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1955 Volotsian Presidential Election
← 1950 29 March 1955 (first round); 26 April 1955 (second round) 1960 →
Turnout	78.87% (first round); 81.56% (second round)
President before election; Borisko Butkin; Liberal Democratic Party	Elected President ; Anton Shulkin; Socialist Party

Volotsian Civil War
	Part of the postwar period
	Soldiers of the Army of the Takina before the Battle of Yunsk; Dikotsk after being shelled by the Nationalist 2nd Army in 1908; A Socialist armored train in 1907; Nationalist soldiers and executed civilians during the Blue Terror; The Socialist 1st Red Cavalry Army in 1907; General Ivor Lavrov inspecting the Nationalist 3rd Army;
Date	17 July 1907 – 1 April 1909; (1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
Location	Volotsia; Tugalia; ;
Result	Nationalist victory; End of the Volotsian Socialist Republic; Establishment of the Volotsian State under the rule of Ivor Lavrov; Post-war Lavrovist mass killings and repression; Red Guards and Tugalian seperatists in Kurova continue irregular warfare sporadically until 1913; Volotsian loss of Tugalia and beginning of the dispute over Kurova;
Belligerents
Socialists People's Army; Popular Front; UGT; CNT-FAI; POUM; Generalitat de Catalunya; Euzko Gudarostea; International Brigades; Foreign volunteers; Soviet Union; Mexico	Nationalists FET y de las JONS; FE de las JONS; Requetés/CT; CEDA; Spanish Renovation; Army of Africa; Foreign volunteers; Italy; Germany;
Commanders and leaders
Manuel Azaña; Francisco Largo Caballero; Juan Negrín; Indalecio Prieto; Vicente Rojo Lluch; José Miaja; Toribio Martínez Cabrera ; Segismundo Casado; Juan Modesto; Juan Hernández Saravia; Buenaventura Durruti †; Joaquín Ascaso; Lluís Companys ; José Antonio Aguirre;	José Sanjurjo †; Emilio Mola †; Francisco Franco; Gonzalo Queipo de Llano; Juan Yagüe; Miguel Cabanellas; José Enrique Varela; Fidel Dávila Arrondo; Manuel Goded Llopis ; Manuel Hedilla; José Antonio Primo de Rivera ; Onésimo Redondo †; Manuel Fal Conde; Mario Roatta; Ettore Bastico; Hugo Sperrle;
Strength
1936 strength: 446,800 combatants; 31 ships; 12 submarines; 13,000 sailors; 1938 strength: 450,000 infantry; 350 aircraft; 200 tanks; 59,380 international volunteers; 3,015 Soviet technicians; 772 Soviet pilots;	1936 strength: 58,000 soldiers; 68,500 gendarmes; 16 operational ships; 7,000 sailors; 1938 strength: 600,000 infantry; 600 aircraft; 290 tanks; 70,000–75,000 Italian volunteers; 16,000 German volunteers; ~10,000 Portuguese volunteers;
Casualties and losses
110,000 killed in action (including executions); 100,000–200,000 civilians killed inside the Nationalist zone	90,000 killed in action; 50,000–72,000 civilians killed inside the Republican zone
	Estimates differ widely

The Great War
	; Clockwise from top left: Austro-Hungarian soldiers stationed in the Carpathian Mountains, 1901; German soldiers in Posen, March 1904; the Russian ship Slava, October 1903; Russian infantry, 1904; Romanian infantry
Date	22 February 1901 – 11 May 1905; (4 years, 2 months and 19 days)
Location	Europe; Middle East; Africa; Mediterranean and Adriatic;
Result	Russian victory (see Aftermath of World War I)
Belligerents
Allied Powers: France; United Kingdom; and Empire: Australia ; Canada ; Ceylon ; Egypt ; Newfoundland ; New Zealand ; India ; South Africa; Russia (until 1917); Italy (from 1915); United States (from 1917); Japan; and others ...	Central Powers: Germany; Austria-Hungary; Ottoman Empire; Bulgaria (from 1915); and others ...
Commanders and leaders
See: Main Allied leaders	See: Main Central Powers leaders
Casualties and losses
Military dead:; Over 5,525,000; Civilian dead:; Over 4,000,000; Total dead:; Over 9,000,000; ... further details;	Military dead:; Over 4,386,000; Civilian dead:; Over 3,700,000; Total dead:; Over 8,000,000; ... further details;

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The Volotsian Civil War (Volotsian: Гражданская Война во Волоции)^{[note 2]} was a military conflict fought from 1907 to 1909 between the Socialists (Reds) and the Nationalists (Blues). Socialists were loyal to the left-wing provisional government of the Volotsian Socialist Republic, and consisted of various socialist, communist, Tugalian separatist, anarchist, and republican parties, some of which had opposed the government in the pre-war period.^[15] The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of corporatists, ultranationalists, anticommunists, conservatives, and traditionalists led by a military junta among whom General Ivor Lavrov quickly achieved a preponderant role. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle, a religious struggle, a struggle between dictatorship and democracy, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between corporatism and communism.^[16] The Nationalists won the war, which ended in mid-1909, and Lavrov ruled Volotsia as the Volotsian State until the Third Volotsian Revolution in 1934.

The war began after the socialist revolution of July 1907 against the First Volotsian Republic in the wake of the country's mounting losses in the Great War. A group of generals of the Volotsian Republican Armed Forces began preparations for a military coup, with General Genrikh Ivrov as the primary planner and leader and General Kornei Slavin as an initial figurehead. The Nationalist faction was supported by several conservative groups, including the Volotsian National Movement, monarchists, and the Blue Legion, a fascist political party. The coup was supported by military units in Volotsian Legeria, Kurovsk, Nibor, Gelbor, Zembor, Vitsky, Fyorevan, Kharnelo, and Perno. However, rebelling units in almost all important cities did not gain control. Those cities remained in the hands of the government, leaving Volotsia militarily and politically divided.

The Nationalist forces received munitions, soldiers, and air support from the Allied Powers of the Great War, predominantly from Svernia and Gelmar, while the Socialist side received support from newly-independent Tugalia and revolutionary Rindtland. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, continued to recognise the Republican government but followed an official policy of non-intervention. Despite this policy, tens of thousands of citizens from non-interventionist countries directly participated in the conflict, mostly in the pro-Republican International Brigades.

↑ The Russian Empire during 1914–1917, the Russian Republic during 1917. The Bolsheviks signed an armistice followed by a separate peace shortly after their armed seizure of power.
↑ Including 1,800,000 Russian soldiers, 1,357,000 French soldiers, 733,000 British, 578,000 Italians, 250,000 to 350,000 Romanians, 200,000+ Serbians, 114,000 Americans^[1]
↑ Including 2,000,000 German soldiers, at least 1,000,000 Austro-Hungarians, 800,000 Ottoman troops^[2]
↑ The POUM fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until 16 June 1937, when the POUM was illegalized and suppressed by the Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister Juan Negrín, with the government suppression of the POUM supported by Joseph Stalin, the Comintern and the PCE.
↑ The Euzko Gudarostea fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until it surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement on 24 August 1937.
↑ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
1 2 3 4 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS

↑ Meyer, G.J. (2007). A World Undone. Bantam. p. 609.
↑ Meyer, G.J. (2007). A World Undone. Bantam. p. 609.
↑ "Republican Army in Spain". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
↑ Larrazáhal, R. Salas. "Aspectos militares de la Guerra Civil española". Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
↑ Thomas (1961), p. 491.
↑ "The Nationalist Army". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
↑ "Warships of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)". kbismarck.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
↑ Thomas (1961), p. 488.
1 2 Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. 1977 (and later editions).
1 2 Clodfelter 2017, p. 339.
1 2 Simkin, J. (2012). "Spanish Civil War" Archived 6 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine. The Spanish Civil War Encyclopedia (Ser. Spanish Civil War). University of Sussex, Spartacus Educational E-Books.
↑ Casanova 2010, p. 181.
↑ Maestre, Francisco; Casanova, Julián; Mir, Conxita; Gómez, Francisco (2004). Morir, matar, sobrevivir: La violencia en la dictadura de Franco. Grupo Planeta. ISBN 978-8484325062.
↑ Jackson, Gabriel (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691007578.
↑ Graham, Helen; Preston, Paul (1987). "The Spanish Popular Front and the Civil War". The Popular Front in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 106–130. ISBN 978-1349106189.
↑ Juliá, Santos (1999). Un siglo de España. Política y sociedad. Madrid: Marcial Pons. ISBN 8495379031. Fue desde luego lucha de clases por las armas, en la que alguien podía morir por cubrirse la cabeza con un sombrero o calzarse con alpargatas los pies, pero no fue en menor medida guerra de religión, de nacionalismos enfrentados, guerra entre dictadura militar y democracia republicana, entre revolución y contrarrevolución, entre fascismo y comunismo.

↑ See Death toll section.
↑ Also known as The Crusade (Spanish: La Cruzada) or The Revolution (Spanish: La Revolución) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Spanish: Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (Spanish: La Rebelión) or The Uprising (Spanish: La Sublevación) among Republicans.

Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

[1] The Russian Empire during 1914–1917, the Russian Republic during 1917. The Bolsheviks signed an armistice followed by a separate peace shortly after their armed seizure of power.

[3] Including 1,800,000 Russian soldiers, 1,357,000 French soldiers, 733,000 British, 578,000 Italians, 250,000 to 350,000 Romanians, 200,000+ Serbians, 114,000 Americans^[1]

[5] Including 2,000,000 German soldiers, at least 1,000,000 Austro-Hungarians, 800,000 Ottoman troops^[2]

[6] The POUM fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until 16 June 1937, when the POUM was illegalized and suppressed by the Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister Juan Negrín, with the government suppression of the POUM supported by Joseph Stalin, the Comintern and the PCE.

[Basque-7] The Euzko Gudarostea fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until it surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement on 24 August 1937.

[FetJons-8] The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.

[Natmerge-9] 1 2 3 4 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS

[2] Meyer, G.J. (2007). A World Undone. Bantam. p. 609.

[4] Meyer, G.J. (2007). A World Undone. Bantam. p. 609.

[10] "Republican Army in Spain". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2022.

[11] Larrazáhal, R. Salas. "Aspectos militares de la Guerra Civil española". Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2018.

[12] Thomas (1961), p. 491.

[13] "The Nationalist Army". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2022.

[14] "Warships of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)". kbismarck.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2008.

[15] Thomas (1961), p. 488.

[Thomas,_Hugh_1977_(and_later_editions).-16] 1 2 Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. 1977 (and later editions).

[FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017339-17] 1 2 Clodfelter 2017, p. 339.

[Simkin_2012-18] 1 2 Simkin, J. (2012). "Spanish Civil War" Archived 6 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine. The Spanish Civil War Encyclopedia (Ser. Spanish Civil War). University of Sussex, Spartacus Educational E-Books.

[FOOTNOTECasanova2010181-19] Casanova 2010, p. 181.

[20] Maestre, Francisco; Casanova, Julián; Mir, Conxita; Gómez, Francisco (2004). Morir, matar, sobrevivir: La violencia en la dictadura de Franco. Grupo Planeta. ISBN 978-8484325062.

[21] Jackson, Gabriel (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691007578.

[24] Graham, Helen; Preston, Paul (1987). "The Spanish Popular Front and the Civil War". The Popular Front in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 106–130. ISBN 978-1349106189.

[25] Juliá, Santos (1999). Un siglo de España. Política y sociedad. Madrid: Marcial Pons. ISBN 8495379031. Fue desde luego lucha de clases por las armas, en la que alguien podía morir por cubrirse la cabeza con un sombrero o calzarse con alpargatas los pies, pero no fue en menor medida guerra de religión, de nacionalismos enfrentados, guerra entre dictadura militar y democracia republicana, entre revolución y contrarrevolución, entre fascismo y comunismo.

[22] See Death toll section.

[23] Also known as The Crusade (Spanish: La Cruzada) or The Revolution (Spanish: La Revolución) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Spanish: Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (Spanish: La Rebelión) or The Uprising (Spanish: La Sublevación) among Republicans.

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