ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ
| Consonants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhuyin | Origin | IPA | Pinyin | WG | Example |
| ㄅ | From 勹, the ancient form and current top portion of 包 bāo | p | b | p | 八 (ㄅㄚ, bā) |
| ㄆ | From 攵, the combining form of 攴 pū | pʰ | p | p' | 杷 (ㄆㄚˊ, pá) |
| ㄇ | From 冂, the archaic character and current radical 冖 mì | m | m | m | 馬 (ㄇㄚˇ, mǎ) |
| ㄈ | From 匚 fāng | f | f | f | 法 (ㄈㄚˇ, fǎ) |
| ㄉ | From the archaic form of 刀 dāo. Compare the bamboo form  . |
t | d | t | 地 (ㄉㄧˋ, dì) |
| ㄊ | From the upside-down 子 seen at the top of 充 | tʰ | t | t' | 提 (ㄊㄧˊ, tí) |
| ㄋ | From  /𠄎, ancient form of 乃 nǎi |
n | n | n | 你 (ㄋㄧˇ, nǐ) |
| ㄌ | From the archaic form of 力 lì | l | l | l | 利 (ㄌㄧˋ, lì) |
| ㄍ | From the obsolete character 巜 guì/kuài" 'river' | k | g | k | 告 (ㄍㄠˋ, gào) |
| ㄎ | From the archaic character 丂 kǎo | kʰ | k | k' | 考 (ㄎㄠˇ, kǎo) |
| ㄏ | From the archaic character and current radical 厂 hàn | x | h | h | 好 (ㄏㄠˇ, hǎo) |
| ㄐ | From the archaic character 丩 jiū | tɕ | j | ch | 叫 (ㄐㄧㄠˋ, jiào) |
| ㄑ | From the archaic character ㄑ quǎn, graphic root of the character 巛 chuān (modern 川) | tɕʰ | q | ch' | 巧 (ㄑㄧㄠˇ, qiǎo) |
| ㄒ | From 丅, an ancient form of 下 xià. | ɕ | x | hs | 小 (ㄒㄧㄠˇ, xiǎo) |
| ㄓ | From  /㞢, archaic form of 之 zhī. |
ʈʂ | zh | ch | 主 (ㄓㄨˇ, zhǔ) |
| ㄔ | From the character and radical 彳 chì | ʈʂʰ | ch | ch' | 出 (ㄔㄨ, chū) |
| ㄕ | From the character 尸 shī | ʂ | sh | sh | 束 (ㄕㄨˋ, shù) |
| ㄖ | Modified from the seal script form of 日 rì | ʐ | r | j | 入 (ㄖㄨˋ, rù) |
| ㄗ | From the archaic character and current radical 卩 jié, dialectically zié | ts | z | ts | 在 (ㄗㄞˋ, zài) |
| ㄘ | Variant of 七 qī, dialectically ciī. Compare semi-cursive form  and seal-script  . |
tsʰ | c | ts' | 才 (ㄘㄞˊ, cái) |
| ㄙ | From the archaic character 厶 sī, which was later replaced by its compound 私 sī. | s | s | s | 塞 (ㄙㄞ, sāi) |
| Rhymes & Medials | |||||
| Zhuyin | Origin | IPA | Pinyin | WG | Example |
| ㄚ | From 丫 yā | a | a | a | 大 (ㄉㄚˋ, dà) |
| ㄛ | From the obsolete character 𠀀 hē, inhalation, the reverse of 丂 kǎo, which is preserved as a phonetic in the compound 可 kě.[1] | ɔ | o | o | 多 (ㄉㄨㄛ, duō) |
| ㄜ | Derived from its allophone in Standard Chinese, ㄛ o | ɤ | e | o/ê | 得 (ㄉㄜˊ, dé) |
| ㄝ | From 也 yě. Compare the Warring States bamboo form  |
ɛ | ê | eh | 爹 (ㄉㄧㄝ, diē) |
| ㄞ | From 𠀅 hài, bronze form of 亥. | aɪ | ai | ai | 晒 (ㄕㄞˋ, shài) |
| ㄟ | From 乁 yí, an obsolete character meaning 移 yí "to move". | eɪ | ei | ei | 誰 (ㄕㄟˊ, shéi) |
| ㄠ | From 幺 yāo | ɑʊ | ao | ao | 少 (ㄕㄠˇ, shǎo) |
| ㄡ | From 又 yòu | oʊ | ou | ou | 收 (ㄕㄡ, shōu) |
| ㄢ | From the obsolete character ㄢ hàn "to bloom", preserved as a phonetic in the compound 犯 fàn | an | an | an | 山 (ㄕㄢ, shān) |
| ㄣ | From 乚 yǐn | ən | en | ên | 申 (ㄕㄣ, shēn) |
| ㄤ | From 尢 wāng | ɑŋ | ang | ang | 上 (ㄕㄤˋ, shàng) |
| ㄥ | From 厶, an obsolete form of 厷 gōng | ɤŋ | eng | êng | 生 (ㄕㄥ, shēng) |
| ㄦ | From 儿, the bottom portion of 兒 ér used as a cursive form | əɻ | er | êrh | 而 (ㄦˊ, ér) |
| ㄧ | From 一 yī | i | i/y | i | 逆 (ㄋㄧˋ, nì) |
| ㄨ | From 㐅, ancient form of 五 wǔ. | u | u/w | u/w | 努 (ㄋㄨˇ, nǔ) |
| ㄩ | From the ancient character 凵 qū, which remains as a radical | y | ü/yu/u | ü/yü | 女 (ㄋㄩˇ, nǚ) |
ㄭ |
Perhaps 市, in addition to ㄓ. It is the minimal vowel of ㄓ, ㄔ, ㄕ, ㄖ, ㄗ, ㄘ, ㄙ. | ɨ | -i | ih/û | 資 (ㄗ, zī) |
比較
edit| 聲母 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 注音 | 字源 | 國際音標 | 漢語拼音 | 威妥瑪拼音 | 例子（注音，漢語拼音) |
| ㄅ | 包，說文解字：「勹，裹也，像人曲行，有所包裹」取其聲 | p | b | p | 八 (ㄅㄚ, bā) |
| ㄆ | 扑，說文解字：「攵，小擊也。即手執竿輕敲」取其聲 | pʰ | p | p' | 杷 (ㄆㄚˊ, pá) |
| ㄇ | 冪，遮蔽覆蓋之意，取其聲 | m | m | m | 馬 (ㄇㄚˇ, mǎ) |
| ㄈ | 匚，說文解字：「匚，受物之器。」，古代盛器，取其聲 | f | f | f | 法 (ㄈㄚˇ, fǎ) |
| ㄉ | 刀字異體，取其聲 | t | d | t | 地 (ㄉㄧˋ, dì) |
| ㄊ | 同突（凸），取其聲 | tʰ | t | t' | 提 (ㄊㄧˊ, tí) |
| ㄋ | 乃字變體，取其聲 | n | n | n | 你 (ㄋㄧˇ, nǐ) |
| ㄌ | 力字變體，取其聲 | l | l | l | 利 (ㄌㄧˋ, lì) |
| ㄍ | 澮，說文解字：「巜，水流澮澮也。」田間水道，取其聲 | k | g | k | 告 (ㄍㄠˋ, gào) |
| ㄎ | 考，說文：「丂，氣欲舒出，𠃑上礙於一也。」取其聲 | kʰ | k | k' | 考 (ㄎㄠˇ, kǎo) |
| ㄏ | -{厂}-（非「-{廠}-」之簡化），部首名，說文：「山石之厓巖，人可居」 | x | h | h | 好 (ㄏㄠˇ, hǎo) |
| ㄐ | 糾，說文：「丩，相糾繚也。」取其聲 | ʨ | j | ch | 叫 (ㄐㄧㄠˋ, jiào) |
| ㄑ | ㄑ，田間水道，取其聲 | ʨʰ | q | ch' | 巧 (ㄑㄧㄠˇ, qiǎo) |
| ㄒ | 下之古字，取其聲 | ɕ | x | hs | 小 (ㄒㄧㄠˇ, xiǎo) |
| ㄓ | 「之」的古字，取其聲 | ʈʂ | zhi /zh | chih /ch | 主 (ㄓㄨˇ, zhǔ) |
| ㄔ | 正字通：「左步為彳，右步為亍，合彳亍為行。」取其聲 | ʈʂʰ | chi /ch | ch'ih /ch' | 出 (ㄔㄨ, chū) |
| ㄕ | -{尸}-之古字，取其聲 | ʂ | shi /sh | shih /sh | 束 (ㄕㄨˋ, shù) |
| ㄖ | 日之象形古字 | ɻ | ri /r | jih /j | 入 (ㄖㄨˋ, rù) |
| ㄗ | 節之古字，取其聲（讀尖音） | ʦ | zi /z | tzû /ts | 在 (ㄗㄞˋ, zài) |
| ㄘ | 七之古字，取其聲（讀尖音） | ʦʰ | ci /c | tz'û /ts' | 才 (ㄘㄞˊ, cái) |
| ㄙ | 私之古字，取其聲 | s | si /s | ssû /s | 塞 (ㄙㄞ, sāi) |
| 韻尾 | |||||
| 注音 | 字源 | 國際音標 | 漢語拼音 | 威妥瑪拼音 | 例子（注音，漢語拼音) |
| ㄚ | 中古漢字，指上端分出的东西，取其韻 | ä | a | a | 大 (ㄉㄚˋ, dà) |
| ㄛ | 近似呵，取其韻 | ǫ /ɔ | o | o | 多 (ㄉㄨㄛ, duō) |
| ㄜ | 「ㄛ」之轉化，由「ㄛ」添筆而成，為後來新加 | ɤ | e | e | 得 (ㄉㄜˊ, dé) |
| ㄝ | 也之變體 | ɛ | ê | eh | 爹 (ㄉㄧㄝ, diē) |
| ㄞ | 亥之變體，取其韻 | aɪ | ai | ai | 晒 (ㄕㄞˋ, shài) |
| ㄟ | 說文：「同戾也，从反丿，讀與弗同」取其韻 | eɪ | ei | ei | 誰 (ㄕㄟˊ, shéi) |
| ㄠ | 說文：「幺，小也」，取其韻 | ɑʊ | ao | ao | 少 (ㄕㄠˇ, shǎo) |
| ㄡ | 今字又，右手之象形古字，取其韻 | oʊ | ou | ou | 收 (ㄕㄡ, shōu) |
| ㄢ | 說文：「ㄢ，艸木之華未發圅然。」 | an | an | an | 山 (ㄕㄢ, shān) |
| ㄣ | 今字隱 | ən | en | en | 申 (ㄕㄣ, shēn) |
| ㄤ | 本字尪，音wāng，骨胳弯曲不正 | ɑŋ | ang | ang | 上 (ㄕㄤˋ, shàng) |
| ㄥ | 同肱，音gōng，上臂也， | ɤŋ | eng | eng | 生 (ㄕㄥ, shēng) |
| ㄦ | 兒，孩童 | əɻ | er | erh | 而 (ㄦˊ, ér) |
| ㄧ | 源自「一」字 | i | yi /i | i | 逆 (ㄋㄧˋ, nì) |
| － | in | yin /in | in | 音 (ㄧㄣ, yīn) | |
| － | iŋ | ying /ing | ing | 英 (ㄧㄥ, yīng) | |
| ㄨ | 「五」之古字 | u | wu /u | wu /u | 努 (ㄋㄨˇ, nǔ) |
| － | uən | wen /un | wen /un | 文 (ㄨㄣˊ, wén) | |
| － | uɤŋ/ʊŋ | weng /ong | weng /ung | 翁 (ㄨㄥ, wēng) | |
| ㄩ | 說文：「凵（音qū）盧，飯器，以柳爲之。象形。」。 | y | yu /u/ ü | yü /ü | 女 (ㄋㄩˇ, nǚ) |
| － | yn | yun /un | yün /ün | 韻 (ㄩㄣˋ, yùn) | |
| － | yʊŋ | yong /iong | yung /iung | 永 (ㄩㄥˇ, yǒng) | |
| a | i | u | e | o | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | あ | い | う | え | お |
| K | か | き | く | け | こ |
| S | さ | し | す | せ | そ |
| T | た | ち | つ | て | と |
| N | な | に | ぬ | ね | の |
| H | は | ひ | ふ | へ | ほ |
| M | ま | み | む | め | も |
| Y | や | ゆ | よ | ||
| R | ら | り | る | れ | ろ |
| W | わ | ゐ | ゑ | を | |
| ん (n) | |||||
| Functional marks and diacritics | |||||
| っ | ゝ | ゛ | ゜ | ||
ܬܪܥܣܪ ܫܠܝܚܐ
ܐܦܣܩܘܦܐ
ܟܗܢܐ
ܡܫܡܫܢܐ
Seven Heavens in Islam
editaccording to Shi'ite sources, A Hadith from Ali mentioned the name of Seven Heavens as below:[2]
- Rafi' (رفیع) the least heaven (سماء الدنیا)
- Qaydum (قیدوم)
- Marum (ماروم)
- Arfalun (أرفلون)
- Hay'oun (هيعون)
- Arous (عروس)
- Ajma' (عجماء)
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 United States of America | 5–6 million[3] |
 State of Israel | 2.8–4 million[3][4] |
| Languages | |
| Historical: Yiddish, German | |
,_lecturing_at_Catholic_University,_Washington,_D.C.,_1946.jpg)
- ↑ "Unihan data for U+ 20000".
- ↑ Al-Burhan fi Tafsir Al-Qur'an V.5 P.415
- 1 2 Gabriel E. Feldman, "Do Ashkenazi Jews have a Higher than expected Cancer Burden?" (PDF). (650 KB) , Israel Medical Association Journal, Volume 3, 2001.
- ↑ "Ashkenazi Jews", Hebrew University of Jerusalem website. Retrieved November 10, 2009.