's party. The government may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.

[5] Died in office.

[6] "Sean Bailey sends Bibliographie at Céüse". PlanetMountain. 3 September 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.

[7] "These are the most difficult climbing routes in the world". LACrux. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.

[first9c-10] 1 2 3 planetmountain.com, ed. (September 4, 2017). "Interview: Adam Ondra climbs world's first 9c at Flatanger in Norway". Retrieved September 4, 2017.

[completion_interview-11] 1 2 3 Van Leuven, Chris (9 September 2017). "Interview: Adam Ondra on What It Took to Climb the World's First 5.15d". Climbing. Retrieved 28 December 2021.

[12] "Jonatan Flor Sends Chilam Balam 5.15a/b, First Climbed in 2003". Gripped. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.

[15] "Sean Bailey sends Bibliographie at Céüse". PlanetMountain. 3 September 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.

[16] "These are the most difficult climbing routes in the world". LACrux. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.

[18] Walsh, Anthony (5 May 2022). "Seb Bouin Does Potential 5.15d FA, World's Second of the Grade". Climbing. Retrieved 9 May 2022.

[19] "Jonatan Flor Sends Chilam Balam 5.15a/b, First Climbed in 2003". Gripped. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.

[PMEVOL-21] Oviglia, Maurizio (23 December 2012). "The evolution of free climbing". PlanetMountain.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.

[22] Natalie Berry, ed. (September 28, 2020). "Second Ascent of Change 9b+ by Stefano Ghisolfi". Retrieved October 14, 2020.

[ClimbingStephenPotter-23] Potter, Stephen (8 August 2022). "Seb Bouin Gets Third Ascent of the World's First 5.15c". Climbing. Retrieved 18 November 2022.

[24] "La Dura Complete: The Full Story Of The Hardest Rock Climb In The World". Climbing. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2021.

[25] "Ondra Completes Third 5.15c First Ascent". www.climbing.com. 5 December 2013.

[26] "Jakob Schubert claims third ascent of Perfecto Mundo 9b+ at Margalef". PlanetMountain. 9 November 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2022.

[8] Excluded from 9c: Alex Megos's Bibliographie (2020) is excluded post its 2021 downgrade by Stefano Ghisolfi (that Megos agreed with), and Sean Bailey's (2020) further confirmation that it is at 9b+ (it ranks as the fifth-ever 9b+ in history).^[1]^[2]

[13] Excluded from 9b+: Bernabè Fernandez [es]'s Chilam Balam [fr] (2003), was an unconfirmed and disputed first ascent that Fernandez proposed at 9b+ (5.15c) (the world's first-ever 9b+), which Adam Ondra regraded to a "low end" 5.15b (9b) in 2008, and which was further downgraded by later repeaters to a consensus of "hard 9a+ or 9a+/b".^[5]

[17] Excluded from 9c: Alex Megos's Bibliographie (2020) is excluded post its 2021 downgrade by Stefano Ghisolfi (that Megos agreed with), and Sean Bailey's (2020) further confirmation that it is at 9b+ (it ranks as the fifth-ever 9b+ in history).^[6]^[7]

[20] Excluded from 9b+: Bernabè Fernandez [es]'s Chilam Balam [fr] (2003), was an unconfirmed and disputed first ascent that Fernandez proposed at 9b+ (5.15c) (the world's first-ever 9b+), which Adam Ondra regraded to a "low end" 5.15b (9b) in 2008, and which was further downgraded by later repeaters to a consensus of "hard 9a+ or 9a+/b".^[9]

[1] Disputed with Muhyiddin Yassin from 24 February to 28 May 2020

[9] Also known as Project Hard

[14] Also known as Project Hard

[note 1]

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

[a]

[note 2]

[3]

[4]

[b]

[note 3]

[c]

[8]

[d]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[1]

[2]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[9]

User:PenangLion/sandbox 2

From 1955 to 1957

Chief ministers

Since 1957

Prime ministers

Timeline

Length of tenure

List of office holders by tenure

Single-pitch routes

Redpointed by men

9c (5.15d):[a]

9b+ (5.15c):[b]

9c (5.15d):^[a]

9b+ (5.15c):^[b]