Wikipedia

User:JohnLloydScharf/J1Aug9EditionOf2011

< User:JohnLloydScharf
Haplogroup J1
Possible time of origin10,000-36,000 years before present[1]
Possible place of originWestern Asia
AncestorJ
DescendantsJ1a, J1b, J1c
Defining mutationsM267
Highest frequenciesSemitic populations generally, and also the Caucasus (especially Dagestan)

In human genetics, Y DNA haplogroup J1, also known as J-M267, is a sub-haplogroup of Haplogroup J, along with its sibling clade Haplogroup J2. It is one of the most commonly shared ancient paternal lineages found amongst men in many parts of North Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, and the Horn of Africa. It is also found in Europe and in significant frequencies it is found as far east as the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia.

This type of Y DNA is defined by the presence of the SNP mutation referred to as M267, since its discovery was announced in Cinnioğlu et al. (2004).

Subclades and proposed origins

edit

J1 has several recognized sub-clades, some of which were recognized before J1 itself was recognized, for example J-M368.[2] But most of these are not common.[1]

The P58 marker which defines subgroup J1c3 is common, and was first announced in Karafet et al. (2008), but had been announced earlier under the name "Page08" in 2006 in Repping, Van Daalen & Brown (2006). This haplogroup dominates haplogroup J, and is notable as containing the Jewish "Cohen modal haplotype", as well as both the so-called "Galilee modal haplotype" and "P&I Arab modal haplotype" associated with Palestinians and Israeli Arabs by Nebel et al. (2000).[3]

More generally, the J-P58 group has been shown to be closely associated with a large cluster of J1 which had been recognized before the discovery of P58, and which has been associated with Middle Eastern Semitic migrations including Arabs and Jews. This cluster was identified by STR markers - specifically YCAII as 22-22, and DYS388 having unusual repeat values of 15 or higher, instead of 13.[4] Apart from the Jewish "Cohen" haplotype, Semino et al. (2000) associated this DNA profile with the Arab expansion in the seventh century AD, and noted that it was most frequent amoungst J1 men in the Middle East and North Africa, but less frequent in Ethiopia and Europe. Other authors have claimed that the evidence points to older migrations being possibly more important for explaining the distribution of modern J1.

Similarly, Tofanelli et al. (2009) refer to an "Arabic" and a "Eurasian" type of J1. The Arabic type includes Arabic speakers from Maghreb, Sudan, Iraq and Qatar, and it is a relatively homogeneous group. This is the group with YCAII=22-22 and high DYS388 values. The more diverse "Eurasian" group includes Europeans, Kurds, Iranians and Ethiopians (Ethiopia being outside of Eurasia), and is much more diverse. The authors also say that "Omanis show a mix of Eurasian pool-like and typical Arabic haplotypes as expected, considering the role of corridor played at different times by the Gulf of Oman in the dispersal of Asian and East African genes."

A similar geographical pattern is observed by Chiaroni et al. (2010) looking at J-P58. The authors report that "in Ethiopia, all Cushitic Oromo and ∼29% of Semitic Amharic J1 chromosomes are J1*" (meaning that they are J1 but not in J-P58). And furthermore, both the Caucasus region and the nearby eastern regions of Turkey have also been described by researchers as showing the highest frequency of J1 men who are not in the J-P58 sub-clade.[5][4]

The correspondence between P58 and high DYS388 values, and YCAII=22-22 is not perfect. The J-M368 sub-clade of J-P58 has DYS388=13 and YCAII=19-22, like other types of J1 outside the "Arabic" type of J1, and it is therefore believed to be a relatively old offshoot of J-P58, that did not take part in the most recent waves of J1 expansion in the Middle East.[4] These DYS388=13 haplotypes are most common in the Caucasus and Anatolia, but also found in Ethiopia.[1]

In summary, the above mentioned studies agree upon J1 and J-P58 being male lineages which have expanded more than once within the Middle East and neighbouring regions, with J-P58, and especially part of J-P58, having been carried in the more recent wave of expansion that has become dominant amongst Arabic speakers. Concerning both J1 generally and J-P58 specifically within it, the above surveys all agree that oldest diversity appears to be found today in the Middle East, but not in the most central Arabic areas where the YCAII=22-22 type has become most common, but rather to the north and south of that range. Most recently, concerning J-P58, Chiaroni et al. (2010) propose that the most likely point of original expansion is the north of the fertile crescent in the Taurus and Zagros mountains, during the Neolithic. They propose that the later waves of J-P58 expansion may have been associated with pastoralism and semitic languages. With their method of age estimation, they agree with Tofanelli et al. (2009) in expressing doubt that the Islamic expansions of the 7th century are old enough to explain the most obvious patterns of J1 frequencies within the Middle East.

On the other hand both these authors and others note that in the far south of the J1 range, and the J-P58 range, in Oman, Yemen and Ethiopia, there are also signs of J1 and J-P58 being much older than in the Arabian desert. Chiaroni et al. (2010) attribute this to "either sampling variability and/or demographic complexity associated with multiple founders and multiple migrations".

Tree

edit

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG (2011) tree, which is in turn based upon the YCC 2008 tree[6] and subsequent published research.

  • J1 (L255, L321, M267) Typical of populations of the Arabian peninsula, Dagestan, Mesopotamia, the Levant and Semitic-speaking populations of North Africa and Northeast Africa, with a moderate distribution throughout Western Asia'
    • J1* -
    • J1a (M62) Found at a low frequency in Britain
    • J1b (M365.1)
    • J1c (L136)
      • J1c1 (M390) - formerly J1c
      • J1c2 (P56) - formerly J1d
      • J1c3 (P58/PAGES00008) - formerly J1e
        • J1c3* -
        • J1c3a (M367.1, M368.1) - formerly J1e1
        • J1c3b (M369) - formerly J1e2
        • J1c3c (L92, L93)
        • J1c3d (L147.1)
          • J1c3d* -
          • J1c3d1 (L174.1)
          • J1c3d2 (L222.2)
            • J1c3d2* -
              • J1c3d2a (L65.2/S159.2)

Distribution

edit

300px|rightt|thumb|J1 distribution

J1 (or J-M267) is a typical Y chromosome of populations of the Arabian peninsula, Dagestan, Mesopotamia, the Levant and Semitic-speaking populations of North Africa and Northeast Africa, and further distribution throughout Western Asia and other neighbouring areas.

The frequency of Haplogroup J1 is particularly high in Semitic-speaking populations (often much higher in those populations than in neighbouring ones). For comparison with non-semitic Middle Eastern populations only about 10% of men in Iran and Turkey are J1, compared to much high frequencies elsewhere.[7][8]

In the Caucasus and Eastern Turkey, J1 is common in several areas, and particularly common in Daghestan. It is also distinctive. While Middle Eastern J1 tends to be dominated by one sub-clade of J1, called J-P58 or J1c3. Both the Caucusus region and the nearby eastern regions of Turkey have been described by researchers as showing the highest frequencies of J1 which is not in the J-P58 sub-clade.[5][4]

The distribution of J1 outside of the Middle East and Caucasus may be associated with Semites who traded, migrated or conquered in various periods, to such areas as Sicily, southern Italy, Tunisia, Spain, Khartoum, Ethiopia, and Pakistan.[citation needed]

Arabian Plate

edit

Haplogroup J1, defined by the M267 marker is the most common Y haplogroup in Yemen(80%), Qatar (58%).[9] and Saudi Arabia (64%=68/106).[10]

J1 is generally frequent amongst Negev Bedouins (62%=21/31)[11]. It is also very common among other Arabs such as those of the Levant, i.e. Palestinian (38.4%).[12]

Caucasus

edit

Haplogroup J1 is the most frequent Y haplogroup in Dagestan among Kubachi (99%), Kaitak (85%), Avars (58%), Dargins (69%), Lezgins (44%) and Chechens (21%).[5]

North Africa and Horn Of Africa

edit

In North Africa, J1 is found at the highest rates among the Sudanese of Khartoum (74%) [4]. The Haplogroup's frequency rates among the Sudanese Arabs is (45%),Nubians (41%), Copts is (39%), Beja is (36%), and present with lower frequency in the region of Darfur: Masalit (6%), Fur (6%).[13] J1 is also found with high frequency among Algerians (15-35%) and Tunisians (15-34%),where as in Morocco it is (20%).Haplogroup J1 may be found in as many as 20% of Egyptian males,[14] with the frequency of this haplogroup tending to be comparatively high in the south of the country.[15] J1 is also Observed among East Africans Amhara 36% , Arsi Ethiopians 26%, Oromo Ethiopians 2.56%.[16]

Europe

edit

In general J1 has a very low frequency in Europe. However, higher frequencies has been reported in the central Adriatic regions of Italy Gargano (17.2%),[17] Pescara (15%),[17] in the Mediterranean Paola (11.1%),[17], Crete (8.3%),[18] Malta (7.8%), South Portugal (7%)[19], Cyprus (6.2%),[20] Greece (5.3%).[18] and Sicily(3.8%).[21]

Summary

edit

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M267, showing where its distribution is greater than 1%. {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)

Country or region Sampling N J1 Source
Albania563.6Semino et al. (2004)
Algeria2035Semino et al. (2004)
AlgeriaOran10222.5Robino et al. (2008)
Caucasus152523.2Balanovsky et al. (2011)
CaucasusAvars11558.3Balanovsky et al. (2011)
CaucasusDargins10169.3Balanovsky et al. (2011)
CaucasusKubachi6598.5Balanovsky et al. (2011)
CaucasusKaitak3384.8Balanovsky et al. (2011)
CaucasusLezghins8144.4Balanovsky et al. (2011)
CaucasusChechens33020.9Balanovsky et al. (2011)
CaucasusCircassians1424.9Balanovsky et al. (2011)
CaucasusIngush1432.8Balanovsky et al. (2011)
CaucasusOssets3572.2Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Central Asia1849.7Semino et al. (2004)
Cyprus16412.9El-Sibai et al. (2009)[22]
Egypt14719.7Flores et al. (2005)
EgyptWestern Desert (el-Hayez)3531.4Kujanová et al. (2009)
EthiopiaAmhara4833.3Semino et al. (2004)
EthiopiaOromo782.6Semino et al. (2004)
EuropeAshkenazim Jewish44219Behar et al. (2004)
EuropeAshkenazim Jewish8214.6Semino et al. (2004)
EuropeSephardim Jewish4211.9Semino et al. (2004)
Georgia456.6Semino et al. (2004)
Greece922.2Semino et al. (2004)
Greece4422.5Flores et al. (2005)
GreeceNea Nikomedeia5710.5King et al. (2008)
GreeceSesklo/Dimini573.5King et al. (2008)
GreeceLerna/Franchthi571.8King et al. (2008)
GreeceCrete1938.3King et al. (2008)
GreeceMacedonia561.8Semino et al. (2004)
Iberia6552.1Fregel et al. (2009)
Iran31813.8Flores et al. (2005)
Iraq15628.2Semino et al. (2004)
Iraq20331Flores et al. (2005)
IsraelPalestinians14338.4Semino et al. (2004)
IsraelBedouin3262.5Semino et al. (2004)
ItalyCalabria571.8Semino et al. (2004)
ItalyApulia862.3Semino et al. (2004)
ItalySicily427.1Semino et al. (2004)
ItalySicily2363.8Gaetano al. (2008)
ItalySardinia1442.8Semino et al. (2004)
Jordania10140.6Flores et al. (2005)
Jordania27331.9El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Kuwait4233.3El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Lebanon4012.5Semino et al. (2004)
Lebanon91420.1Zalloua et al. (2008)
Lebanon10416.3Flores et al. (2005)
Malta907.8El-Sibai et al. (2009)
MoroccoArab4910.2Semino et al. (2004)
MoroccoArab4413.6Semino et al. (2004)
MoroccoBerber646.3Semino et al. (2004)
MoroccoBerber1037.8Semino et al. (2004)
MoroccoResidents in Italy5119.6Onofri et al. (2008)
MoroccoBosh et al 20012215Fregel et al. (2009)
North AfricaSaharawish2917.2Semino et al. (2004)
North AfricaSaharawish8920.3Fregel et al. (2009)
North AfricaAlgeria, Tunisia20229.2Fregel et al. (2009)
Oman12137.2Flores et al. (2005)
PakistanHunza382.6Semino et al. (2004)
Pakistan-India887.9Semino et al. (2004)
Pakistan7184.9Flores et al. (2005)
PortugalNorth, Center, South3034.3Goncalves et al. (2005)
PortugalNorth1011Goncalves et al. (2005)
PortugalCenter1024.9Goncalves et al. (2005)
PortugalSouth1007Goncalves et al. (2005)
PortugalTras-os-Montes (Jews)5712.3Nogueiro et al. (2010)
Qatar7258.3Cadenas et al. 2008
Saudi Arabia10664.2Alshamaly et al. 2009
Saudi Arabia15740.1Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Somali2012.5Flores et al. (2005)
SpainAndalusia931.1Semino et al. (2004)
SpainCanary Islands6523.53Fregel et al. (2009)
SudanKhartoum3574Chiaroni el al. (2010)[4]
Syria11132.4Flores et al. (2005)
Syria55433.8El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Tunisia7330.1Semino et al. (2004)
Tunisia5234.6Onofri et al. (2008)
TurkeyMuslim Kurd9511.6Semino et al. (2004)
TurkeyMuslim Kurd25111.2Flores et al. (2005)
TurkeyIstanbul736.9Semino et al. (2004)
TurkeyKonya1293.9Semino et al. (2004)
Turkey5239.2Flores et al. (2005)
UAE16435Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Yemen10480.8Alshamaly et al. 2009
Yemen6272.7Cadenas et al. 2008

References

edit
  1. 1 2 3 Tofanelli et al. (2009)
  2. ↑ Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)
  3. ↑ Hammer et al. (2009)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chiaroni et al. (2011)
  5. 1 2 3 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
  6. ↑ Karafet et al. (2008)
  7. ↑ Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)
  8. ↑ Regueiro et al. (2006)
  9. ↑ Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 16 (3): 374–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Yemen 45/62 = 72.6% J1-M267 Qatar 42/72 = 58.3% J1-M267
  10. ↑ Alshamaly et al. 2009
  11. ↑ Nebel et al. 2001
  12. ↑ Semino et al. (2004)
  13. ↑ Hisham Y. Hassan et al., "Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History," American Journal of Physical Anthropology (2008). J-12f2(xJ2-M172) in 46/102 Sudanese Arabs of the Gaalien, Meseria, and Arakien tribes, 16/39 Nubians, 13/33 Copts, 15/42 Beja, 2/32 Masalit, and 2/32 Fur.
  14. ↑ Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M; et al. (2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Barbara Arredi, Estella S. Poloni, Silvia Paracchini, Tatiana Zerjal, Dahmani M. Fathallah, Mohamed Makrelouf, Vincenzo L. Pascali, Andrea Novelletto and Chris Tyler-Smith, "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa," American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 75, Issue 2, August 2004, Pages 338-345. Haplogroup J-12f2(xJ2-M172) in 4/44 = 9.1% of a sample of Egyptians from the vicinity of Mansoura in northern Egypt, and 6/29 = 40.7% of a sample of Egyptians from the vicinity of Luxor in southern Egypt.
  16. ↑ http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v18/n3/abs/ejhg2009166a.html
  17. 1 2 3 http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/italy.pdf
  18. 1 2 King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T; et al. (2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Ann. Hum. Genet. 72 (Pt 2): 205–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID 18269686. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link),http://www.atlascom.gr/HELLENIC_DNA_PAPER.PDF,
    Crete 16 out of 193
    Greece 9 out of 171
  19. ↑ 7/100,"Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and A¸cores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry," Annals of Human Genetics (2005) 69,443–454, Goncalves et al. (2005) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x/pdf
  20. ↑ Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective, Capelli et al. 2005
  21. ↑ http://volgagermanbrit.us/documents/ejhg2008120a.pdf
  22. ↑ Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast,Annals of Human Genetics (2009) 73,568–581,El-Sibai et al.(2009) (reported results from several studies : Di Giacomo et al. 2003, Al-Zahery et al. 2003, Flores et al.2004, Cinnioglu et al. 2004, Capelli et al. 2005, Goncalves et al. 2005, Zalloua et al. 2008, Cadenas et al. 2008),http://www.lbem.icb.ufmg.br/pdf/elsibai09ahg-levantegenografico.pdf

General listing

edit
edit

- Draft Category:Human evolution

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JohnLloydScharf/J1Aug9EditionOf2011&oldid=1050107341"