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editGeorg Hartmann (sometimes spelled Hartman; February 9, 1489 – April 9, 1564) was a Renaissance engineer, instrument maker, printmaker, humanist, Lutheran priest, and astronomer.
Early life and studies
editHartmann was born in Eggolsheim near Forchheim, present-day Bavaria. At the age of 17, he began studying theology and mathematics at the University of Cologne. After finishing his studies, he traveled through Italy, staying in Rome for a few years, where, as well as becoming acquainted with Andreas Copernicus, brother to Nicolaus Copernicus, he finished the first part of the unpublished Collectanea.[1] In 1518, he settled in Nuremberg.[1]
Career
editHartmann as an Instrument Maker
editHartmann constructed astrolabes, globes, sundials, and quadrants during his time in Nuremberg. Georg Hartmann designed and manufactured many different types of instruments in his workshop.[2] Different types of dials manufactured by Hartmann included Block dials, Declining dials, Shepherd's dials, Moon dials, Chalice dials, and Cylinder dials.[3] Along with these dials, Hartmann was known for his design and manufacture of brass Astrolabes.[4] Hartmann kept a very detailed self-written manual in German (titled the Collectanea) describing how to manufacture his sundials and astrolabes, which was translated into English by John Lamprey in his book "Hartmann's Practika", published in 2002.[3]
Hartmann is credited with being the first person to design refractive sundials in the Sixteenth century.[5] Hartmann was always a tinkerer and had a deep fascination with mechanics, horology, instrumentation, and natural phenomena.[6] In addition to these traditional scientific instruments Hartmann also made gunner's levels and sights.[7] He has been credited by Levinus Hulsius as the inventor of the Gunner's Gauge.[8]
Hartmann's 1537 batch of astrolabes for the 39° latitude plate were found to be inaccurate, having the almucantars[9] spaced out too far. Of the four astrolabes in that production run, all of them had these errors. This led to the conclusion that it was a simple human error, and shown a light on the amount of work that went into each of these instruments. Following the discovery of these errors, a deeper look went into Hartmann's manufacturing methods.[9]
Discovery of the Inclination of Earth's Magnetosphere
editHartmann was possibly the first to discover the inclination of Earth's magnetic field. Hartmann was a known student in the study of magnetism, with his discovery that a compass does not always point to true north. He discovered that while in Rome a compass would dip 6° off of true north. With this discovery he attempted to find the mathematical reason why this was the case, but his solution to this phenomenon was eventually found to be flawed. This discovery by Hartmann however was not published and the only record of this was a letter he sent to Duke Albert of Prussia. This letter was not public knowledge until almost three centuries later in 1831 when it was finally printed, and as such his work with magnetism was not able to be studied or influenced others in this era.[6] He died in Nuremberg in 1564.[5]
Hartmann's Religious Career
editWhile in Nuremberg, Hartmann served as vicar of the St. Sebald church from his arrival in 1518 until 1544.[5] Hartmann, being a priest by vocation with several benefices, was able to continue his work and studies without a need to make a living.[6]
Hartmann as a Printmaker
editBeyond Hartmann's scientific contributions, he was also a skilled printmaker and artist. Hartmann created 75 designs and approximately 196 surviving copies of his prints meant for use on scientific instruments.[10] These designs were not only designed for his own high quality metal and ivory instruments, but also for "do-it-yourself" instruments which would have been made of cheaper materials such as wood or paper.[10] Georg designed scientific prints for Protestants, Catholics, and even Turks.[10] Hartmann's breadth of designs, combined with Nuremberg's status as a center for enlightened thinking and trade, and Hartmann's circle of many nobles, humanists, and craftsmen, created fame for Hartmann.[10] As such, he has been described as the most famous instrument maker in Nuremberg during his time.[10]
Writings
editAnother unpublished text of Hartmann's, Directiorum Medicorum, was written in 1554. It described Hartmann's medical-astrological dial engravings and their usage. It was later published by Hartmanns' follower, Franz Fitter, in 1613 under the title De Usu Astrolabii.[11]
Response to Peer Review
editContent
editI would like to know specifically what parts in the original article could use revision. From my perspective it doesn't look too strange, but I will go through and see what could be copyedited. I might combine the last two paragraphs of "Hartmann as a Printmaker".
Tone and Balance
editI will go back and double check to make sure that statement is accurate.
Sources and References
editFinding sources for George Hartmann has easily been the most challenging part of this project. Finding just this one has been a challenge, but I will keep looking.
Organization
editI think I'll take up your idea of trying to split the article up a little bit better. I think that my addition "Hartmann as a printmaker sits well as a standalone section.
Images and Media
editI still don't know what Hartmann looks like if that says anything. But if I can find any copyright-free images of any of his prints, I will be sure to add them.
References
edit- 1 2 Hartmann, Georg; Lamprey, John (2002). Hartmann's Practika: a manual for making sundials and astrolabes with the compass and rule. Bellvue (Conn.): John Lamprey. ISBN 978-1-931947-00-8.
- ↑ Lamprey, John (1997). "An Examination of Two Groups of Georg Hartmann Sixteenth-Century Astrolabes and the Tables Used in Their Manufacture". Annals of Science. 54 (2): 111–142. doi:10.1080/00033799700200491.
- 1 2 Lamprey, John (2002). Hartmann's Practika 'A Manual for Making Sundials and Astrolabes with the Compass and Rule'. John Lamprey. ISBN 1-931947-00-7.
- ↑ Lamprey, John (2002). Hartmann's Practika 'A Manual for Making Sundials and Astrolabes with the Compass and Rule'. John Lamprey. pp. 243–286. ISBN 1-931947-00-7.
- 1 2 3 Dupre, Sven (2003). "The Dioptrics of Refractive Dials in the Sixteenth Century". Nuncius. 18: 39–67. doi:10.1163/182539103X00558.
- 1 2 3 Chapman, Allan (2007), "Hartmann, Georg (1489–1564)", Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, Springer Netherlands, pp. 397–398, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4423-6_137, ISBN 978-1-4020-3992-8
- ↑ Ralf Kern, Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vol. 1. Cologne, 2010. p. 377.
- ↑ Pastorino, Cesare (2020). "Johannes Kepler and the Exploration of the Weight of Substances in the Long Sixteenth Century". Early Science and Medicine. 25 (4): 328–359. ISSN 1383-7427.
- 1 2 John P. Lamprey, An Examination of Two Groups of Georg Hartmann Sixteenth-century Astrolabes and the Tables Used in their Manufacture, ANNALS OF SCIENCE, 54, (1997), 111-142. 138.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Schmidt, Suzanne Karr (2018). Interactive and Sculptural Printmaking in the Rennaissance. Brill. p. 213.
- ↑ Schmidt, Suzanne Karr (2018). Interactive and Sculptural Printmaking in the Rennaissance. Brill. p. 221.