Template:FGM opposition timeline

FGM opposition
Nawal El Saadawi criticized FGM in 1970, one of the first African feminists to do so publicly.
1920s–1980s timeline 1920s–1930s 1920s: Egyptian Doctors' Society call for ban.^{[A 1]} 1929: Marion Scott Stevenson, Church of Scotland missionary in Kenya, calls FGM "sexual mutilation of women." National Council of Churches of Kenya follow suit.^{[A 2]} Scottish missionaries require Kikuyu Christians to take an oath against FGM; most leave to form their own churches. Jan 1930: Hulda Stumpf murdered in Kenya during protests about FGM.^{[A 3]} 1930s: Religious leaders and British women lead campaign against FGM in Sudan.^{[A 4]} 1935: Salama Moussa writes about FGM in his book Ma Heia al Nahda ("What is Renaissance?").^{[A 5]} 1940s–1960s 1946: Sudan, under Anglo-Egyptian control, bans infibulation; the law is barely enforced.^{[A 6]} May 1951: Egyptian medical journal, Al Doktor, issues booklet on dangers of FGM.^{[A 7]} 1957–1958: Egyptian journalist Amina al Sa'eed and Hawwaa magazine editor Rabee' Gheith publish articles on FGM.^{[A 7]} Late 1950s: Sudanese Women's Union campaigns against FGM in their magazine, Sawt el Maraa.^{[A 8]} 1959: Egypt bans infibulation in state-run hospitals; allows partial clitoridectomy if parents request it.^{[A 9]} UN asks the WHO to investigate FGM; WHO responds that it is not a medical issue.^{[A 10]} 1960s: Central African Republic, Ghana and Guinea, after gaining independence, pass laws restricting FGM. 1969: Guinean gynaecologist Aja Tounkara Diallo Fatimata begins 28-year practice of performing fake clitoridectomies to satisfy families.^{[A 11]} 1970s Benoite Groult Edna Adan Ismail 1970: Nawal El Saadawi criticizes FGM in Al-Mar'a wa Al-Jins (Women and Sex).^{[A 12]} 1972: Saadawi's The Naked Face of Women describes her own circumcision.^{[A 13]} 1975: UN International Women's Year. American social scientist Rose Oldfield Hayes calls it "female genital mutilation" in paper on Sudan.^{[A 14]} Benoîte Groult calls FGM "the best kept secret in the world" in her book Ainsi soit-elle.^{[A 15]} Fran Hosken begins writing about FGM in Women's International Network News (WIN News). 1976–1985: United Nations Decade for Women. 1976: Jill Tweedie calls FGM "ritual mutilation of the female genitalia."^{[A 16]} 1977: Asma El Dareer begins her survey of FGM in Sudan.^{[A 17]} March 1977: Edna Adan Ismail of Somalia's Ministry of Health speaks against FGM to Somali Democratic Women's Organization.^{[A 18]}^{[A 19]} 1978: Mary Daly criticizes FGM in her book Gyn/Ecology.^{[A 20]} Senegalese writer Awa Thiam writes about FGM in her book La Parole aux Négresses (Speak out Black Sisters, 1986).^{[A 21]} 1979: UN conference in Lusaka calls on women's groups to mobilize against FGM.^{[A 22]} February: WHO holds seminar in Khartoum, "Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children".^{[A 23]} February: The Babiker Bedri Scientific Association for Women's Studies (BBSAWS) forms in Khartoum, aiming to fight FGM in Sudan. Autumn: Fran Hosken publishes The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females, the first to estimate global figures.^{[A 24]} October: Cairo Family Planning Association holds seminar, "Bodily Mutilation of Females".^{[A 25]} December: UN General Assembly adopts Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.^{[A 26]} 1980s 1980: British writer Scilla McLean writes report on FGM for Minority Rights Group in France.^{[A 27]} March: Robin Morgan and Gloria Steinem call it "female genital mutilation" in Ms magazine.^{[A 28]} July: African women boycott session featuring Fran Hosken at UN's Mid-Decade Conference on Women, Copenhagen.^{[A 29]} Efua Dorkenoo 1981: French Association of Anthropologists publishes statement that "a certain feminism resuscitates (today) the moralistic arrogance of yesterday's colonialism."^{[A 30]} March: English researcher Lilian Passmore Sanderson publishes Against the Mutilation of Women. 1982: Asma El Dareer publishes Woman, Why Do You Weep? Circumcision and its Consequences.^{[A 17]} Raqiya Haji Dualeh Abdalla publishes Sisters in Affliction: Circumcision and Infibulation of Women in Africa.^{[A 31]} 1983: Efua Dorkenoo founds FORWARD in London.^{[A 32]} 1984: Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices founded in Dakar, Senegal, calls for an end to the practice.^{[A 33]} References ↑ UNICEF 2013, p. 10. ↑ James Karanja, The Missionary Movement in Colonial Kenya: The Foundation of Africa Inland Church, Cuvillier Verlag, 2009, p. 93, n. 631. ↑ Janice Boddy, Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan, Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 241. ↑ Boddy 2007, pp. 269–270. ↑ Seham Abd el Salam, "A Comprehensive Approach for Communication about Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt," in George C. Denniston, et al. (eds.), Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice, Springer, 1999, p. 318. ↑ Boddy 2007, pp. 202, 299. 1 2 El Salam 1999, pp. 318–319; UNICEF 2013, p. 10. ↑ Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf, "Revisiting Feminist Discourses on Inbulation: The Hosken Report," in Shell-Duncan and Hernlund 2000, p. 165. ↑ Elizabeth Heger Boyle, Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, pp. 92, 103. ↑ Boyle 2002, p. 41. ↑ "Female genital mutilation", New International, 5 June 1997. ↑ Jenna Krajeski, "Rebellion", The New Yorker, 14 March 2011. ↑ Nawal El Saadawi, "The Struggle to End Female Genital Mutilation," in Jennifer Browdy de Hernandez, et al, African Women Writing Resistance, University of Wisconsin Press, 2010, pp. 193, 195. ↑ Oldfield Hayes 1975, p. 618. ↑ Lora Wildenthal, The Language of Human Rights in West Germany, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, p. 146. ↑ Jill Tweedie, It's Only Me, Robson Books, 1980, p. 214. 1 2 Thomas 2000, p. 130. ↑ Raqiya D. Abdalla, "'My Grandmother Called it the Three Feminine Sorrows': The Struggle of Women Against Female Circumcision in Somalia," in Abusharaf 2007, p. 201. ↑ Alexandra Topping, "Somaliland's leading lady for women's rights: 'It is time for men to step up'", The Guardian, 23 June 2014. ↑ Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology, Beacon Press, 1978, p. 156. ↑ Wildenthal 2012, p. 250, n. 68. ↑ Gloria Steinem, Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions, Henry Holt & Co, 2012 [1984], p. 324. ↑ Wildenthal 2012, p. 145. ↑ UNICEF 2013, p. 3. ↑ el Salam 1999, p. 320. ↑ Elizabeth Fee, "Review of The Hosken Report", Signs, 5(4), Summer 1980 (pp. 807–809), p. 809. ↑ Lynn M. Thomas, "'Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)': Lessons from Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya" in Shell-Duncan and Hernlund, 2000, p. 130. ↑ The International Crime of Female Genital Mutilation," Ms. magazine, March 1980. ↑ Boyle 2002, p. 47. ↑ Birgitte Bagnol, Esmeralda Mariano, "Politics of naming sexual practices," in Sylvia Tamale (ed.), African Sexualities: A Reader, Pambazuka Press, 2011, p. 281. ↑ Abdalla 2007, p. 202. ↑ Wildenthal 2012, p.. 250, n.. 71. ↑ Anika Rahman and Nahid Toubia, Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws and Policies Worldwide, Zed Books, 2000, p. 10.
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