This is a list of chemical elementscolor coded according to type of element.
Given is each element's element symbol, atomic number, atomic mass or most stable isotope, and group and period numbers on the periodic table.
| Name | Symbol | Z | Atomic mass (g/mol) |
Group | Period | Etym of Symbol | Melting Point (K) |
Boiling Point (K) |
Density (g/cm³) |
Hardness (Mohs') |
Color | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen | H | 1 | 1.00794(7)[1][2][3] | 1 | 1 | Greek hydror | 1.00794(7)[4][5][6] | −258.975 °C (14.2 K) | 2993K (2720°C) | 0.00008988 | gas | colorless | diatomic |
| Helium | He | 2 | 4.002602(2)[1][3] | 18 | 1 | Greek helios | 4.002602(2)[4][6] | (Does not solidify at normal pressure, even near absolute zero, but might at extreme conditions, at 0.0213K) | 0.0001785 | noble gas |  | lowest boiling and melting points of any element | |
| Lithium | Li | 3 | 6.941(2)[1][2][3][7] | 1 | 2 | Greek lithos | 6.941(2)[4][5][6][8] | 180.7 °C (453.9 K) | 2022K (1749°C) | 0.534 | 0.6 |  silvery white/gray | used in batteries. the least dense metal |
| Beryllium | Be | 4 | 9.012182(3) | 2 | 2 | beryl | 9.012182(3) | 1,278 °C (1,551 K) | 2742K (2469°C) | 1.85 | 5.5 |  gray metallic | brittle, toxic, used in lightweight alloys, e.g. spacecraft and missiles. |
| Boron | B | 5 | 10.811(7)[1][2][3] | 13 | 2 | borax | 10.811(7)[4][5][6] | 2,300 °C (2,570 K) | 4200K (3927°C) | 2.34 | 9.3 |  black/brown/ amorphous boron is a brown powder, metallic boron is black | The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a poor conductor at room temperature. |
| Carbon | C | 6 | 12.0107(8)[1][3] | 14 | 2 | Latin carbo | 12.0107(8)[4][6] | 3,675 °C (3,948 K) (graphite) 3,550 °C (3,820 K)(diamond) | 1173K (900°C) | 2.267 graphite 3.513 diamond | 1-2 (graphite) 10.0 (diamond) |  black (carbon) colorless (diamond) | |
| Nitrogen | N | 7 | 14.0067(2)[1][3] | 15 | 2 | Greek nitron | 14.0067(2)[4][6] | −209.86 °C (63.3 K) | 5017K (4744°C) | 0.0012506 | gas | diatomic | |
| Oxygen | O | 8 | 15.9994(3)[1][3] | 16 | 2 | Greek oxys | 15.9994(3)[4][6] | −222.65 °C (50.5 K) | 5285K (5012°C) | 0.001429 | gas | diatomic | |
| Fluorine | F | 9 | 18.9984032(5) | 17 | 2 | Latin fluo | 18.9984032(5) | −219.52 °C (53.6 K) | 0.001696 | halogen gas | yellow-green or yellowish brown | ||
| Neon | Ne | 10 | 20.1797(6)[1][2] | 18 | 2 | Greek neos | 20.1797(6)[4][5] | −248.447 °C (24.7 K) | 3347K (3074°C) | 0.0008999 | noble gas |  | |
| Sodium (Natrium) | Na | 11 | 22.98976928(2) | 1 | 3 | Latin natrium | 22.98976928(2) | 98 °C (371 K) | 2435K (2162°C) | 0.971 | 0.5 |  waxy, silvery white | burns with a yellow flame, reacts violently with water, and oxidizes in air necessitating storage in an inert environment |
| Magnesium | Mg | 12 | 24.3050(6) | 2 | 3 | Magnesia, Greece | 24.3050(6) | 650 °C (923 K) | 3675K (3402°C) | 1.738 | 2.5 |  silvery metallic | brittle, flammable, used in lightweight alloys, burns with a bright flame |
| Aluminium (Aluminum) | Al | 13 | 26.9815386(8) | 13 | 3 | Latin alumen | 26.9815386(8) | 660.25 °C (933.40 K) | 2792K (2519°C) | 2.698 | 2.75 |  silvery | non-magnetic, very reflective, lightweight, common building material. |
| Silicon | Si | 14 | 28.0855(3)[3] | 14 | 3 | Latin silex | 28.0855(3)[6] | 1,410 °C (1,680 K) | 958K (685°C) | 2.3296 | 6.5 metalloid |  dark gray, bluish tinge | Used in semiconductors and electronics. |
| Phosphorus | P | 15 | 30.973762(2) | 15 | 3 | Greek phosphoros | 30.973762(2) | 44.1 °C (317.3 K) | 3236K (2963°C) | 1.82 | nonmetal |  waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless | Due to its high reactivity, it is never found as a free element in nature. Phosphorus compounds are essential to living things |
| Sulfur (Sulphur) | S | 16 | 32.065(5)[1][3] | 16 | 3 | Latin sulfur | 32.065(5)[4][6] | 115.36 °C (388.51 K) | 1655K (1382°C) | 2.067 | 2.0 |  lemon yellow | |
| Chlorine | Cl | 17 | 35.453(2)[1][2][3] | 17 | 3 | Greek chloros | 35.453(2)[4][5][6] | −100.84 °C (172 K) | 3716K (3443°C) | 0.003214 | halogen gas | yellowish green or greenish yellow | |
| Argon | Ar | 18 | 39.948(1)[1][3] | 18 | 3 | Greek argon | 39.948(1)[4][6] | −189.19 °C (84.0 K) | 87.30K (-185.85°C) | 0.0017837 | noble gas |  | |
| Potassium (Kalium) | K | 19 | 39.0983(1) | 1 | 4 | Latin kalium | 39.0983(1) | 63.35 °C (336.50 K) | 1235K (962°C) | 0.862 | 0.4 |  silvery white | forms many compounds, essential nutrient in plants and animals |
| Calcium | Ca | 20 | 40.078(4)[1] | 2 | 4 | Latin calx | 40.078(4)[4] | 839 °C (1,112 K) | 944K (671°C) | 1.54 | 1.75 |  gray | reacts slowly with water, tarnishes quickly in air |
| Scandium | Sc | 21 | 44.955912(6) | 3 | 4 | Scandinavia | 44.955912(6) | 1,539 °C (1,812 K) | 2067K (1794°C) | 2.989 | transition metal |  soft, silvery, develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast when exposed to air | not attacked by a 1:1 mixture of nitric acid(HNO3) and 48% HF |
| Titanium | Ti | 22 | 47.867(1) | 4 | 4 | the Titans | 47.867(1) | 1,660 °C (1,930 K) | 2875K (2602°C) | 4.540 | 6.0 |  silvery metallic | corrosion-resistant (including resistance to sea water and chlorine, high tensile strength |
| Vanadium | V | 23 | 50.9415(1) | 5 | 4 | Vanadis | 50.9415(1) | 1,902 °C (2,175 K) | 4404K (4131°C) | 6.11 | 7.0 |  | Brittle. Used to make tool steels. |
| Chromium | Cr | 24 | 51.9961(6) | 6 | 4 | Greek chroma | 51.9961(6) | 1,857 °C (2,130 K) | 239.11K (-34.04°C) | 7.15 | 8.5 | e.g. Stainless steels, chrome plating, heating coils; +6 compounds are toxic. | |
| Manganese | Mn | 25 | 54.938045(5) | 7 | 4 | Latin magnes | 54.938045(5) | 1,246 °C (1,519 K) | 1363K (1090°C) | 7.44 | 6.0 | ||
| Iron (Ferrum) | Fe | 26 | 55.845(2) | 8 | 4 | Latin ferrum | 55.845(2) | 1,535 °C (1,808 K) | 4701K (4428°C) | 7.874 | metal | Most stable element. Greatest number of stable isotopes. | |
| Cobalt | Co | 27 | 58.933195(5) | 9 | 4 | from German kobold | 58.933195(5) | 1,495 °C (1,768 K) | 2944K (2671°C) | 8.86 | ferromagnetic, used in high temperature alloys, blue pigments, moderate toxicity | ||
| Nickel | Ni | 28 | 58.6934(4) | 10 | 4 | German kupfernickel | 58.6934(2) | 1,453 °C (1,726 K) | 4273K (4000°C) | 8.912 | alloys, nickel plating | ||
| Copper (Cuprum) | Cu | 29 | 63.546(3)[3] | 11 | 4 | Latin Cuprum | 63.546(3)[6] | 1,084.6 °C (1,357.8 K) | 3200K (2927°C) | 8.96 | "noble" metal, good conductor of electricity and heat | ||
| Zinc | Zn | 30 | 65.38(2) | 12 | 4 | German zin | 65.409(4) | 419.73 °C (692.88 K) | 3609K (3336°C) | 7.134 | 2.5 | Used to "galvanize" nails, sheet metal, and such. | |
| Gallium | Ga | 31 | 69.723(1) | 13 | 4 | Latin Gallia | 69.723(1) | 29.76 °C (302.91 K) | 3546K (3273°C) | 5.907 | 1.5 |  | melts at 29.7 degrees Celsius (just above room temperature), Used in semiconductors. |
| Germanium | Ge | 32 | 72.64(1) | 14 | 4 | Germany | 72.64(1) | 938.3 °C (1,211.4 K) | 2477K (2204°C) | 5.323 | 6.0 |  | Used in semiconductors and LED's |
| Arsenic | As | 33 | 74.92160(2) | 15 | 4 | Greek arsenikos | 74.92160(2) | 817 °C (1,090 K) | 887K (614°C) | 5.776 | 3.5 |  metallic gray, allotropic forms; yellow, black and grey | poisonous |
| Selenium | Se | 34 | 78.96(3)[3] | 16 | 4 | Greek selene | 78.96(3)[6] | 221 °C (494 K) | 4.809 | 2.0 |  gray, metallic luster | Selenium has at least 29 isotopes, of which 5 are stable, and 6 are nuclear isomers. | |
| Bromine | Br | 35 | 79.904(1) | 17 | 4 | Greek bromos | 79.904(1) | −7.1 °C (266 K) | 332.0K (58.8°C) | 3.122 | halogen |  gas/liquid: red-brown solid: metallic luster | a red volatile liquid at standard room temperature. This element is corrosive to human tissue |
| Krypton | Kr | 36 | 83.798(2)[1][2] | 18 | 4 | Greek kryptos | 83.798(2)[4][5] | −157.22 °C (116 K) | 3134K (2861°C) | 0.003733 | noble gas |  | forms compounds with fluorine and clathrates with water |
| Rubidium | Rb | 37 | 85.4678(3)[1] | 1 | 5 | Latin rubidus | 85.4678(3)[4] | 39.64 °C (312.79 K) | 1.532 | 0.3 |  silvery-white | low melting point, reacts violently with water like sodium | |
| Strontium | Sr | 38 | 87.62(1)[1][3] | 2 | 5 | Latin Strontian | 87.62(1)[4][6] | 769 °C (1,042 K) | 1156K (883°C) | 2.64 | 1.5 |  a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element | The metal turns yellow when exposed to air. somewhat malleable. It is chiefly employed (as in the nitrate) to color pyrotechnic flames red. |
| Yttrium | Y | 39 | 88.90585(2) | 3 | 5 | Ytterby, Sweden | 88.90585(2) | 1,526 °C (1,799 K) | 1469K (1196°C) | 4.469 | transition metal |  silvery metallic | two of its compounds are used to make the red color phosphors in cathode ray tube displays |
| Zirconium | Zr | 40 | 91.224(2)[1] | 4 | 5 | zircon | 91.224(2)[4] | 1,852 °C (2,125 K) | 1180K (907°C) | 6.506 | 5.0 |  | |
| Niobium | Nb | 41 | 92.906 38(2) | 5 | 5 | Niobe | 92.906 38(2) | 2,468 °C (2,741 K) | 3186K (2913°C) | 8.570 | |||
| Molybdenum | Mo | 42 | 95.96(2)[1] | 6 | 5 | Greek molybdos | 95.94(2)[4] | 2,617 °C (2,890 K) | 630K (357°C) | 10.22 | In "chrome-moly" steels and other steels, lubricants | ||
| Technetium | Tc | 43 | [98][9] | 7 | 5 | Greek technetos | [98][10] | 2,200 °C (2,470 K) | 5731K (5458°C) | 11.50 | man-made, used in nuclear medicine. | ||
| Ruthenium | Ru | 44 | 101.07(2)[1] | 8 | 5 | Latin Ruthenia | 101.07(2)[4] | 2,250 °C (2,520 K) | 961K (688°C) | 12.37 | |||
| Rhodium | Rh | 45 | 102.905 50(2) | 9 | 5 | Greek rhodon | 102.905 50(2) | 1,966 °C (2,239 K) | 5900K (5627°C) | 12.41 | |||
| Palladium | Pd | 46 | 106.42(1)[1] | 10 | 5 | Pallas and the traditional -dium ending | 106.42(1)[4] | 1,552 °C (1,825 K) | 90.20K (-182.95°C) | 12.020 | |||
| Silver (Argentum) | Ag | 47 | 107.8682(2)[1] | 11 | 5 | Latin argentum | 107.8682(2)[4] | 961 °C (1,234 K) | 3538K (3265°C) | 10.501 | noble metal, in money, jewelry, eating utensils, soldering and brazing alloys | ||
| Cadmium | Cd | 48 | 112.411(8)[1] | 12 | 5 | from Greek kadmia | 112.411(8)[4] | 321.18 °C (594.33 K) | 1040K (767°C) | 8.69 | toxic, used in batteries | ||
| Indium | In | 49 | 114.818(3) | 13 | 5 | indigo blue | 114.818(3) | 156.76 °C (429.91 K) | 20.28K (-252.87°C) | 7.310 | soft metal | ||
| Tin (Stannum) | Sn | 50 | 118.710(7)[1] | 14 | 5 | Latin stannum | 118.710(7)[4] | 232.06 °C (505.21 K) | 2223K (1950°C) | 7.287 | 1.5 soft metal | Main component of solder. | |
| Antimony (Stibium) | Sb | 51 | 121.760(1)[1] | 15 | 5 | Latin stibium | 121.760(1)[4] | 630.9 °C (904.1 K) | 1860K (1587°C) | 6.685 | 3.0 |  silvery lustrous grey | toxic |
| Tellurium | Te | 52 | 127.60(3)[1] | 16 | 5 | Greek tellus | 127.60(3)[4] | 449.65 °C (722.80 K) | 5150K (4877°C) | 6.232 | 2.25 |  silvery lustrous gray | |
| Iodine | I | 53 | 126.90447(3) | 17 | 5 | Greek ioeides | 126.904 47(3) | 113.5 °C (386.7 K) | 2345K (2072°C) | 4.93 | halogen solid that sublimes at standard temperatures into a purple-pink gas that has an irritating odor,it avoids goitre |  violet-dark gray, lustrous | least reactive of the halogens, still a strong oxidizing agent. |
| Xenon | Xe | 54 | 131.293(6)[1][2] | 18 | 5 | Greek xenos | 131.293(6)[4][5] | −111.7 °C (161 K) | 3680K (3407°C) | 0.005887 | noble gas |  | Forms compounds with chlorine and fluorine, and a few others. |
| Cesium (Caesium) | Cs | 55 | 132.9054519(2) | 1 | 6 | Latin caesius | 132.9054519(2) | 28.55 °C (301.70 K) | 4300K (4027°C) | 1.873 | 0.2 |  silvery gold | liquid at or near room temperature, very reactive, reacts explosively with water. |
| Barium | Ba | 56 | 137.327(7) | 2 | 6 | Greek barys | 137.327(7) | 729 °C (1,002 K) | 2170K (1897°C) | 3.594 | 1.25 |  metallic | Naturally occurring barium is a mix of seven stable isotopes. There are twenty-two isotopes known, but most of these are highly radioactive and have half-lives in the several millisecond to several minute range. The only notable exceptions are 133Ba which has a half-life of 10.51 years, and 137mBa (2.6 minutes). |
| Lanthanum | La | 57 | 138.90547(7)[1] | 6 | Greek lanthanien | 138.90547(7)[4] | 920 °C (1,190 K) | 119.93K (-153.22°C) | 6.145 | 2.5 |  | ||
| Cerium | Ce | 58 | 140.116(1)[1] | 6 | Ceres | 140.116(1)[4] | 798 °C (1,071 K) | 5100K (4827°C) | 6.770 | 2.5 |  resembles iron | Used in ceramics and glassmaking, component of "flints" in cigarette lighters. | |
| Praseodymium | Pr | 59 | 140.90765(2) | 6 | Greek prasios | 140.90765(2) | 931 °C (1,204 K) | 1032K (759°C) | 6.773 | soft |  silvery white, yellowish tinge | ||
| Neodymium | Nd | 60 | 144.242(3)[1] | 6 | Greek neos didymos | 144.242(3)[4] | 1,016 °C (1,289 K) | 4912K (4639°C) | 7.007 | used in powerful permanent magnets and LASERs | |||
| Promethium | Pm | 61 | [145][9] | 6 | Prometheus | [145][10] | 931 °C (1,204 K) | 3793K (3520°C) | 7.26 | ||||
| Samarium | Sm | 62 | 150.36(2)[1] | 6 | samarskite | 150.36(2)[4] | 1,072 °C (1,345 K) | 7.52 | |||||
| Europium | Eu | 63 | 151.964(1)[1] | 6 | Europe | 151.964(1)[4] | 822 °C (1,095 K) | 3503K (3230°C) | 5.243 | lanthanide |  | ||
| Gadolinium | Gd | 64 | 157.25(3)[1] | 6 | gadolinite | 157.25(3)[4] | 1,312 °C (1,585 K) | 950K (677°C) | 7.895 | Phosphor in TV tubes and fluorescent lights. | |||
| Terbium | Tb | 65 | 158.92535(2) | 6 | Ytterby, Sweden | 158.92535(2) | 1,357 °C (1,630 K) | 1261K (988°C) | 8.229 | Phosphor in TV tubes and fluorescent lights. | |||
| Dysprosium | Dy | 66 | 162.500(1)[1] | 6 | Greek dysprositos | 162.500(1)[4] | 1,407 °C (1,680 K) | 8.55 | |||||
| Holmium | Ho | 67 | 164.93032(2) | 6 | Latin Holmia | 164.930 32(2) | 1,470 °C (1,740 K) | 4.22K (-268.93°C) | 8.795 | ||||
| Erbium | Er | 68 | 167.259(3)[1] | 6 | Ytterby, Sweden | 167.259(3)[4] | 1,522 °C (1,795 K) | 9.066 | |||||
| Thulium | Tm | 69 | 168.93421(2) | 6 | Thule and the traditional -ium ending | 168.93421(2) | 1,545 °C (1,818 K) | 5061K (4788°C) | 9.321 | ||||
| Ytterbium | Yb | 70 | 173.054(5)[1] | 6 | Ytterby, Sweden | 173.04(3)[4] | 824 °C (1,097 K) | 165.03K (-108.12°C) | 6.965 | ||||
| Lutetium | Lu | 71 | 174.9668(1)[1] | 3 | 6 | Latin Lutetia | 174.967(1)[4] | 1,663 °C (1,936 K) | 1615K (1342°C) | 9.84 | |||
| Hafnium | Hf | 72 | 178.49(2) | 4 | 6 | Latin Hafnia | 178.49(2) | 2,227 °C (2,500 K) | 3129K (2856°C) | 13.31 | |||
| Tantalum | Ta | 73 | 180.94788(2) | 5 | 6 | King Tantalus | 180.94788(2) | 2,996 °C (3,269 K) | 717.8K (444.6°C) | 16.654 | used in electrolytic capacitors | ||
| Tungsten (Wolfram) | W | 74 | 183.84(1) | 6 | 6 | German wolfram | 183.84(1) | 3,407 °C (3,680 K) | 3560K (3287°C) | 19.25 | strong but brittle; heat resistant; extremely high melting point | ||
| Rhenium | Re | 75 | 186.207(1) | 7 | 6 | German Rheinprovinz | 186.207(1) | 3,180 °C (3,450 K) | 211.3K (-61.7°C) | 21.02 | |||
| Osmium | Os | 76 | 190.23(3)[1] | 8 | 6 | Greek osme | 190.23(3)[4] | 3,027 °C (3,300 K) | 22.610 | ||||
| Iridium | Ir | 77 | 192.217(3) | 9 | 6 | Greek iris | 192.217(3) | 2,443 °C (2,716 K) | 457.4K (184.3°C) | 22.650 | silvery-white | Densest natural element | |
| Platinum | Pt | 78 | 195.084(9) | 10 | 6 | Greek platina | 195.084(9) | 1,772 °C (2,045 K) | 553K (280°C) | 21.46 | precious metal and industrial catalyst | ||
| Gold (Aurum) | Au | 79 | 196.966569(4) | 11 | 6 | Latin aurum | 196.966569(4) | 1,064.58 °C (1,337.73 K) | 3106K (2833°C) | 19.282 | |||
| Mercury (Hydrargyrum) | Hg | 80 | 200.59(2) | 12 | 6 | Latin hydrargyrum | 200.59(2) | −38.72 °C (234 K) | 13.5336 | liquid at room temperature; toxic; in batteries and thermometers | |||
| Thallium | Tl | 81 | 204.3833(2) | 13 | 6 | Greek thallos | 204.3833(2) | 304 °C (577 K) | 3503K (3230°C) | 11.85 | toxic, high-temperature superconductors | ||
| Lead (Plumbum) | Pb | 82 | 207.2(1)[1][3] | 14 | 6 | Latin plumbum | 207.2(1)[4][6] | 327.6 °C (600.8 K) | 11.342 | toxic, being phased out in most applications | |||
| Bismuth | Bi | 83 | 208.98040(1) | 15 | 6 | from German wissmuth | 208.98040(1) | 271.52 °C (544.67 K) | 1837K (1564°C) | 9.807 | electrical solders, fire suppressors, replacement for lead bullets | ||
| Polonium | Po | 84 | [210][9] | 16 | 6 | Poland | [210][10] | 254 °C (527 K) | 3501K (3228°C) | 9.32 | radioactive | ||
| Astatine | At | 85 | [210][9] | 17 | 6 | Greek astatos | [210][10] | 302 °C (575 K) | 610K (337°C) | 7 approximately | Extremely rare | ||
| Radon | Rn | 86 | [220][9] | 18 | 6 | radium and emanation | [220][10] | −71 °C (202.1 K) | 2010K (1737°C) | 0.00973 | noble gas | radioactive, comes from radium | |
| Francium | Fr | 87 | [223][9] | 1 | 7 | France | [223][10] | 27 °C (300 K) | 85.03K (-188.12°C) | 1.87 | radioactive alkali metal | alkali metal isotope found in uranium and thorium ores, reacts explosively with air and water. | |
| Radium | Ra | 88 | [226][9] | 2 | 7 | Latin radius | [226][10] | 700 °C (973 K) | 4300 ?K (4027°C) | 5.50 | almost pure white, readily oxidizes on exposure to air, turning black | Radium preparations are remarkable for maintaining themselves at a higher temperature than their surroundings, and for their radiations: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Radium also produces neutrons when mixed with beryllium. | |
| Actinium | Ac | 89 | [227][9] | 7 | from Greek aktinos | [227][9] | 1,050 °C (1,320 K) | 3471K (3198°C) | 10.07 | radioactive metallic element. glows in the dark with an eerie blue light. | |||
| Thorium | Th | 90 | 232.03806(2)[9][1] | 7 | Thor | 232.03806(2)[10][4] | 1,755 °C (2,028 K) | 1746K (1473°C) | 11.72 | Possible nuclear fuel | |||
| Protactinium | Pa | 91 | 231.03588(2)[9] | 7 | Greek protos and actinium | 231.03588(2)[10] | 1,600 °C (1,870 K) | 3273K (3000°C) | 15.37 | artificial | |||
| Uranium | U | 92 | 7 | Uranus | 238.02891(3)[10][4][5] | 1,132 °C (1,405 K) | 18.95 | nuclear fuel | |||||
| Neptunium | Np | 93 | [237][9] | 7 | Neptune | [237][10] | 640 °C (913 K) | 27.07K (-246.08°C) | 20.45 | ||||
| Plutonium | Pu | 94 | [244][9] | 7 | Pluto | [244][10] | 640 °C (913 K) | 4098K (3825°C) | 19.84 | nuclear fuel | |||
| Americium | Am | 95 | [243][9] | 7 | the Americas | [243][10] | 994 °C (1,267 K) | 2880K (2607°C) | 13.69 | Am-241 used in smoke detectors. | |||
| Curium | Cm | 96 | [247][9] | 7 | Pierre and Marie Curie and the traditional -um ending | [247][10] | 1,067 °C (1,340 K) | 2835K (2562°C) | 13.51 | artificial | |||
| Berkelium | Bk | 97 | [247][9] | 7 | Berkeley, California | [247][10] | 986 °C (1,259 K) | 983K (710°C) | 14.79 | artificial | |||
| Californium | Cf | 98 | [251][9] | 7 | State and University of California | [251][10] | 1,652 °C (1,925 K) | 1757K (1484°C) | 15.10 | artificial | |||
| Einsteinium | Es | 99 | [252][9] | 7 | Albert Einstein | [252][10] | 860 °C (1,130 K) | 2840K (2567°C) | 13.5 (Estimate) | artificial | |||
| Fermium | Fm | 100 | [257][9] | 7 | Enrico Fermi | [257][10] | 2,781 °C (3,054 K) | 1802K (1529°C) | Unknown | ||||
| Mendelevium | Md | 101 | [258][9] | 7 | Dmitri Mendeleyev | [258][10] | 1,521 °C (1,794 K) | Unknown | |||||
| Nobelium | No | 102 | [259][9] | 7 | Alfred Nobel | [259][10] | 1,521 °C (1,794 K) | 77.36K (-195.79°C) | Unknown | ||||
| Lawrencium | Lr | 103 | [262][9] | 3 | 7 | Ernest O. Lawrence | [262][10] | 2,961 °C (3,234 K) | 3737K (3464°C) | 9.84 or greater | artificial | ||
| Rutherfordium | Rf | 104 | 261[9] | 4 | 7 | Ernest Rutherford | 261[10] | 4423K (4150°C) | 18.1 | artificial | |||
| Dubnium | Db | 105 | [262][9] | 5 | 7 | Dubna, Russia | [262][10] | 39 (Estimate) | |||||
| Seaborgium | Sg | 106 | [266][9] | 6 | 7 | Glenn T. Seaborg | [266][10] | 3109K (2836°C) | 35 (Estimate) | artificial, all remaining elements below are artificial | |||
| Bohrium | Bh | 107 | [264][9] | 7 | 7 | Neils Bohr | [264][10] | 37 (Estimate) | |||||
| Hassium | Hs | 108 | [277][9] | 8 | 7 | Hesse, Germany | [277][10] | 4876K (4603°C) | 41 (Estimate) | ||||
| Meitnerium | Mt | 109 | [268][9] | 9 | 7 | Lise Meitner | [268][10] | 2334K (2061°C) | 35 (Estimate) | ||||
| Darmstadtium | Ds | 110 | [271][9] | 10 | 7 | Darmstadt, Germany | [271][10] | 3383K (3110°C) | 21.46 or greater | artificial | |||
| Roentgenium | Rg | 111 | [272][9] | 11 | 7 | Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen | [272][10] | 3968K (3695°C) | 19.282 or greater | artificial | |||
| Ununbium | Uub | 112 | [285][9] | 12 | 7 | Latin uni, uni, and bi | [285][10] | 5930K (5657°C) | 13.5336 or greater | artificial element, | |||
| Ununtrium | Uut | 113 | [284][9] | 13 | 7 | Latin uni, uni, and Greek tri | [284][10] | 11.85 or greater | artificial element | ||||
| Ununquadium | Uuq | 114 | [289][9] | 14 | 7 | Latin uni, uni, and quadr | [289][10] | 11.342 or greater | unstable, man-made | ||||
| Ununpentium | Uup | 115 | [288][9] | 15 | 7 | Latin uni, uni, and Greek pent | [288][10] | 250K (-22.6°C) | 9.807 or greater | unstable, man-made | |||
| Ununhexium | Uuh | 116 | [292][9] | 16 | 7 | Latin uni, uni, and Greek hex | [292][10] | 9.32 or greater | man-made, highly unstable | ||||
| Ununoctium | Uuo | 118 | [294][9] | 18 | 7 | Latin uni, uni, and oct | [294][10] | Unknown |
Notes
edit- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given.
- ↑ The atomic weight of commercial Lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996—analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.
- ↑ The atomic weight of commercial Lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996—analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 The element does not have any stable nuclides, and a value in brackets, e.g. [209], indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. However, three elements, Thorium, Protactinium, and Uranium, have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and thus their atomic mass given.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Cite error: The named reference
fn_11was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Temperature with most liquid elements
editThe temperature ranges at which the most elements are liquid are 2739 - 2742K and 2750 - 2792K (2466 - 2469°C and 2477 - 2518°C; 4471 - 4476°F and 4491 - 4566°F).
Actinium, aluminium, americium, boron, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, curium, dysprosium, erbium, gadolinium, germanium, gold, hafnium, holmium, iridium, iron, lanthanum, lutetium, neodymium, neptunium, nickel, palladium, platinum, plutonium, praseodymium, promethium, protactinium, rhodium, ruthenium, scandium, silicon, technetium, terbium, thorium, tin, titanium, uranium, vanadium, yttrium and zirconium are liquid in both ranges. They are joined by beryllium in the lower range, and niobium in the upper.
The four key temperatures in these ranges are respectively, the melting point of iridium , the boiling point of beryllium, the melting point of niobium, and the boiling point of aluminium.
References
edit- International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2006). "Atomic Weights of the Elements 2005" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 78 (11): 2051–66. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 1-27, 29, 31-41, 43-69, 72-109 taken from this source.
- IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights Revised (2007). Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers of 28, 30, 42, 70 & 71 taken from this source.
- WebElements Periodic Table. Retrieved June 30, 2005. Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers of 110-116 taken from this source.
See also
edit- Chemical elements named after people
- Chemical elements named after places
- List of chemical element name etymologies
- Systematic element name
