Fluorine, 00F
Small sample of pale yellow liquid fluorine condensed in liquid nitrogen
Liquid fluorine (F2 at extremely low temperature)
Fluorine
Pronunciation
Allotropesalpha, beta (see Allotropes of fluorine)
Appearancegas: very pale yellow
liquid: bright yellow
solid: alpha is opaque, beta is transparent
Standard atomic weight Ar°(F)
Fluorine in the periodic table
Groupgroup 17 (halogens)
Periodperiod 2
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[He] 2s2 2p5[3]
Electrons per shell2, 7
Physical properties
Phase at STPgas
Melting point53.48 K (219.67 °C, 363.41 °F)[4]
Boiling point85.03 K (188.11 °C, 306.60 °F)[4]
Density (at STP)1.696 g/L[5]
when liquid (at b.p.)1.505 g/cm3[6]
Triple point53.48 K, 90 kPa[4]
Critical point144.41 K, 5.1724 MPa[4]
Heat of vaporization6.51 kJ/mol[5]
Molar heat capacityCp: 31 J/(mol·K)[6] (at 21.1 °C)
Cv: 23 J/(mol·K)[6] (at 21.1 °C)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 38 44 50 58 69 85
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: −1
0[7]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 3.98[3]
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 1681 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 3374 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 6147 kJ/mol
  • (more)[8]
Covalent radius64 pm[9]
Van der Waals radius135 pm[10]
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of fluorine
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structurealpha: base-centered monoclinic[11]
Monoclinic base-centered crystal structure for alpha: fluorine

(low-temperature)
Thermal conductivity0.02591 W/(m⋅K)[12]
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic (−1.2×10−4)[13][14]
CAS Number7782-41-4[3]
Isotopes of fluorine
Main isotopes[15] Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
17F synth 64.37 s β+ 17O
18F trace 109.734 min β+ 18O
19F 100% stable
 Category: Fluorine
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References

  1. "Standard Atomic Weights: Fluorine". CIAAW. 2021.
  2. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. 1 2 3 Jaccaud et al. 2000, p. 381.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Haynes 2011, p. 4.121.
  5. 1 2 Jaccaud et al. 2000, p. 382.
  6. 1 2 3 Compressed Gas Association 1999, p. 365.
  7. Gold heptafluoride, synthesized at low temperature, is calculated to be a complex of molecular fluorine with gold pentafluoride, with F-F bonding in the F2 evidenced by IR spectroscopy; see Himmel, Daniel; Riedel, Sebastian (2007-05-31). "After 20 Years, Theoretical Evidence That "AuF7" Is Actually AuF5·F2". Inorganic Chemistry. 46 (13): 5338–5342. doi:10.1021/ic700431s. PMID 17511450.
  8. Dean 1999, p. 4.6.
  9. Dean 1999, p. 4.35.
  10. Matsui 2006, p. 257.
  11. Young 1975, p. 10.
  12. Yaws & Braker 2001, p. 385.
  13. Mackay, Mackay & Henderson 2002, p. 72.
  14. Cheng et al. 1999.
  15. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.