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Introduction

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Image of Pierre Andre Latrielle, who made the first entry into the Scytodes species

Scytodes is a genus of spitting spiders that occur all around the world, with the most widely distributed species being Scytodes thoracica, originally having a palearctic distribution but has since been introduced to North America, Argentina, India, Australia, Asia and New Zealand [1] . Individuals of the genus are generally characterized by their predominant pale yellow coloration and black markings on their cephalothorax compounded with long, thin hairless legs with black bands[2]

Taxonomy

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The first species of the genus was first described by Pierre André Latreille as Aranea thoraica in 1802 through "Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes" until the genus was later reclassified by Jean Victor Audouin as Scytodes in 1826.[3]

A close of of a Scytodes cephalothorax to show 3 paired eyes and clawed chelicerae [4]

Appearance

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The genus exhibits sexual dimorphism, males range in size from 3.5 to 4 mm while females are slightly larger ranging from 4 to 4.5 mm[5]. Spitting spiders have pale yellow bodies with black spots on their wide cephalothorax, and legs that are characterized by black bands[6],. Scytodes have 3 paired eyes for a total of 6 eyes[6]. Scytodes legs are long, slender[6], and have small claws attached to the chelicerae[5].


Niche

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Similar to other arachnids, Scytodes occupy a vital role as secondary consumers (although some species, such as S. Thoraica have been known to exhibit behavior of tertiary consumers as they have been known to hunt other spiders) and work to control the populations of prey items in their habitats[6][7].

Approximate distribution of S. Thorarica, the most well documented species of the Scytodes Genre

Scytodes are mainly nocturnal[5] and typically do not live in webs with the exception of some tropical species[6], such as Scytodes longpipes[8]. The web, however, is not used for catching prey[8]. Instead, Scytodes live in under rocks, in crevices and can even be found living in human infrastructures[6].

Distribution

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Scytodes genus follow a near global distribution, being present on almost every continent excluding the Arctic and Antarctic, with the majority of species around the 45th parallel, a sizable presence in Asia, Oceania and North America and extremely limited presence in Africa and South America[3][2]

Hunting

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Scytodes primarily detect prey by vibration and smell.[7] Scytodes will Spit at prey until it is subdued. Once the prey is subdued, Scytodes wrap the prey in silk, and feed.[1] When prey flees, Scytodes will sometimes pursue the prey, and spit web once it gets close.[1] Prey often gets glued to substrate by the spit, and the Scytodes will cut it loose from the substrate to wrap it.[1]Sometimes when prey struggles during wrapping, or immediately after spitting web, the spider will quickly lunge and stab the prey with it’s fangs, retracting them immediately. Many Scytodes are known to be araneophagic, with some preferring to prey on other spiders. [1][3][4]

Hunting dangerous prey such as other spiders is thought to lead to behavioural flexibility, which can be observed in Scytodes, which will adjust their hunting methods based on prey size.[1]

S. pallida shares an interesting relationship with the jumping spider Portia labiata, in which both are each other's primary prey. [3]

Webs

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Some species of Scytodes are known to build webs. Webs of many Scytodes are comprised of a sheet of web connected to a small tubular shelter, in which the spider tends to reside. [1][2}

Spitting

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Pattern of the glue that is spit on prey and how it pins prey to the ground

The spitting from which its common name derives is used as a method of trapping prey or escaping predators[9]. Scytodes glue is made in a large gland in the cephalothorax[10] where venom is synthesized in the front of the gland and the glue is produced in the back of gland[10][6]. Sticky glue is expelled from their fangs from a small opening in their chelicerae[8] and can be shot up to 4 -10 body lengths from the spider[6]. Scytodes spit their glue in a zigzag pattern to trap their prey to a substrate[10]. Though, for many years it was thought that the glue contained venom that diffused into the prey[8], researchers now believe that the glue does not contain any toxic properties[10][6]. Once the whole prey is trapped to the ground, the spider then bites the prey with a venomous bite to kill it[11][10][6].

Diet

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Scytodes thoracica in front of prey[12]

Scytodes primarily feed on soft bodied insects such as moths, other spiders, mosquitoes, silverfish[13] and crickets[14]. Scytodes typically hunt their prey, however scavenging behaviour has been observed to happen rarely[15]. When scavenging occurs a spider will not spit on the prey as the glue is energetically expensive to produce[15].

Sociality and Parental care

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Scytodes are known to perform a wide range of social organization, with some species being solitary, subsocial, communal-territorial, or social [2][4] Many of the subsocial and colonial species are known to give extended parental care, such as S.fusca, S.socialis, S.longipes, S.intricata, S.indet(a) and S.indet(b)

Females will sparsely wrap their eggs in a sac, and hold it in it’s chelicerae until they hatch [1][2], sometimes dropping the egg sac to capture prey, after which they return and feed beside the eggs, picking them up again once finished. [1]This behaviour protects the eggs from desiccation, mould, parasites, and predators. [1]

Some species are subsocial and after hatching, the spiderlings will often cohabitate with their mother until a certain instar is reached, but some may stay longer or leave earlier. During this period the spiderling and adult will hunt prey, but not spit at or prey on each other. The mothers will sometimes take captured prey to the spiderlings. S. indet(a) and S. indet(b) will often share the meal with their spiderlings, but S.fusca will not, eating separate meals away from the spiderlings.[1][2][4] Cohabitating spiderlings will work together to capture large prey, but will hunt small prey individually. Conflict between spiderlings occurs in some species at early instars, but cannibalistic behaviour only arises in later instars of those species. [4]

S. socialis is known to be a social species, and individuals will continue cohabitation into adulthood, forming colonies, in which individuals show no aggression to each-other and share prey. [5]

Fossil record

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One of the oldest fossils of an extinct species of Scytodes is Scytodes weitschati (Wunderlich 1993)[16] found in Baltic amber dating to the Eocene 43 million years ago[17]. Its morphology is similar to that of Scytodes seen today[17].

Species

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Below is a list of 229(March 25, 2025) recognized species of the genus Scytodes, which have been found across the globe from southern parts of Canada all the way down to the coasts of Australia. Many of these species, especially S. thoracica have learned to coexist and thrive in human dwellings, especially in colder countries[6].

S. adisi (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. aethiopica (Simon, 1907)

S. affinis (Kulczyński, 1901)

S. aharonii (Strand, 1914)

S. akytaba (Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. alayoi (Alayón, 1977)

S. albiapicalis (Strand, 1907)

S. alcomitzli (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. alfredi (Gajbe, 2004)

S. altamira (Rheims & Brescovit, 2000)

S. amazonica (Dupérré & Tapia, 2023)

S. annulipes (Simon, 1907)

S. antonina (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. apuecatu (Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. arboricola (Millot, 1946)

S. arenacea (Purcell, 1904)

S. argelia (Dupérré & Tapia, 2023)

S. armata (Brescovit & Rheims, 2001)

S. aruensis (Strand, 1911)

S. arwa (Rheims, Brescovit & van Harten, 2006)

S. atlacamani (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. atlacoya (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. atlatonin (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. auricula (Rheims & Brescovit, 2000)

S. ayampe (Dupérré & Tapia, 2023)

S. balbina (Rheims & Brescovit, 2000)

S. becki (Rheims & Brescovit, 2001)

S. bertheloti (Lucas, 1838)

S. blanda( Bryant, 1940)

S. bocaina (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. bonito (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. brignolii (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. broomi (Pocock, 1902)

S. brunnea (González-Sponga, 2004)

S. caffra (Purcell, 1904)

S. caipora (Rheims & Brescovit, 2004)

S. camerunensis (Strand, 1906)

S. canariensis (Wunderlich, 1987)

S. caratinga (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. caure (Rheims & Brescovit, 2004)

S. cavernarum (Roewer, 1962)

S. cedri (Purcell, 1904)

S. cellularis (Simon, 1907)

S. championi (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899)

S. chantico (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. chapeco (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. chiconahui (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. chiquimula (Brescovit & Rheims, 2001)

S. choco (Dupérré & Tapia, 2023)

S. chopim (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. clavata(Benoit, 1965)

S. cogu (Brescovit & Rheims, 2001)

S. congoanus (Strand, 1908)

S. constellata( Lawrence, 1938)

S. coronata (Thorell, 1899)

S. costa( Dupérré & Tapia, 2023)

S. cotopitoka (Rheims, Barreiros, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2005)

S. cubensis (Alayón, 1977)

S. curimaguana (González-Sponga, 2004)

S. curupira( Rheims & Brescovit, 2004)

S. darlingtoni (Alayón, 1977)

S. diminuta (Valerio, 1981)

S. dissimulans (Petrunkevitch, 1929)

S. dollfusi (Millot, 1941)

S. domhelvecio (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. dorothea (Gertsch, 1935)

S. drakensbergensis (Lawrence, 1947)

S. eleonorae (Rheims & Brescovit, 2001)

S. elizabethae (Purcell, 1904)

S. farri (Alayón, 1985)

S. flagellata( Purcell, 1904)

S. florifera (Yin & Xu, 2012)

S. fourchei( Lessert, 1939)

S. fusca( Walckenaer, 1837)

S. genebra (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. gertschi (Valerio, 1981)

S. gilva (Thorell, 1887)

S. globula (Nicolet, 1849)

S. gooldi (Purcell, 1904)

S. grammocephala(Simon, 1909)

S. guapiassu (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. guttipes (Simon, 1893)

S. hahahae (Rheims & Brescovit, 2001)

S. humilis( L. Koch, 1875)

S. iabaday (Rheims & Brescovit, 2001)

S. iara (Rheims & Brescovit, 2004)

S. ilhota (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. imbituba (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. immaculata (L. Koch, 1875)

S. insperata (Soares & Camargo, 1948)

S. intricata (Banks, 1909)

S. itabaiana (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. itacuruassu (Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. itapecerica (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. itapevi (Brescovit & Rheims, 2000)

S. itzana (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938)

S. itzli (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. jaguar (Dupérré & Tapia, 2023)

S. janauari (Brescovit & Höfer, 1999)

S. jousseaumei (Simon, 1907)

S. jurubatuba (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. jurupari (Rheims & Brescovit, 2004)

S. jyapara (Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. kaokoensis( Lawrence, 1928)

S. karrooica (Purcell, 1904)

S. kinsukus (Patel, 1975)

S. kinzelbachi (Wunderlich, 1995)

S. kumonga(Zamani & Marusik, 2020)

S. lanceolata (Purcell, 1904)

S. lawrencei (Lessert, 1939)

S. leipoldti (Purcell, 1904)

S. leprosula (Strand, 1913)

S. lesserti (Millot, 1941)

S. lewisi (Alayón, 1985)

S. lineatipes (Taczanowski, 1874)

S. liui (Wang, 1994)

S. loja (Dupérré & Tapia, 2023)

S. longipes( Lucas, 1844)

S. lorenzoi (Alayón, 1977)

S. luteola (Simon, 1893)

S. lycosella( Purcell, 1904)

S. lyriformis (Purcell, 1904)

S. major (Simon, 1886)

S. mangabeiras (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. mapia (Rheims & Brescovit, 2000)

S. mapinguari( Rheims & Brescovit, 2004)

S. maquine (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. maresi (Rheims & Brescovit, 2001)

S. maritima( Lawrence, 1938)

S. marlieria (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. maromba (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. marshalli (Pocock, 1902)

S. martiusi (Brescovit & Höfer, 1999)

S. mawphlongensis (Tikader, 1966)

S. mayahuel (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. minus (Dupérré & Tapia, 2023)

S. montana (Purcell, 1904)

S. monticola (González-Sponga, 2004)

S. multilineata (Thorell, 1899)

S. nambiobyrassu (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. nambiussu (Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. nanahuatzin (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. nigristernis (Simon, 1907)

S. noeli (Alayón, 1977)

S. obelisci (Denis, 1947)

S. opoxtli (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. orellana( Dupérré & Tapia, 2023)

S. oswaldi (Lenz, 1891)

S. paarmanni (Brescovit & Höfer, 1999)

S. pallida (Doleschall, 1859)

S. panamensis( Brescovit & Rheims, 2001)

S. panguana (Brescovit & Höfer, 1999)

S. paramera (González-Sponga, 2004)

S. pholcoides (Simon, 1898)

S. pintodarochai (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. piroca (Rheims & Brescovit, 2000)

S. piyampisi (Rheims, Barreiros, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2005)

S. propinqua (Stoliczka, 1869)

S. pulchella (Berland, 1914)

S. punctipes (Simon, 1907)

S. quarta (Lawrence, 1927)

S. quattuordecemmaculata (Strand, 1907)

S. quinqua (Lawrence, 1927)

S. redempta (Chamberlin, 1924)

S. reticulata (Jézéquel, 1964)

S. robertoi (Alayón, 1977)

S. romitii (Caporiacco, 1947)

S. rubra (Lawrence, 1937)

S. ruizensis (Strand, 1914)

S. rupestris (González-Sponga, 2004)

S. saaristoi (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. saci (Rheims & Brescovit, 2004)

S. sansibarica (Strand, 1907)

S. schultzei (Purcell, 1908)

S. semipullata (Simon, 1909)

S. seppoi (Bosmans & Van Keer, 2014)

S. seppoi (Bosmans & Van Keer, 2014)

S. silvatica (Purcell, 1904)

S. sincora (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. skuki (Rheims & Brescovit, 2001)

S. socialis (Miller, 2006)

S. sordida (Dyal, 1935)

S. stoliczkai (Simon, 1897)

S. strussmannae (Rheims & Brescovit, 2001)

S. subadulta (Strand, 1911)

S. subulata (Purcell, 1904)

S. symmetrica (Lawrence, 1938)

S. tabuleiro (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. tacapepucu (Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. tapacura (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. tapuia( Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. tardigrada (Thorell, 1881)

S. tayos (Dupérré & Tapia, 2023)

S. tegucigalpa(Brescovit & Rheims, 2001)

S. tenerifensis (Wunderlich, 1987)

S. tertia (Lawrence, 1927)

S. testudo (Purcell, 1904)

S. tezcatlipoca (Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. thoracica (Latreille, 1802)

S. tikaderi (Biswas, 2023)

S. tinkuan( Rheims & Brescovit, 2004)

S. tlaloc( Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. triangulifera (Purcell, 1904)

S. trifoliata (Lawrence, 1938)

S. tropofila (González-Sponga, 2004)

S. turvo( Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. tuyucua (Brescovit, Rheims & Raizer, 2004)

S. tyaia (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. tyaiamiri (Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. tyaiapyssanga( Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. tzitzimime( Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, 2007)

S. uligocetes(Valerio, 1981)

S. una (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. univittata (Simon, 1882)

S. univittata unilineata (Thorell, 1887)

S. upia( Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. vassununga (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. vaurieorum (Brescovit & Rheims, 2001)

S. velutina (Heineken & Lowe, 1832)

S. venusta (Thorell, 1890)

S. vieirae (Rheims & Brescovit, 2000)

S. xai (Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. ybyrapesse (Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. yphanta Wang, 1994)

S. yssaiapari (Rheims & Brescovit, 2006)

S. ytu (Rheims & Brescovit, 2009)

S. zamena (Wang, 1994)

S. zamorano (Brescovit & Rheims, 2001)

S. zapatana (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940)

References

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  1. ↑ "araneae - Scytodes thoracica". araneae.nmbe.ch. Retrieved 2025-03-20.
  2. 1 2 Brand, Jacqueline. "Scytodes thoracica". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2025-03-20.
  3. 1 2 "NMBE - World Spider Catalog". wsc.nmbe.ch. Retrieved 2025-03-26.
  4. ↑ JPG: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru. 2 (3). 2021-07-12. doi:10.32832/jpg.v2i3. ISSN 2721-1002 https://doi.org/10.32832/jpg.v2i3. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. 1 2 3 Belosludtsev, E. A.; Gasilin, V. V. (2018-03). "Cosmopolitan Distribution of the Spitting Spider Scytodes thoracica Latreille, 1802 (Aranei, Scytodidae) and Its New Findings in the Northern Parts of the Range". Contemporary Problems of Ecology. 11 (2): 123–136. doi:10.1134/S1995425518020038. ISSN 1995-4255. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Nentwig, Wolfgang; Ansorg, Jutta; Cushing, Paula E.; Kranz-Baltensperger, Yvonne; Kropf, Christian (2024). "House Spiders - Worldwide". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70448-2.
  7. ↑ "Spitting spiders - nature's strangest hunters". imb.uq.edu.au. 2017-11-20. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ↑ Gilbert, Cole; Rayor, Linda S. (1985). "Predatory Behavior of Spitting Spiders (Araneae: scytodidae) and the Evolution of Prey Wrapping". The Journal of Arachnology. 13 (2): 231–241. ISSN 0161-8202.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Zobel-Thropp, Pamela A.; Correa, Sandra M.; Garb, Jessica E.; Binford, Greta J. (2014-02-07). "Spit and Venom from Scytodes Spiders: A Diverse and Distinct Cocktail". Journal of Proteome Research. 13 (2): 817–835. doi:10.1021/pr400875s. ISSN 1535-3893. PMC 6692171. PMID 24303891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  11. ↑ Ariki, Nathanial K.; Muñoz, Lisa E.; Armitage, Elizabeth L.; Goodstein, Francesca R.; George, Kathryn G.; Smith, Vanessa L.; Vetter, Irina; Herzig, Volker; King, Glenn F.; Loening, Nikolaus M. (2016-05-26). Silman, Israel (ed.). "Characterization of Three Venom Peptides from the Spitting Spider Scytodes thoracica". PLOS ONE. 11 (5): e0156291. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156291. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4881942. PMID 27227898.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ↑ Feger, Robert; Kephart, Thomas W. (2015-07). "LieART—A Mathematica application for Lie algebras and representation theory". Computer Physics Communications. 192: 166–195. doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2014.12.023. ISSN 0010-4655. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ↑ Nentwig, Wolfgang; Ansorg, Jutta; Cushing, Paula E.; Kranz-Baltensperger, Yvonne; Kropf, Christian (2024). "House Spiders - Worldwide". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70448-2.
  14. ↑ Vetter, Richard S. (2013-11). "Scavenging behavior in spitting spiders, Scytodes (Araneae: Scytodidae)". Journal of Arachnology. 41 (3): 392–394. doi:10.1636/J13-38.1. ISSN 0161-8202. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. 1 2 Vetter, Richard S. (2013-11). "Scavenging behavior in spitting spiders, Scytodes (Araneae: Scytodidae)". Journal of Arachnology. 41 (3): 392–394. doi:10.1636/J13-38.1. ISSN 0161-8202. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ↑ Luo, Yu-Fa; Li, Shu-Qiang (2024-01-18). "Indian monsoon drove the dispersal of the thoracica group of Scytodes spitting spiders". Zoological Research. 45 (1): 152–159. doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.364. ISSN 2095-8137. PMC 10839671. PMID 38247177.
  17. 1 2 Magalhaes, Ivan L. F.; Azevedo, Guilherme H. F.; Michalik, Peter; Ramírez, Martín J. (2020). "The fossil record of spiders revisited: implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic". Biological Reviews. 95 (1): 184–217. doi:10.1111/brv.12559. ISSN 1469-185X.

[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

  1. ↑ Suter, Robert B.; Stratton, Gail E. (2005-04). "SCYTODES VS. SCHIZOCOSA: PREDATORY TECHNIQUES AND THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATES". Journal of Arachnology. 33 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1636/M03-25. ISSN 0161-8202. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ↑ Nentwig, Wolfgang (1985-01). "Feeding ecology of the tropical spitting spider Scytodes longipes (Araneae, Scytodidae)". Oecologia. 65 (2): 284–288. doi:10.1007/BF00379231. ISSN 0029-8549. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ↑ Nelson, Ximena J.; Jackson, Robert R. (2014-05-01). "Timid spider uses odor and visual cues to actively select protected nesting sites near ants". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 68 (5): 773–780. doi:10.1007/s00265-014-1690-2. ISSN 1432-0762.
  4. ↑ Koh, Teck Hui; Seah, Wee Khee; Yap, Laura-Marie Y. L.; Li, Daiqin (2009-04-01). "Pheromone-based female mate choice and its effect on reproductive investment in a spitting spider". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 63 (6): 923–930. doi:10.1007/s00265-009-0735-4. ISSN 1432-0762.
  5. ↑ Yap, L.‐M. Y. L.; Li, D. (2009-05). "Social behaviour of spitting spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae) from Singapore". Journal of Zoology. 278 (1): 74–81. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00555.x. ISSN 0952-8369. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ↑ Gilbert, Cole; Rayor, Linda S. (1985). "Predatory Behavior of Spitting Spiders (Araneae: scytodidae) and the Evolution of Prey Wrapping". The Journal of Arachnology. 13 (2): 231–241. ISSN 0161-8202.
  7. ↑ Jackson, Robert R.; Li, Daiqin; Fijn, Natasha; Barrion, Alberto (1998). "[No title found]". Journal of Insect Behavior. 11 (3): 319–342. doi:10.1023/A:1020946529246.
  8. ↑ Li, Daiqin; Jackson, Robert R.; Barrion, Alberto T. (1999-03). "Parental and predatory behaviour of Scytodes sp., an araneophagic spitting spider (Araneae: Scytodidae) from the Philippines". Journal of Zoology. 247 (3): 293–310. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00993.x. ISSN 0952-8369. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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