Talk:Medical analysis of circumcision

news article addition

I reverted Jake's revert of MurasakiSunshine news ref from the New York Times on circumcision by cauterization. Jake you site WP:MEDRS#Popular press for your reasoning however I believe you are taking it a bit too literal. It also states "Conversely, the high-quality popular press can be a good source for social, biographical, current-affairs, and historical information in a medical article." This has value as a historical reference. Garycompugeek (talk) 19:19, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

Would you care to explain how "With a circumcision by cauterization, electrocautery needles are used to severe the foreskin and prevent bleeding. This method of circumcision is now considered dangerous and outdated" constitutes a historical statement, Gary? It clearly is nothing of the sort. It's a statement in the present tense that makes an assertion about current medical thinking. Jakew (talk) 19:36, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

It's actually even worse than I thought. Not only are the cited sources inappropriate for the claim, but none of the cited sources even () support the assertion that the method "is now considered dangerous and outdated". And one even explains that there are mixed views: "Some physicians believe electrocautery should never be used in circumcision. [...] Others describe it as perfectly safe." So that managed to violate WP:MEDRS, WP:NOR, and WP:NPOV. And all in one edit. Jakew (talk) 19:45, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

It's obviously not safe considering multiple children (I think I can source 7 or 8 cases directly) lost their penises because of it. Also, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba, 1997 stated that electrocautery should never be used for circumcision. Either way, it is a method of circumcision and should be added to the article in some form because it was at one point in use. It's not popular in the USA and Canada now but I have heard of Turkey using cauterization. Just say there is a dispute over the safety of cauterization. (MurasakiSunshine (talk) 02:09, 12 April 2012 (UTC))

Please see WP:NOR. We can't draw our own conclusions about whether it is safe or not; that's for reliable secondary sources to decide (and they'll probably consider not only the number of serious injuries, but will also put that in perspective by considering the number of total number of surgeries). There is no reason why the CPSM should not be cited; that's a perfectly acceptable secondary source. Jakew (talk) 08:14, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

I agree with Jake that we should not draw our own conclusion for that is WP:OR but the refs MurasakiSunshine supplied are all quite dated which is why I said historical significance, 1975-91. They are just reporting historical fact Jake and seem to add another method that was missing from circumcision procedures, perhaps we could word it differently or come up with some better refs to cover this procedure? Garycompugeek (talk) 17:52, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

I'm afraid you've misunderstood MEDRS, Gary. When it says "high-quality popular press can be a good source for ... historical information in a medical article", it doesn't mean that an article in the popular press is a reliable source for any statement as long as the article is old. It means that the article may be a reliable source for information regarding history that is provided by the press article. Note, however, that per WP:PRIMARY we cannot interpret old reports of (then) current events as "history".

As for finding better refs, good idea! Jakew (talk) 18:54, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

It is hardly original research to make the conclusion that losing your penis is bad. We don't need a source to specifically state that a surgery is unsafe if the results indisputably speak for themselves. Rip-Saw (talk) 17:24, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

American Academy of Paediatrics back circumcision

Just to update the article, the American Academy of Paediatrics have released a statement changing their position of 1999 which is mentioned in the article, In a statement released yesterday, the academy said the benefits of newborn male circumcision justify access to this procedure "for families who choose it". It said benefits from male circumcision included the prevention of urinary tract infections, acquisition of HIV, transmission of some sexually transmitted infections, and penile cancer. It said the procedure "does not appear to adversely affect penile sexual function/sensitivity or sexual satisfaction". The new stance is a significant change from the academy's neutral position on the issue, which was last stated in 1999. http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/us-paediatricians-back-circumcision-20120827-24w6f.html

As such the article should be changed to show this new updated position. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sallyanne454 (talk • contribs) 13:24, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

Agreed, I started working on this today. Zad68 03:19, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Anything old should be removed

I see this article makes a habit of citing old literature, as if the author(s) wished it could one day itself become a review. But that's not how we write a encyclopedia. We largely rely upon recent review articles (WP:MEDRS). Anything older than 10 years should be removed, in my opinion. Biosthmors (talk) 03:12, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Agreed, I started working on this today, and honestly the article really requires a top-to-bottom rewrite. This article is now at the top of my work list. Zad68 03:20, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Thanks for your work! Just see my comment below. I don't want your time to be wasted. =) Biosthmors (talk) 03:21, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Why should this article exist?

What do we need/have to mention here that cannot be summarized at circumcision? I notice there is no other Medical analysis of... article on Wikipedia. Biosthmors (talk) 03:14, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

I think that this article grew out of Circumcision as that article got too large, and the article moved to a summary style. I wasn't involved in that split-off, but I think that the idea was that Circumcision would have just the most important medical information, and this article would have more room for more in-depth coverage and analysis of less well-covered research results and commentary. I'm not yet convinced this article is necessary either... several times today I heard myself mutter, "Let's just delete this whole darn thing." Give me a bit to review the WP:MEDRS sources, if I can't find a good reason to keep it either, I'll meet you at WP:AFD. Zad68 03:27, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

I agree that a merge back to the circumcision article is in order. Most of the material here is non MEDRS compliant material (either old material >10 years, primary studies, or both). Most of the remaining material should fit into the main article. Yobol (talk) 04:57, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Review of sources

To check the currency of the sources used to support medical claims, I pulled all the sources from the article, extracted the dates and sorted by year, and the result is in the table below. If we are generous and liberal with the WP:MEDRS guideline and allow sources from the past 6 years, fully 75% of the sources in this article need to go. If we're more strict and limit it to four years, nearly 90% need to go. Clearly the article not only needs a complete rewrite, but it needs to be nearly completely resourced as well. It was also interesting to find about 20% of the sources were located on anti-circumcision activist sites.

Sources table

Year	Source
dead image link	<ref>[http://www.circlist.com/anatterms/anatimages/tcer015.jpg Circlist.com]</ref>
dead link	<ref>[http://147.46.43.65/~circum/hwimage/phimosis2.jpg Seoul National University]</ref>
dead link	<ref>[http://www.duj.com/epididymitis.html DUJ.com]</ref>
dead link	<ref>[http://www.pulsus.com/Paeds/12_04/Pdf/zwol_ed.pdf Pulsus.com]</ref>
dead link	<ref>[http://zdravi.004.cz/z-balanitis/balanitis-cand.jpg 004.cz], Images of Balanitis</ref>
dead link	<ref>{{cite web |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |title=Potential for Injury from Circumcision Clamps |url=http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/safety/circumcision.html}}</ref>
not a reference	<ref>Although the Academy's 1975 statement asserted that "A program of education leading to continuing good personal hygiene would offer all the advantages of circumcision without the attendant surgical risk," the 1999 statement cites a study which found that "appropriate hygiene decreased significantly the incidence of phimosis, adhesions, and inflammation, but did not eliminate all problems."</ref>
taiwanese	<ref>[http://www.vghtpe.gov.tw/~peds/lecture/phimosis/42.jpg Tapei Veterans General Hospital] {{zh icon}}</ref>
undated	<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/cpg.cfm?doc_id=5153#paraphimosis|title= Paraphimosis|work= Clinical Practice Guidelines|publisher= Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne| date = }}</ref>
undated awful image	<ref>[http://www.stdservices.on.net/images/std/balanitis/slide10.jpg ON.net], Images of Balanitis</ref>
undated image	<ref>[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/ListaImagens/Balanitis_Candidomycetica1.JPG AtlasDermatologico.com.be], Images of Balanitis</ref>
undated image	<ref>[http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/dermatology/melton/zoon1.htm LUC.edu]</ref>
undated image	<ref>[http://www.midori-clinic.or.jp/phimosis/palaphi.jpg Midori-clinic.or.jp] {{ja icon}}</ref>
1947	<ref name=Freud_1947>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(47)80098-8 |title=The ulcerated urethral meatus in male children |year = 1947 |last1=Freud |first1=P |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=31 |pages=131–41 |pmid=20256409 |issue=2}}</ref>
1949	<ref name=Gairdner>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1433 |pmid=15408299 |pmc=2051968 |year = 1949 |author1=Gairdner |title=The fate of the foreskin, a study of circumcision |volume=2 |issue=4642 |pages=1433–7, illust |journal=British Medical Journal}}</ref>
1962	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stern E. Neely P. M. |title=Cancer of the cervix in reference to circumcision and marital history |journal=J Am Med Women's Assoc |volume=17 |pages=739–40 |year = 1962 |month=September |pmid=13916981 |doi=}}</ref>
1966	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Patel H |title=The problem of routine circumcision |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=576–81 |year = 1966 |month=September |pmid=5947615 |pmc=1936659}}</ref>
1968	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Øster|first = Jakob|year = 1968|title = Further fate of the foreskin: incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys|journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume = 43|issue = 228|pages = 200–202|doi = 10.1136/adc.43.228.200|pmc = 2019851|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/general/oster/|pmid=5689532}}</ref>
1973	<ref>[http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/trier1/ CIRP.org]</ref>
1973	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Burkitt DP |title=Distribution of cancer in Africa |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=312–4 |year = 1973 |month=April |pmid=4716271 |pmc=1644893}}</ref>
1977	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=323660 |year = 1977 |author1=Scurlock |first2=PJ |title=Neonatal meningitis and circumcision |volume=1 |issue=10 |pages=332–4 |journal=The Medical journal of Australia |last2=Pemberton}}</ref>
1978	<ref>[http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/kirya1/ CIRP.org]</ref>
1978	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kirya C, Werthmann MW |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile dorsal nerve block--a painless procedure |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=998–1000 |year = 1978 |month=June |pmid=660375 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80386-2}}</ref>
1978	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Annunziato|first = David|coauthors = Louis M. Goldblum|year = 1978|month =|title = Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome|journal = American Journal of Diseases of the Child|volume = 132|issue = 12|pages = 1187–8|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/annunziato1/}}</ref>
1979	<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boczko |first=S |coauthors=Freed, S |title=Penile carcinoma in circumcised males |journal=N Y State J Med |year = 1979 |volume=79 |issue=12 |pages=1903–4 |pmid=292845}} [http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/boczko/]</ref>
1979	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid= 481971 |year = 1979 |author1= Cleary |first2= S |title= Overwhelming infection with group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus associated with circumcision |volume= 64 |issue= 3 |pages= 301–3 |journal= Pediatrics |last2= Kohl}}</ref>
1980	<ref name=Kochen>{{cite journal |last = Kochen |first = Mosze |coauthors = Stephen McCurdy |year = 1980 |month = May |title = Circumcision and the risk of cancer of the penis. A life-table analysis |journal = American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume = 134 |issue = 5 |pages = 484–486 |pmid = 7377156 |url = http://www.circs.org/library/kochen/index.html |accessdate = 2006-09-26 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.134.5.484}}</ref>
1980	<ref>{{cite journal | author=Kochen M, McCurdy S | title=Circumcision and the risk of cancer of the penis. A life-table analysis | journal=Am. J. Dis. Child. | volume=134 | issue=5 | pages=484–6 | year = 1980 | month=May | pmid=7377156 | doi=10.1001/archpedi.134.5.484}}</ref>
1982	<ref>[http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall2/ CIRP.org]</ref>
1982	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Punyaratabandhu P, Supanvanich S, Tirapat C, Podhipak A |title=Epidemiologic study of risk factors in cancer of the cervix uteri in Thai women |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=231–9 |year = 1982 |pmid=7119622 |doi=}}</ref>
1982	<ref>{{cite journal |title=Benefits and risks of circumcision: another view. Fetus and Newborn Committee Canadian Paediatric Society |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=126 |issue=12 |pages=1399 |year = 1982 |month=June |pmid=7083095 |pmc=1863128}}</ref>
1983	<ref name=kaplan>{{cite journal|last = Kaplan|first = George W., M.D.|coauthors =|year = 1983|month = August|title = Complications of Circumcision|journal = Urologic Clinics of North America|volume = 10|issue = 3|pages = 543–549|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/kaplan/|accessdate = 2006-09-29|pmid = 6623741}}</ref>
1983	<ref name=kaplan_1983>{{Cite journal | last = Kaplan | first = G.W. | coauthors = | year = 1983 | month = August | title = Complications of Circumcision | journal = Urologic Clinics of North America | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 543–549 | pmid =6623741 | url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/kaplan/ | accessdate = 2006-09-29}}</ref>
1984	<ref name=cadman>{{cite journal |author=Cadman D, Gafni A, McNamee J |title=Newborn circumcision: an economic perspective |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=131 |issue=11 |pages=1353–5 |year = 1984 |month=December |pmid=6437656 |pmc=1483656}}</ref>
1984	<ref>[http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/gracely1/ CIRP.org]</ref>
1984	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6437656 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/abstract/131/11/1353 |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |title=Newborn circumcision: an economic perspective |volume=131 |issue=11 |pages=1353–5 |author=Cadman, D. |first2=A |first3=J |year = 1984 |pmc=1483656 |last2=Gafni |last3=McNamee}}</ref>
1985	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sotolongo JR, Hoffman S, Gribetz ME |title=Penile denudation injuries after circumcision |journal=J. Urol. |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=102–3 |year = 1985 |month=January |pmid=3964862 |doi=}}</ref>
1985	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Enzenauer|first = R.W.|coauthors = C.R. Dotson, T. Leonard, L. Reuben, J.W. Bass, J. Brown|year = 1985|title = Male predominance in persistent staphylococcal colonization and infection of the newborn|journal = Hawaii Medical Journal|volume = 44|issue = 9|pages = 389–390, 392, 394–6|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/enzenauer1/}}</ref>
1986	<ref name=Herzog1986>{{cite journal |last=Herzog |first=LW |coauthors=SR Alvarez |year = 1986 |month=March |title=The frequency of foreskin problems in uncircumcised children |journal=Am J Dis Child |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=254–6 |pmid=3946358 |url=http://www.circs.org/library/herzog/index.html}}</ref>
1986	<ref>{{cite journal | last= Cunningham | first= Nicolas | year = 1986 | month= February | title= Circumcision and Urinary Tract Infections | journal= Pediatrics | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 267–9 | pmid=3945544 | url= http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/cunningham/}}</ref>
1986	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Herzog|first = L.W.|coauthors = S.R. Alvarez|year = 1986|month =|title = The Frequency of Foreskin Problems in Uncircumcised Children|journal = Am J Dis Child|volume = 140|issue = 3|pages = 254–256|doi =|pmid = 3946358|url = http://www.circs.org/library/herzog/|format =|accessdate =}}</ref>
1986	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Stranko|first = J|coauthors = M.E. Ryan, A.N. Bowman|year = 1986|month = September|title = Impetigo in newborn male infants associated with a plastic bell clamp circumcision|journal = Pediatric infectious disease|volume = 5|issue = 5|pages = 597–599|pmid = 3763425|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/stranko1/}}</ref>
1987	<ref>[http://www.circs.org/library/fergusson/index.html CIRCS.org]</ref>
1987	<ref>{{cite book|editor = J.F. Patton|year = 1987|title = Urology: Surgery in World War II|publisher = Office of the Surgeon General and Center of Military History, U.S. Army|page = 52|url = http://books.google.com/?id=xz5sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22soldiers+in+combat+were+seldom+able+to+practice+personal+hygiene%22&dq=%22soldiers+in+combat+were+seldom+able+to+practice+personal+hygiene%22&cd=1}} <!-- ref had been given as "JF Patton, Medical Department, United States Army, Surgery in World War II, Urology, p. 64". Need to find author of that chapter of the book. --></ref>
1987	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mandel JS, Schuman LM |title=Sexual factors and prostatic cancer: results from a case-control study |journal=J Gerontol |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=259–64 |year = 1987 |pmid=3553301 |doi=}}</ref>
1987	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ross RK, Shimizu H, Paganini-Hill A, Honda G, Henderson BE |title=Case-control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in southern California |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=869–74 |year = 1987 |pmid=3471995 |doi=}}</ref>
1988	<ref name=Ferg>{{cite journal|last = Fergusson|first = DM|coauthors = JM Lawton and FT Shannon|year = 1988|month = April|title = Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 81|issue = 4|pages = 537–541|pmid = 3353186|url = http://www.circs.org/library/fergusson/index.html|accessdate = 2007-07-18}}</ref>
1988	<ref name=Ferg>{{cite journal|last = Fergusson|first = DM|coauthors = JM Lawton and FT Shannon|year = 1988|title = Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 81|issue = 4|pages = 537–541|pmid = 3353186|url = http://www.circs.org/library/fergusson/index.html}}</ref>
1988	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fergusson DM, Lawton JM, Shannon FT |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study |journal=Pediatrics |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=537–41 |year = 1988 |month=April |pmid=3353186}}</ref>
1988	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fussell EN, Kaack MB, Cherry R, Roberts JA |title=Adherence of bacteria to human foreskins |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=140 |issue=5 |pages=997–1001 |year = 1988 |month=November |pmid=2902235 |doi=}}</ref>
1988	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Glennon J, Ryan PJ, Keane CT, Rees JP |title=Circumcision and periurethral carriage of Proteus mirabilis in boys |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=556–7 |year = 1988 |pmid=3291784 |pmc=1778943 |doi= 10.1136/adc.63.5.556}}</ref>
1988	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wiswell TE, Miller GM, Gelston HM, Jones SK, Clemmings AF |title=Effect of circumcision status on periurethral bacterial flora during the first year of life |journal=The Journal of pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=442–6 |year = 1988 |month=September |pmid=3411387 |doi= 10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80625-5}}</ref>
1988	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Fergusson|first = D.M.|coauthors = J.M. Lawton, F.T. Shannon|year = 1988|month =|title = Neonatal Circumcision and Penile Problems: An 8-Year Longitudinal Survey|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 81|issue = 4|pages = 537–41|doi =|pmid = 3353186|url = http://www.circs.org/library/fergusson/|format =|accessdate =}}</ref>
1989	<ref name=Rickwood2>{{cite journal|last = Rickwood|first = AM.|coauthors = Jenny Walker|year = 1989|month = September|title = Is phimosis overdiagnosed in boys and are too many circumcisions performed in consequence?|journal = Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|volume = 71|issue = 5|pages = 275–277|pmid = 2802472|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/rickwood2/|accessdate = 2006-10-10|pmc = 2499015}}</ref>
1989	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Escala|first = J.M.|coauthors = A.M.K. Rickwood|year = 1989|month =|title = Balanitis|journal = British Journal of Urology|volume = 63|issue = 2|pages = 196–7|doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1989.tb05164.x|pmid = 2702407|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/escala1/|format =|accessdate =}}</ref>
1990	<ref name=Fakjian 1990 1046–7>{{cite journal |last=Fakjian |first=N |coauthors=S Hunter, GW Cole and J Miller |year = 1990 |month=August |title=An argument for circumcision. Prevention of balanitis in the adult |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=126 |issue=8 |pages=1046–7 |pmid=2383029 |doi=10.1001/archderm.126.8.1046}}</ref>
1990	<ref name=poland1990>{{cite journal |author=Ronald L. Poland |title=The question of routine neonatal circumcision |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=22 |issue=18 |pages=1312–1315 |year = 1990 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/poland/ | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199005033221811 }}</ref>
1990	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fakjian N, Hunter S, Cole GW, Miller J |title=An argument for circumcision. Prevention of balanitis in the adult |journal=Archives of Dermatology |volume=126 |issue=8 |pages=1046–7 |year = 1990 |month=August |pmid=2383029 |doi=10.1001/archderm.126.8.1046}}</ref>
1990	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2305537 |doi=10.1016/0090-4295(90)80060-Z |year = 1990 |author1=Griffin |first2=RL |title=Frenular chordee: implications and treatment |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=133–4 |journal=Urology |last2=Kroovand}}</ref>
1991	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kjaer SK, de Villiers EM, Dahl C, ''et al.'' |title=Case-control study of risk factors for cervical neoplasia in Denmark. I: Role of the "male factor" in women with one lifetime sexual partner |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |year = 1991 |month=April |pmid=2019457 |doi= 10.1002/ijc.2910480108}}</ref>
1991	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1766331 |year = 1991 |author1=Ganiats |first2=JB |first3=HL |first4=RM |title=Routine neonatal circumcision: a cost-utility analysis |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=282–93 |journal=Medical decision making |doi=10.1177/0272989X9101100406 |last2=Humphrey |last3=Taras |last4=Kaplan}}</ref>
1991	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1794670 |year = 1991 |author1=Lawler |first2=RS |first3=DR |title=Circumcision: a decision analysis of its medical value |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=587–93 |journal=Family medicine |last2=Bisonni |last3=Holtgrave}}</ref>
1992	<ref name=Milos>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0091-2182(92)90012-R |title=Circumcision A medical or a human rights issue? |year = 1992 |last1=Milos |first1=M |first2=D |journal=Journal of Nurse-Midwifery |volume=37 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S87 |last2=MacRis |pmid=1573462}}</ref>
1992	<ref>[http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/chessare/ CIRP.org]</ref>
1993	<ref name=birley>{{cite journal |author=Birley HD, Walker MM, Luzzi GA, ''et al.'' |title=Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing |journal=Genitourinary Medicine |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=400–3 |year = 1993 |month=October |pmid=8244363 |pmc=1195128}}</ref>
1993	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Agarwal SS, Sehgal A, Sardana S, Kumar A, Luthra UK |title=Role of male behavior in cervical carcinogenesis among women with one lifetime sexual partner |journal=Cancer |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=1666–9 |year = 1993 |month=September |pmid=8348498 |doi= 10.1002/1097-0142(19930901)72:5<1666::AID-CNCR2820720528>3.0.CO;2-M}}</ref>
1993	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cook LS, Koutsky LA, Holmes KK |title=Clinical presentation of genital warts among circumcised and uncircumcised heterosexual men attending an urban STD clinic |journal=Genitourinary Medicine |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=262–4 |year = 1993 |month=August |pmid=7721284 |pmc=1195083}}</ref>
1993	<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1093/jnci/85.1.2 |last=Holly |first=EA |coauthors=Palefsky, JM |title=Factors related to risk of penile cancer: new evidence from a study in the Pacific Northwest |journal=J Natl Cancer Inst |year = 1993 |month=January |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=2–4 |pmid= 8380061}}</ref>
1993	<ref>{{cite journal |title=History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer |first=C |last=Maden |coauthors=''et al.'' |journal=J Natl Cancer Inst |year = 1993 |month=January |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |pmid=8380060 |doi=10.1093/jnci/85.1.19}}</ref>
1993	<ref name=williams-kapila>{{vcite journal | author=Williams N, Kapila L | title=Complications of circumcision | journal=Brit J Surg | date = 1993 | volume=80 | issue=10 | pages=1231-6 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/ | doi= | pmid=8242285 | pmc= }}</ref>
1994	<ref name=CIRP.org>[http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/howard/ CIRP.org]</ref>
1994	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8086994 |url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/309/6955/660 |journal=BMJ |title=Lesson of the Week: Male ritual circumcision resulting in acute renal failure |volume=309 |issue=6955 |pages=660–1 |author=Eason, J D |first2=M |first3=G |year = 1994 |pmc=2541489 |last2=McDonnell |last3=Clark}}</ref>
1994	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Wright|first = J.E.|year = 1994|month = May|title = The treatment of childhood phimosis with topical steroid|journal = The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery|volume = 64|issue = 5|pages = 327–328|pmid = 8179528|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/wright/|accessdate = 2006-09-21|doi = 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1994.tb02220.x}}</ref>
1995	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7625325 |year = 1995 |author1=Holman |first2=EL |first3=RL |title=Neonatal circumcision techniques |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=511–8, 519–20 |journal=American Family Physician |last2=Lewis |last3=Ringler}}</ref>
1995	<ref>{{cite journal |title=Falling incidence of penis cancer in an uncircumcised population (Denmark 1943-90) |first=Morten |last= Frisch |coauthors=Soren Friis, Susanne Kruger Kjear, Mads Melbye |journal=British Medical Journal |month=December|year = 1995|volume=311 |issue=7018 |pages=1471 |pmid= 8520335|pmc=2543732 |doi=10.1136/bmj.311.7018.1471}}</ref>
1996	<ref name=CMAJ2>{{cite journal|last = Fetus and Newborn Committee|year = 1996|month = March|title = Neonatal circumcision revisited|journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal|pmid = 8634956|volume = 154|issue = 6|pmc = 1487803|pages = 769–780|doi =|id =|url = http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/FN/fn96-01.htm|accessdate = 2006-07-02}}
1996	<ref name=CMAJ>{{cite journal|last = Fetus and Newborn Committee|year = 1996|month = March|title = Neonatal circumcision revisited|journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal|pmid = 8634956 |volume = 154|issue = 6|pmc = 1487803|pages = 769–780|doi =|id = |url = http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/FN/fn96-01.htm|accessdate = 2006-07-02}}</ref>
1996	<ref name=dewan>{{cite journal|last = Dewan|first = P.A.|coauthors = Tieu H.C., and Chieng B.S.|year = 1996|month = August|title = Phimosis: Is circumcision necessary?|journal = Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health|volume = 32|issue = 4|pages = 285–289|pmid = 8844530|doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1996.tb02554.x}}</ref>
1996	<ref name=EdwardsGU>{{cite journal|last = Edwards|first = Sarah|year = 1996|title = Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review|journal = Genitourinary Medicine|volume = 72|issue = 3|pages = 155–159|pmid = 8707315|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/edwards1/|accessdate = 2006-09-04|pmc = 1195642}}</ref>
1996	<ref name=FleissHodges>{{cite journal |title=Neonatal circumcision does not protect against cancer |first=Fleiss |last= Paul M.|coauthors= Frederick Hodges |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |year = 1996 |volume=312 |issue=7033 |pages=779–780 |pmc=1479854 |pmid=15913592 |doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2004.12.006}}</ref>
1996	<ref name=Reynolds>{{cite journal |pmid=8677833 |year = 1996 |author1=Reynolds |title=Use of the Mogen clamp for neonatal circumcision |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=177–82 |journal=American family physician}}</ref>
1996	<ref>[http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/edwards1/ CIRP.org]</ref>
1996	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ewings P, Bowie C |title=A case-control study of cancer of the prostate in Somerset and east Devon |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=661–6 |year = 1996 |month=August |pmid=8761387 |pmc=2074670 |doi=10.1038/bjc.1996.418}}</ref>
1996	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sherman J, Borer JG, Horowitz M, Glassberg KI |title=Circumcision: successful glanular reconstruction and survival following traumatic amputation |journal=J. Urol. |volume=156 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=842–4 |year = 1996 |month=August |pmid=8683798 |doi= 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65836-1}}</ref>
1996	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stanton A |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile cancer. Authors ignored main conclusion of study that they cited |journal=BMJ |volume=313 |issue=7048 |pages=47 |year = 1996 |pmid=8664789 |pmc=2351427}}</ref>
1996	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8960080 |year = 1996 |author1=Goldman |first2=J |first3=T |first4=M |title=Urinary tract infection following ritual Jewish circumcision |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1098–102 |journal=Israel journal of medical sciences |last2=Barr |last3=Bistritzer |last4=Aladjem}}</ref>
1996	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Dawson|coauthors = Whitfield|year = 1996|title = ABC of Urology: Common paediatric problems|journal = BMJ|volume = 312|issue = 7041|pages = 1291–1294|pmid = 8634623|first1 = C|pmc = 2351045}}</ref>
1997	<ref name=beauge>{{cite journal|last = Beaugé|first = Michel|year = 1997|month = September/October|title = The causes of adolescent phimosis|journal = British Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume = 26|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge2/|accessdate = 2006-06-14}}</ref>
1997	<ref name=pmid9417009>{{cite journal |pmid=9417009 |year = 1997 |author1=Lander |first2=B |first3=JB |first4=S |first5=S |title=Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial |volume=278 |issue=24 |pages=2157–62 |journal=JAMA |doi=10.1001/jama.278.24.2157 |last2=Brady-Fryer |last3=Metcalfe |last4=Nazarali |last5=Muttitt}}</ref>
1997	<ref name=ReferenceA>[http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio2/ CIRP.org]</ref>
1997	<ref>[http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/vanhowe/ CIRP.org]</ref>
1997	<ref>[http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/lander/ CIRP.org]</ref>
1997	<ref>{{cite journal | last= Mueller | first= Elisabeth R. | coauthors= George Steinhardt, Shahida Naseer | year = 1997 | month= September | title= Abstract 121: The incidence of genitourinary abnormalities in circumcised and uncircumcised boys presenting with an initial urinary tract infection by 6 months of age | journal= Pediatrics | volume= 100 | issue= supplement | pages= 580 | pmid= | url= http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/mueller/}}</ref>
1997	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baskin LS, Canning DA, Snyder HM, Duckett JW |title=Surgical repair of urethral circumcision injuries |journal=J. Urol. |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=2269–71 |year = 1997 |month=December |pmid=9366374 |doi= 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)68233-8|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-5347(01)68233-8}}</ref>
1997	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Serour F, Samra Z, Kushel Z, Gorenstein A, Dan M |title=Comparative periurethral bacteriology of uncircumcised and circumcised males |journal=Genitourinary medicine |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=288–90 |year = 1997 |month=August |pmid=9389952 |pmc=1195860 |doi=}}</ref>
1997	<ref>{{cite journal |first=C |last=Sonnex |coauthors=Croucher, PE; Dockerty WG |title=Balanoposthitis associated with the presence of subpreputial "smegma stones" |journal=Genitourin Med |year = 1997 |month=December |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=567 |pmid=9582487 |pmc=1195951}}</ref>
1997	<ref>{{cite journal |title=Carcinoma in Situ of the Penis in a 76-Year-Old Circumcised Man |first=J. |last=Cold |coauthors= Michelle R. Storms, and Robert S. Van Howe |journal=The Journal of family practice |year = 1997 |month=April |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=407–409 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/vanhowe/ |pmid=9108839}}</ref>
1998	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bennett RT, Gill B, Kogan SJ |title=Epididymitis in children: the circumcision factor? |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=160 |issue=5 |pages=1842–4 |year = 1998 |month=November |pmid=9783972 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62430-3}}</ref>
1998	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moses, S |coauthors=Bailey, RC; Ronald AR |title=Male circumcision: assessment of health benefits and risks |journal=Sex Transm Infect |year = 1998 |volume=74 |pages=368–73 |doi=10.1136/sti.74.5.368 |pmid=10195035 |issue=5 |pmc=1758146}}</ref>
1998	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wijesinha SS, Atkins BL, Dudley NE, Tam PK |title=Does circumcision alter the periurethral bacterial flora? |journal=Pediatric surgery international |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=146–8 |year = 1998 |month=March |pmid=9563029 |doi= 10.1007/s003830050270|url=http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00383/bibs/8013002/80130146.htm}}</ref>
1998	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=9767725 |year = 1998 |author1=Peleg |first2=A |title=The Gomco circumcision: common problems and solutions |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=891–8 |journal=American Family Physician |last2=Steiner}}</ref>
1998	<ref>{{cite journal|last = To|first = Teresa|coauthors = Mohammad Agha, Paul T Dick, William Feldman| date = 5 December 1998|title = Cohort study on circumcision of newborn boys and subsequent risk of urinary-tract infection|journal = Lancet|volume = 352|issue = 9143|pages = 1818–1816|doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02392-7|pmid = 9851381|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/to2/|accessdate = 2008-10-04}}</ref>
1999	<ref name=AAP1999>{{cite journal |doi=10.1542/peds.103.3.686 |pmid=10049981 |year = 1999 |title=Circumcision policy statement. American Academy of Pediatrics. Task Force on Circumcision |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=686–93 |journal=Pediatrics}}</ref>
1999	<ref name=AMA>Council on Scientific Affairs. [http://web.archive.org/web/20060313183136/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13585.html ''Report 10: Neonatal circumcision'']. ChIcago: American Medical Association, 1999.</ref>
1999	<ref name=CSA:I-99>{{cite web| url = http://web.archive.org/web/20070705182814/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13585.html| title = Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99):Neonatal Circumcision| work = 1999 AMA Interim Meeting: Summaries and Recommendations of Council on Scientific Affairs Reports| publisher = [[American Medical Association]]| pages = 17| year = 1999| month = December| accessdate = 2012-09-03}}</ref>
1999	<ref name=VanHoweHIVmeta>{{cite journal |last= Van Howe |first=R.S. |year = 1999|month= January |title=Circumcision and HIV infection: review of the literature and meta-analysis |journal=International Journal of STD's and AIDS |volume=10 |pages=8–16 |doi= 10.1258/0956462991913015|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/vanhowe4/ |accessdate= 2008-09-23 |quote=Thirty-five articles and a number of abstracts have been published in the medical literature looking at the relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection. Study designs have included geographical analysis, studies of high-risk patients, partner studies and random population surveys. Most of the studies have been conducted in Africa. A meta-analysis was performed on the 29 published articles where data were available. When the raw data are combined, a man with a circumcised penis is at greater risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV than a man with a non-circumcised penis (odds ratio (OR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01-1.12). Based on the studies published to date, recommending routine circumcision as a prophylactic measure to prevent HIV infection in Africa, or elsewhere, is scientifically unfounded.}}</ref>
1999	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moses S, Nagelkerke NJ, Blanchard J |title=Analysis of the scientific literature on male circumcision and risk for HIV infection |journal=International journal of STD & AIDS |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=626–8 |year = 1999 |month=September |pmid=10492434 |doi= 10.1258/0956462991914681|url=http://ijsa.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/10/9/626?ijkey=a1ca8d961969d1a6970456a1a43f7ac7aa24304a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha|format= PDF}}</ref>
1999	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pellicé i Vilalta C, Casalots i Casado J, Cosme i Jiménez MA |title=[Zoon's balanoposthitis. A preliminary note] |language=Spanish |journal=Archivos Españoles De Urología |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=69–72 |year = 1999 |pmid=10101891}}</ref>
1999	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schoeneich G, Perabo FG, Müller SC |title=Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis |journal=Andrologia |volume=31 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=17–20 |year = 1999 |pmid=10643514 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0272.1999.tb01445.x}}</ref>
1999	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Aynaud|first = O.|coauthors = D. Piron, G. Bijaoui, and JM Casanova|month = July|year = 1999|title = Developmental factors of urethral human papillomavirus lesions: correlation with circumcision|journal = BJU International|volume = 84|issue = 1|pages = 57–60|doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00104.x|pmid = 10444125|url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00104.x|format = PDF|accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref>
1999	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Goldman|first = R.|year = 1999|month = January|title = The psychological impact of circumcision|journal = BJU International|volume = 83|issue = S1|pages = 93–102|doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x|id =|url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x|format = PDF|accessdate = 2006-07-02}}</ref>
1999	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Holman|first = John R.|coauthors = Keith Stuessi|year = 1999|month = March|title = Adult Circumcision|journal = American Family Physician|volume = 59|issue = 6|pages = 1514–8|pmid = 10193593|url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/990315ap/1514.html}}</ref>
1999	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Jakobsson|first = B.|coauthors = Esbjörner E, Hansson S.|month = August|year = 1999|title = Minimum incidence and diagnostic rate of first urinary tract infection|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 104|issue = 2 (part 1)|pages = 222–226|doi = 10.1542/peds.104.2.222|pmid = 10428998|url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/104/2/222|accessdate = 2008-10-06}}</ref>
1999	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Reynard|first = J.M.|coauthors = J.M. Barua|year = 1999|title = Reduction of paraphimosis the simple way - the Dundee technique|journal = BJU International|volume = 83|issue = 7|pages = 859–860|doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00119.x|pmid = 10368214|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/reynard1/}}</ref>
1999 pop news	<ref>[http://www.cirp.org/news/perth1/ CIRP.org]</ref>
2000	<ref name=Choe2000>{{cite journal|last = Choe|first = Jong M.|coauthors =|year = 2000|title = Paraphimosis: Current treatment options|journal = American Family Physician|volume = 62|pages = 2623–6, 2628|url = http://aafp.org/afp/20001215/2623.html|pmid=11142469|issue = 12}}</ref>
2000	<ref name=Shechet>{{cite journal |author=Preiser G |title=Circumcision--the debates goes on |journal=Pediatrics |volume=105 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=681; author reply 685 |year = 2000 |month=March |pmid=10733391 |doi=10.1542/peds.105.3.681 |last2=Herschel; |first2=M. |last3=Bartman; |first3=T. |last4=Andersson; |first4=C. |last5=Bailis; |first5=S. A. |last6=Shechet |first6=R. J. |last7=Tanenbaum; |first7=B. |last8=Kunin; |first8=S. A. |last9=Hodges |first9=F. M.}}</ref>
2000	<ref name=Szabo>{{cite web |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1127372 |title=How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? |accessdate=2007-11-30 |work=}}</ref>
2000	<ref name=Weiss2000>{{cite journal|last = Weiss |first = H.A. |coauthors= Quigley M.A., Hayes R.J.|year = 2000 |month = October |title = Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal = AIDS |volume = 14 |issue = 15 |pages = 2361–70|pmid = 11089625 |url = http://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/pdfhandler.00002030-200010200-00018.pdf;jsessionid=L57hvrjhsS0JsXGZmmHZ2gpTTbZ7x5wqJh2CTXFDpNvpC8rNxmL1!949623904!181195628!8091!-1|format = PDF|accessdate = 2008-09-25|doi = 10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018 }}</ref>
2000	<ref>[http://www.circs.org/library/christakis/index.html Circs.org]</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dillner J, von Krogh G, Horenblas S, Meijer CJ | title=Etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis | journal=Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl | volume=34 | issue=205 | pages=189–93 | year = 2000 | pmid=11144896 | doi=10.1080/00365590050509913}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal | author=Sánchez Merino JM, Parra Muntaner L, Jiménez Rodríguez M, Valerdiz Casasola S, Monsalve Rodríguez M, García Alonso J | title=[Epidermoid carcinoma of the penis] | language=Spanish; Castilian | journal=Arch. Esp. Urol. | volume=53 | issue=9 | pages=799–808 | year = 2000 | month=November | pmid=11196386 | doi=}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Couper RT |title=Methaemoglobinaemia secondary to topical lignocaine/ prilocaine in a circumcised neonate |journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=406–7 |year = 2000 |month=August |pmid=10940184 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1754.2000.00508.x}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gerharz EW, Haarmann C |title=The first cut is the deepest? Medicolegal aspects of male circumcision |journal=BJU Int. |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=332–8 |year = 2000 |month=August |pmid=10930942 |doi= 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00103.x}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mallon E, Hawkins D, Dinneen M, ''et al.'' |title=Circumcision and genital dermatoses |journal=Archives of Dermatology |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=350–4 |year = 2000 |month=March |pmid=10724196 |doi=10.1001/archderm.136.3.350}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Farrell N, Egger M |title=Circumcision in men and the prevention of HIV infection: a 'meta-analysis' revisited |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=137–42 |year = 2000 |pmid=10726934 |quote=The results from this re-analysis thus support the contention that male circumcision may offer protection against HIV infection, particularly in high-risk groups where genital ulcers and other STDs 'drive' the HIV epidemic. A systematic review is required to clarify this issue. Such a review should be based on an extensive search for relevant studies, published and unpublished, and should include a careful assessment of the design and methodological quality of studies. Much emphasis should be given to the exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity. In view of the continued high prevalence and incidence of HIV in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the question of whether circumcision could contribute to prevent infections is of great importance, and a sound systematic review of the available evidence should be performed without delay. |doi=10.1258/0956462001915480}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schoen EJ, Oehrli M, Colby C, Machin G |title=The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer |journal=Pediatrics |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=E36 |year = 2000 |pmid=10699138 |doi= 10.1542/peds.105.3.e36}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hiss |first=J. |coauthors=A. Horowitz, T. Kahana |year = 2000 |title=Fatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcision |journal=J Clin Forensic Med |volume=7 |issue= 1|pages=32–34 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/death/hiss1/ |accessdate= 2008-03-12 |doi=10.1054/jcfm.1999.0340 |pmid=15274991}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/105/3/e36 |title=The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer |first=EJ |last=Schoen |coauthors=Oehrli, M; Colby, C; Machin, G|journal=Pediatrics |year = 2000 |month=March |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=e36 |doi=10.1542/peds.105.3.e36 |pmid=10699138}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Cason|first = Dana L.|coauthors = Brian S. Carter, Jatinder Bhatia|month = December|year = 2000|title = Can circumcision prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in hospitalized infants?|journal = Clinical Pediatrics|volume = 39|issue = 12|pages = 699–703|doi = 10.1177/000992280003901203|pmid = 11156067|url = http://cpj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/39/12/699|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Rickwood|first = A.M.K.|coauthors = S.E. Kenny, S.C. Donnell|year = 2000|title = Towards evidence based circumcision of English boys: survey of trends in practice|journal = British Medical Journal|volume = 321|issue = 7264|pages = 792–793|doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7264.792|pmid = 11009516|pmc = 27490}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Saxena|first = Amulya|coauthors = Klaus Schaarschmidt, Alexander Reich, Günter H. Willital|year = 2000|month = April–June|title = Non-retractile foreskin: a single center 13-year experience|journal = International Surgery|volume = 85|issue = 2|pages = 180–183|pmid = 11071339|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/saxena1/}}</ref>
2000	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Schoen|first = Edgar J.|coauthors = Christopher J. Colby, G. Thomas Ray|month = April|year = 2000|title = Newborn Circumcision Decreases Incidence and Costs of Urinary Tract Infections During the First Year of Life|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 105|issue = 4|pages = 789–793|doi = 10.1542/peds.105.4.789|pmid = 10742321|url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/105/4/789|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>
2000 dup christakis	<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617731?dopt=Abstract A trade-off analysis of routine newborn circumcision] Pediatrics 105 (1 Pt 3): 246-9, 2000</ref>
2001	<ref name=kluweronline>{{cite journal | author=Tsen HF, Morgenstern H, Mack T, Peters RK | title=Risk factors for penile cancer: results of a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County (United States) | journal=Cancer Causes Control | volume=12 | issue=3 | pages=267–77 | year = 2001 | month=April | pmid=11405332 | doi=10.1023/A:1011266405062 | url=http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=0957-5243&volume=12&page=267}}</ref>
2001	<ref name=lerman2001>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70390-4 | pmid = 11732129 | last1 = Lerman | author-separator =, | first1 = SE | author-name-separator= | last2 = Liao | first2 = JC | title = Neonatal circumcision | journal = Pediatric clinics of North America| volume=48 | issue=6 | year = 2001 | month=December | pages=1539–57}}</ref>
2001	<ref>[http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics%3b108/3/793 AAPpublications.org]</ref>
2001	<ref>{{cite journal |last = McCredie |first = M.R.E. |coauthors = Staples M, Johnson W, English D R, Giles G G |month = March |year = 2001 |title = Prevalence of urinary symptoms in urban Australian men aged 40–69 |journal = Journal of epidemiology and biostatistics |volume = 6 |issue = 2 |pages = 211–218 |doi = 10.1080/135952201753172980|pmid = 11434500 |url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/dunitz/jeb/2001/00000006/00000002/art00005;jsessionid=1k64wcrqf2pqt.alexandra |accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>
2001	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11223758 |doi=10.1159/000056585 |year = 2001 |author1=Esen |first2=G |first3=H |first4=D |first5=I |title=Concealed penis: rare complication of circumcision |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=117–8 |journal=Urologia internationalis |last2=Aslan |last3=Kazimoğlu |last4=Arslan |last5=Celebi}}</ref>
2001	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Nayir|first = A.|coauthors =|month = December|year = 2001|title = Circumcision for the prevention of significant [[bacteriuria]] in boys|journal = Pediatric Nephrology|volume = 16|issue = 12|pages = 1129–1134|doi = 10.1007/s004670100044|pmid = 11793114|url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/w9nwp49nh20tcwkb/|accessdate = 2008-10-04}}</ref>
2002	<ref name=Boyle et al.>{{cite journal |author=Boyle, G |coauthors=Goldman, R; Svoboda, JS; Fernandez E |title=Male Circumcision: Pain, Trauma and Psychosexual Sequelae |journal=Journal of Health Psychology |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=329–343 |year = 2002 |doi=10.1177/1359105302007003225 |pmid=22114254}}</ref>
2002	<ref name=Castellsague2002>{{cite journal|last = Castellsagué|first = Xavier|coauthors = et al.|year = 2002|month = April 11,|title = Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer|journal = The New England Journal of Medicine|volume = 346|issue = 15|pages = 1105–1112|doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa011688|pmid = 11948269|url = http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/346/15/1105.pdf|format = PDF — free registration required|accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref>
2002	<ref name=Castellsague2002a>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebody.com/content/whatis/art23101.html |title=Circumcised Men Less Likely to Get Virus That Causes Cervical Cancer |accessdate=2010-02-21 |work=The Body |publisher=Body Health Resources Corporation | date = 2002-04-12}}</ref>
2002	<ref>Naimer SA, Peleg R, Meidvidovski Y, ''et al''. [http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/naimer2/ Office management of penile skin bridges with electrocautery. ''J Am Board Fam Pract'' 2002;15(6):485-8.</ref>
2002	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Svare EI, Kjaer SK, Worm AM, Osterlind A, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ |title=Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: a study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic |journal=Sex Transm Infect |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=215–8 |year = 2002 |month=June |pmid=12238658 |pmc=1744457 |doi= 10.1136/sti.78.3.215}}</ref>
2002	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Travis JW |title=Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=347 |issue=18 |pages=1452–3; author reply 1452–3 |year = 2002 |month=October |pmid=12409554 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200210313471816}}</ref>
2002	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12463295 |url=http://www.jabfm.org/cgi/reprint/15/6/485 |journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine |title=Office management of penile skin bridges with electrocautery |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=485–8 |author=Naimer, S. A. |first2=R |first3=Y |first4=A |first5=A |first6=D |year = 2002 |last2=Mbibi |last3=Dawam |last4=Kalayi }}</ref>
2002	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Mattioli|first = G.|coauthors = P. Repetto, C. Carlini, C. Granata, C. Gambini, and V. Jasonni|year = 2002|month = May|title = Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children with phimosis and hypospadias|journal = Pediatric Surgery International|volume = 18|issue = 4|pages = 273–275|doi = 10.1007/s003830100699|pmid = 12021978|url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/dy5cgm3h11prdy76/|format = Abstract|accessdate = 2006-09-21}}</ref>
2002	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Newman|first = Thomas B.|coauthors = Jane A. Bernzweig, John I. Takayama, Stacia A. Finch, C. Wasserman, Robert H. Pantell|month = January|year = 2002|title = Urine testing and urinary tract infections in febrile infants seen in office settings: the Pediatric Research in Office Settings' Febrile Infant Study|journal = Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine|volume = 156|issue = 1|pages = 44–54|doi =|pmid = 11772190|url = http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/156/1/44|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>
2002	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Webster|first = T.M.|coauthors = M.P. Leonard|year = 2002|month = April|title = Topical steroid therapy for phimosis|journal = The Canadian journal of urology|volume = 9|issue = 2|pages = 1492–1495|pmid = 12010594|format = Abstract|accessdate = 2006-09-21}}</ref>
2003	<ref name=Cox2003>{{cite journal|last = Cox|first = Guy|year = 2003|month = April|title = Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys|journal = Medical Journal of Australia|volume = 178|issue = 11|pages = 588|issn = 1326-5377|url = http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_11_020603/matters_arising_020603-3.html}}</ref>
2003	<ref name=HKhandbook>{{cite book|last = Au|first = T.S.|coauthors = K.H. Yeung|editor = Pedro Sá Cabral, Luís Leite, and José Pinto (eds.)|title = Handbook of Dermatology & Venereology|url = http://www.hkmj.org.hk/skin/cover.htm|accessdate = 2006-09-04|edition = 2nd|year = 2003|publisher = Department of Dermatology—Hospital Pulido Valente|location = [[Lisbon, Portugal]]|isbn = 978-962-334-030-4|chapter = Balanitis, Bacterial Vaginosis and Other Genital Conditions|chapterurl = http://www.hkmj.org.hk/skin/balaniti.htm|isbn-status = May be invalid - please double check}}</ref>
2003	<ref name=Siegfried2003>{{cite journal |author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Volmink J, ''et al.'' |title=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |issue=3 |pages=CD003362 |year = 2003 |pmid=12917962 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362 |chapter=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men |editor1-last=Siegfried |editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref>
2003	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12900483 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/169/3/216 |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |title=Acute venous stasis and swelling of the lower abdomen and extremities in an infant after circumcision |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=216–7 |author=Ly, Linh |first2=K |year = 2003 |pmc=167126 |last2=Sankaran}}</ref>
2003	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Blalock|first = H. Jason|coauthors = Vijaya Vemulakonda, Michael L. Ritchey, Michaelene Ribbeck|year = 2003|title = Outpatient management of phimosis following newborn circumcision|journal = Journal of Urology|volume = 169|issue = 6|pages = 2332–2334|doi = 10.1097/01.ju.0000067602.42875.d8|pmid = 12771793|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/}}</ref>
2003	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Hill|first = George|coauthors =|year = 2003|title = Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys|journal = Medical Journal of Australia|volume = 178|issue = 11|pages = 587|issn = 0025-729X|url = http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_11_020603/matters_arising_020603-1.html|accessdate =}}</ref>
2003	<ref name=Pfenninger>{{cite book |last1=Pfenninger |first1=John L. |first2=Grant C. |last2=Fowler |title=Procedures for primary care |origyear = 1994 |edition=2nd | date = 21 July 2003 |publisher=Mosby |isbn=978-0-323-00506-7 |author=edited by John L. Pfenninger, Grant C. Fowler. |lccn=200356227}}</ref>
2004	<ref name=CPSIFP2>{{cite web| url = http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/babies/Circumcision.htm| title = Circumcision: Information for parents| accessdate = 2006-10-24| year = 2004| month = November| work = Caring for kids| publisher = [[Canadian Paediatric Society]]| quote = Circumcision is a “non-therapeutic” procedure, which means it is not medically necessary. Parents who decide to circumcise their newborns often do so for religious, social or cultural reasons. To help make the decision about circumcision, parents should have information about risks and benefits. It is helpful to speak with your baby’s doctor. After reviewing the scientific evidence for and against circumcision, the CPS does not recommend routine circumcision for newborn boys. Many paediatricians no longer perform circumcisions.|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051219215229/http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/babies/Circumcision.htm |archivedate = 2005-12-19}}</ref>
2004	<ref name=RACPAnat>{{cite web|url=http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/anatomy.htm|title=Care Of The Foreskin|accessdate=2006-07-13|year = 2004|month=October|work=Paediatric Policy - Circumcision|publisher = The Royal Australasian College of Physicians|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070111015150/http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/anatomy.htm|archivedate=2007-01-11}}</ref>
2004	<ref name=RACPComp>{{cite web|url=http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/complications.htm|title=Complications Of Circumcision|accessdate=2006-07-11|year = 2004|month=October|work=Paediatric Policy - Circumcision|publisher = The Royal Australasian College of Physicians|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070111015035/http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/complications.htm|archivedate=2007-01-11}}</ref>
2004	<ref name=RACPpolicy>{{cite web|url=http://www.racp.edu.au/download.cfm?DownloadFile=A453CFA1-2A57-5487-DF36DF59A1BAF527|title=Policy Statement On Circumcision|accessdate=2007-02-28|year = 2004|month=September|format=PDF|publisher=[[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]]|pages=|language=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=The Paediatrics and Child Health Division, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) has prepared this statement on routine circumcision of infants and boys to assist parents who are considering having this procedure undertaken on their male children and for doctors who are asked to advise on or undertake it. After extensive review of the literature the RACP reaffirms that '''there is no medical indication for routine neonatal circumcision.''' Circumcision of males has been undertaken for religious and cultural reasons for many thousands of years. It remains an important ritual in some religious and cultural groups.…In recent years there has been evidence of possible health benefits from routine male circumcision. The most important conditions where some benefit may result from circumcision are urinary tract infections, HIV and later cancer of the penis.…The complication rate of neonatal circumcision is reported to be around 1% to 5% and includes local infection, bleeding and damage to the penis. Serious complications such as bleeding, septicaemia and meningitis may occasionally cause death. The possibility that routine circumcision may contravene human rights has been raised because circumcision is performed on a minor and is without proven medical benefit. Whether these legal concerns are valid will be known only if the matter is determined in a court of law. If the operation is to be performed, the medical attendant should ensure this is done by a competent operator, using appropriate anaesthesia and in a safe child-friendly environment. In all cases where parents request a circumcision for their child the medical attendant is obliged to provide accurate information on the risks and benefits of the procedure. Up-to-date, unbiased written material summarising the evidence should be widely available to parents. Review of the literature in relation to risks and benefits shows there is no evidence of benefit outweighing harm for circumcision as a routine procedure in the neonate.}}</ref>
2004	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baldwin SB, Wallace DR, Papenfuss MR, Abrahamsen M, Vaught LC, Giuliano AR |title=Condom use and other factors affecting penile human papillomavirus detection in men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic |journal=Sex Transm Dis |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=601–7 |year = 2004 |month=October |pmid=15388997 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0148-5717&volume=31&issue=10&spage=601 |doi=10.1097/01.olq.0000140012.02703.10}}</ref>
2004	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Günşar C, Kurutepe S, Alparslan O, ''et al.'' |title=The effect of circumcision status on periurethral and glanular bacterial flora |journal=Urologia internationalis |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=212–5 |year = 2004 |pmid=15084764 |doi=10.1159/000077117}}</ref>
2004	<ref>{{cite journal |last = Hutson |first = J.M. | year = 2004 | month = June | title = Circumcision: a surgeon’s perspective | journal = Journal of Medical Ethics | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 238–240 | doi = 10.1136/jme.2002.001313 | pmid = 15173354 | url = http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/30/3/238.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-07-09 |pmc = 1733864}}</ref>
2004	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15534340 |doi=10.1177/0272989X04271039 |year = 2004 |author1=Van Howe |title=A cost-utility analysis of neonatal circumcision |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=584–601 |journal=Medical decision making}}</ref>
2004	<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/paraphimosis/ | title= Paraphimosis: Conservative Treatment | publisher= Circumcision Information and Resource Pages | date = 2004-04-17}}</ref>
2004	<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cpsbc.ca/files/u6/Circumcision-Infant-Male.pdf |title=Circumcision (Infant Male) |accessdate=2009-08-16 |work=Resource manual |publisher=College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia |year = 2004}}</ref>
2005	<ref name=OF1>{{cite journal| last = O’Farrel| first = Nigel| coauthors = Maria Quigley and Paul Fox| year = 2005| title = Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study| journal = International Journal of STD & AIDS| volume = 16| issue = 8| pages = 556–588(4)| doi = 10.1258/0956462054679151| pmid = 16105191| url = http://ijsa.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/8/556| format = Abstract| accessdate = 2008-09-06| quote = Overall, circumcised men were less likely to be diagnosed with a STI/balanitis (51% and 35%, P = 0.021) than those non-circumcised.}}</ref>
2005	<ref name=singhgrewal2005>{{cite journal |author=Singh-Grewal D, Macdessi J, Craig J |title=Circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infection in boys: a systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=90 |issue=8 |pages=853–8 |year = 2005 |month=August |pmid=15890696 |pmc=1720543 |doi=10.1136/adc.2004.049353}}</ref>
2005	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, ''et al.'' |title=Penile cancer: importance of circumcision, human papillomavirus and smoking in in situ and invasive disease |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=606–16 |year = 2005 |month=September |pmid=15825185 |doi=10.1002/ijc.21009}}</ref>
2005	<ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Farrell N, Quigley M, Fox P |title=Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study |journal=International Journal of STD & AIDS |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=556–9 |year = 2005 |month=August |pmid=16105191 |doi=10.1258/0956462054679151}}</ref>
2005	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks J, ''et al.'' |title=HIV and male circumcision--a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies |journal=The Lancet infectious diseases |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=165–73 |year = 2005 |month=March |pmid=15766651 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)01309-5}}</ref>
2005	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16040868 |pmc=1720522 |doi=10.1136/adc.2004.066761 |year = 2005 |author1=Schoen |title=Circumcision for preventing urinary tract infections in boys: North American view |volume=90 |issue=8 |pages=772–3 |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood}}</ref>
2005	<ref>{{cite journal |title=Male circumcision: a review of the evidence |author=Hirji, H |coauthors=Charlton, R; Sarmah S |journal=Journal of men's health |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |year = 2005 |url=http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/jmhg/article/PIIS1571891305000105/abstract}}</ref>
2005	<ref>{{cite journal |year = 2005 |month=Summer |title=Coagulation disorders often not detected |journal=Pediatric update ([http://www.mattel.ucla.edu Mattel Children's hospital at UCLA]) |volume=12 |issue=2 |url=http://www2.healthcare.ucla.edu/pedsupdate/Peds-Update-Summer05.pdf |accessdate= 2008-03-12 |format=PDF}}</ref>
2005	<ref>{{cite journal| last = Lajous| first = Martín| coauthors = Nancy Mueller, Aurelio Cruz-Valdéz, Luis Victor Aguilar, Silvia Franceschi, Mauricio Hernández-Ávila, and Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce| year = 2005| month = July| title = Determinants of Prevalence, Acquisition, and Persistence of Human Papillomavirus in Healthy Mexican Military Men| journal = Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention| volume = 14| issue = 7| pages = 1710–1716| doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0926| pmid = 16030106| url = http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/14/7/1710.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref>
2005	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Darby|first = Robert|year = 2005|title = The riddle of the sands: circumcision, history, and myth|journal = The New Zealand Medical Journal|volume = 118|issue = 1218|pages = 76–82|pmid= 16027753|url = http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/118-1218/1564/content.pdf|format = PDF|accessdate = 2006-07-09}}</ref>
2005	<ref>{{cite journal|last = O’Farrel|first = Nigel|coauthors = Maria Quigley and Paul Fox|year = 2005|month = August|title = Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study|journal = International Journal of STD & AIDS|volume = 16|issue = 8|pages = 556–588(4)|doi = 10.1258/0956462054679151|pmid = 16105191}}
2005	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Vincent|first = Michelle Valerie|coauthors = Ewan MacKinnon|year = 2005|month = April|title = The response of clinical balanitis xerotica obliterans to the application of topical steroid-based creams|journal = Journal of Pediatric Surgery|volume = 40|issue = 4|pages = 709–712|doi = 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.12.001|pmid = 15852285|url = http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/PIIS002234680400867X/abstract|format = Abstract|accessdate = 2006-09-21}}</ref>
2005	<ref>{{cite web |url= http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/eletters/81/4/537#1382 |title= Letter in response to Neonatal Circumcision and Penile Problems: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study, by Fergusson et al. (1988) |accessdate=2008-10-04 |work= Balanitis and the uncircumcised male |publisher= Pediatrics | date = 12 June 2005}}</ref>
2006	<ref name=BMAGuide2>{{cite web| url = http://www.bma.org.uk/ethics/consent_and_capacity/malecircumcision2006.jsp| title = The law and ethics of male circumcision - guidance for doctors| accessdate = 2009-07-23| author = Medical Ethics Committee| year = 2006| month = June| publisher = [[British Medical Association]]| quote = '''Circumcision for medical purposes'''<br/>
2006	<ref name=CancerRisk>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea=| title = What Are the Risk Factors for Penile Cancer?| accessdate = 2006-10-01| date = May 31, 2006| work = Cancer Reference Information| publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060619033821/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea= |archivedate = June 19, 2006}}</ref>
2006	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ |title=Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=101–9; discussion 110 |year = 2006 |month=April |pmid=16581731 |pmc=2653870 |doi=10.1136/sti.2005.017442}}</ref>
2006	<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00383-006-1672-1 |pmid=16649052 |year = 2006 |author1=Yegane |first2=AR |first3=NA |first4=M |first5=JA |first6=M |title=Late complications of circumcision in Iran |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=442–5 |journal=Pediatric surgery international |last2=Kheirollahi |last3=Salehi |last4=Bashashati |last5=Khoshdel |last6=Ahmadi}}</ref>
2006	<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16469634 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00399-X |year = 2006 |author1=Schoen |first2=CJ |first3=TT |title=Cost analysis of neonatal circumcision in a large health maintenance organization |volume=175 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=1111–5 |journal=The Journal of Urology |last2=Colby |last3=To}}</ref>
2006	<ref>{{cite web| url = [http://www.emedicine.com/PED/topic2356.htm Emedicine.com]| title = Emedicine.com| accessdate = 2006-07-02| last = Angel| first = Carlos A.| date = June 12, 2006| work = eMedicine| publisher = WebMD}}</ref>
2006	<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_penile_cancer_be_prevented_35.asp| title = Can Penile Cancer Be Prevented?| accessdate = 2006-10-01| date = May 31, 2006| work = Cancer Reference Information| publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060615044224/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_penile_cancer_be_prevented_35.asp |archivedate = June 15, 2006}}</ref>
2006	<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic46.htm| title = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic46.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-21| last = Scheinfeld| first = Noah S.| authorlink =| coauthors = George C. Keough, Daniel Lehman| date = January 11, 2006| work = Diseases Of The Dermis| publisher = [[EMedicine]]}}</ref>
2006	<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic615.htm| title = Balanoposthitis| accessdate = 2006-11-20| last = Osipov| first = Vladimir O.| coauthors = Scott M. Acker| date = November 14, 2006| work = Reactive and Inflammatory Dermatoses| publisher = [[EMedicine]]}}</ref>
2007	<ref name=AAFP2>{{cite web| url = http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html| title = Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision| accessdate = 2012-09-04| year = 2007| publisher = [[American Academy of Family Physicians]]}}</ref>
2007	<ref name=AAFP_2007>{{Cite web | url = http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/guidelines/Circumcison.html | title = Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision | accessdate = 2007-01-30 | year = 2007 | publisher = American Academy of Family Physicians }}</ref>
2007	<ref name=AUApolicy>{{cite web |url=http://www.auanet.org/content/guidelines-and-quality-care/policy-statements/c/circumcision.cfm |title=Circumcision |accessdate=2007-08-26 |author=American Urological Association |work=About AUA - Policy Statements}}</ref>
2007	<ref name=Fergusson>{{cite journal |title=Neonatal circumcision: Effects on breastfeeding and outcomes associated with breastfeeding |journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health |author=Fergusson DM |coauthor=Boden, JM; Horwood, J |volume=44|doi= 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01202.x |year = 2007 |pages=070907133943009 |pmid=17803666 |issue=1–2}}</ref>
2007	<ref name=Schoen>{{cite journal |pmid=18077736 |pmc=2231533 |year = 2007 |author1=Schoen |title=Should newborns be circumcised? Yes |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=2096–8, 2100–2 |journal=Canadian Family Physician}}</ref>
2007	<ref name=vanhowe2006>{{cite journal|last = Van Howe|first = Robert S.|month = May|year = 2007|title = Human papillomavirus and circumcision: A meta-analysis|journal = Journal of Infection|volume = 54|issue = 5|pages = 490–496|doi =10.1016/j.jinf.2006.08.005|pmid = 16997378|url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/vanhowe2006b/|accessdate = 2008-09-18}}</ref>
2007	<ref name=WHOpr0307>{{cite web |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |publisher=World Health Organisation |month=March |year = 2007 |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html}}</ref>
2007	<ref>{{cite journal |author=Van Howe RS |title=Neonatal circumcision and penile inflammation in young boys |journal=Clinical pediatrics |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=329–33 |year = 2007 |pmid=17475991 |doi=10.1177/0009922806295708}}</ref>
2007	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Castellsagué|first = X.|coauthors = G. Albero, R. Clèries and F. Bosch|year = 2007|month =|title = HPV and circumcision: A biased, inaccurate and misleading meta-analysis|journal = Journal of Infection|volume = 55|issue = 1|pages = 91–93|doi =10.1016/j.jinf.2007.02.009|pmid = 17433445|url =|accessdate =}}</ref>
2007	<ref name=WHO-C&R>{{cite journal | title = New Data on Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention: Policy and Programme Implications | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | date = March 28, 2007 | url = http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/MCrecommendations_en.pdf | format = PDF | id = | accessdate = 2007-08-13}}</ref>
2007	<ref>{{vcite journal | author=Paediatric Death Review Committee | title=Circumcision: a minor procedure? | journal=Paediatr Child Health | date = 2007 | volume=12 | issue=4 | pages=311-2 | url=http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/pdf/Cairns_2007.pdf | doi= | pmid=19030377 | pmc=2528673 }</ref>
2008	<ref name=byakika2008>{{cite journal | author=Byakika-Tusiime J | title=Circumcision and HIV Infection: Assessment of Causality | journal=AIDS Behav | volume=12 | issue=6 | pages=835–41 | year = 2008 | month=September | pmid=18800244 | doi=10.1007/s10461-008-9453-6}}</ref>
2008	<ref name=CDC-2008>{{cite web |title=Male Circumcision and Risk for HIV Transmission and Other Health Conditions: Implications for the United States |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |year = 2008 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/circumcision.htm}}</ref>
2008	<ref name=Krieger>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00979.x |title=Adult Male Circumcision: Effects on Sexual Function and Sexual Satisfaction in Kisumu, Kenya |year = 2008 |last1=Krieger |first1=John N. |first2=Supriya D. |first3=Robert C. |first4=Kawango |first5=Jeckoniah O. |first6=Corette |first7=Stephen |journal=Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=5 |pages=2610–22 |pmid=18761593 |issue=11 |last2=Mehta |last3=Bailey |last4=Agot |last5=Ndinya-Achola |last6=Parker |last7=Moses |pmc=3042320}}</ref>
2008	<ref name=millett>{{cite journal |author=Millett GA, Flores SA, Marks G, Reed JB, Herbst JH |title=Circumcision status and risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=300 |issue=14 |pages=1674–84 |year = 2008 |month=October |pmid=18840841 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.14.1674 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/300/14/1674}}</ref>
2008	<ref name=mills2008>{{cite journal | author=Mills E, Cooper C, Anema A, Guyatt G | title=Male circumcision for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 11,050 men | journal=HIV Med. | volume=9 | issue=6 | pages=332–5 | year = 2008 | month=July | pmid=18705758 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00596.x}}</ref>
2008	<ref name=weiss2008>{{cite journal | author=Weiss HA, Halperin D, Bailey RC, Hayes RJ, Schmid G, Hankins CA | title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention: from evidence to action? | journal=AIDS | volume=22 | issue=5 | pages=567–74 | year = 2008 | month=March | pmid=18316997 | doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f3f406 | url= http://www.aidsvaccineclearinghouse.org/pdf/MC/Weiss_AIDS_2008.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
2008	<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dinh |first=T.H. |coauthors=M. Sternberg, E.F. Dunne and L.E. Markowitz |year = 2008 |month=April |title=Genital Warts Among 18- to 59-Year-Olds in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004 |journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=357–360 |pmid=18360316 |quote=The percentage of circumcised men reporting a diagnosis of genital warts was significantly higher than uncircumcised men, 4.5% (95% CI, 3.6%–5.6%) versus 2.4% (95% CI, 1.5%–4.0%) |doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181632d61}}</ref>
2008	<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roth |first=C.C. |coauthors=J.M. Hubanks, B.C. Bright, J.E. Heinlen, B.O. Donovan, B.P. Kropp and D. Frimberger |year = 2008 |month=July 9 (e-pub) |title=Occurrence of Urinary Tract Infection in Children with Significant Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction |journal=Urology |volume=[E-pub ahead of print] |issue= 1|pages= 74–8|pmid=18619654 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2008.05.021}}</ref>
2008	<ref>{{cite journal| last = Hernandez| first = B.Y.| coauthors = L.R. Wilkens, X. Zhu, K. McDuffie, P. Thompson, Y.B. Shvetsov, L. Ning and M.T. Goodman| month = March|year = 2008| title = Circumcision and Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men: A Site-Specific Comparison| journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases| volume = 197| issue = 6| pages = 787–794| doi = 10.1086/528379| pmid = 18284369| url =| format =| accessdate =| pmc = 2596734}}</ref>
2008	<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?rnav=cri| title = What Are the Key Statistics About Penile Cancer?| accessdate = 2006-08-10| date = 11 July 2008| work = Penile Cancer| publisher = American Cancer Society|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060617022927/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?rnav=cri |archivedate = June 17, 2006}}</ref>
2008	<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=22745| title = Statistics and outlook for penile cancer| accessdate = 2008-10-08| date = June 16, 2008| work = Penile Cancer| publisher = [[Cancer Research UK]]| quote = Most cases of penile cancer are in men aged over 60 years old. It rarely affects men under 40.}}</ref>
2008	<ref>{{cite web |title=What Are the Risk Factors for Penile Cancer? |publisher=American Cancer Society | date = 2008-07-11 |url=http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/PenileCancer/DetailedGuide/penile-cancer-risk-factors}}</ref>
2009	<ref name=Ngan>{{cite journal |last=Ngan |first=John H., M.D. |coauthors=J Waldhausen M.D., Richard Santucci M.D. |year = 1996 |month=April |title=I think this child has an infected penis after neonatal circumcision… |journal=Online Pediatric Urology |url=http://www.drmomma.org/2009/11/massive-infection-takes-over-body-after.html |quote=}}</ref>
2009	<ref>[https://www.cpsbc.ca/files/u6/Circumcision-Infant-Male.pdf College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia: Professional Standards and Guidelines: Circumcision (Infant Male)] The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia] (pdf)</ref>
2009	<ref>{{cite web|title=Current College Position on Circumcision|publisher=Royal Australasian College of Physicians| date = 2009-08-27|url=http://racp.edu.au/download.cfm?DownloadFile=59AE2C7C-9F08-B344-21061157DF3636B9}}</ref>
2010	<ref>[http://www.racp.edu.au//index.cfm?objectid=65118B16-F145-8B74-236C86100E4E3E8E Circumcision of Male Infants]. Sydney: Royal Australasian College of Physicians, 2010.</ref>
2010	<ref>{{cite journal|last = Scheinfeld|first = Noah S.|coauthors = G.C. Keough, D.S. Lehman|year = 2010|month = January|title = Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis|journal = Emedicine (Medscape)|url = http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic45.htm}}</ref>
2010	<ref name=KNMG>{{cite web |title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors (2010) |publisher=KNMG | date = 12 June 2010 |url=http://knmg.artsennet.nl/Diensten/knmgpublicaties/KNMGpublicatie/Nontherapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-2010.htm}}</ref>
2011	<ref name=Emedicine.com>[http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic51.htm Emedicine.com]</ref>
2011	<ref>[http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Epididymitis?OpenDocument Vic.gov.au]</ref>
2011	<ref name=AMA_2011>{{cite web | url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2011-11-15-ama-adopts-new-policies.page | title=AMA Adopts New Policies During Final Day of Semi-Annual Meeting | publisher=AMA | date = Nov 15, 2011 | accessdate=September 03, 2012}}</ref>
2012	<ref name=AAP2012>{{cite journal|title=Circumcision Policy Statement|journal=PEDIATRICS| date = 27 August 2012|volume=130|issue=3|pages=585–586|doi=10.1542/peds.2012-1989}}</ref>
2012	<ref name=LATimes_AAP2012>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/science/benefits-of-circumcision-outweigh-risks-pediatric-group-says.html | title=Pediatricians' group shifts in favor of circumcision | work=LA Times | date = August 26, 2012 | accessdate=August 31, 2012 | author=Brown, Eryn}}</ref>
2012	<ref name=NYTimes_AAP2012>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/science/benefits-of-circumcision-outweigh-risks-pediatric-group-says.html | title=Benefits of Circumcision Are Said to Outweigh Risks | work=NY Times | date = August 27, 2012 | accessdate=August 31, 2012 | author=Rabin, Roni}}</ref>
2012	<ref name=WaPo_AAP2012>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/circumcision-benefits-outweigh-risks-and-insurers-should-pay-pediatricians-revise-stance/2012/08/26/49663aae-efb7-11e1-b74c-84ed55e0300b_story.html | title=Circumcision benefits outweigh risks and insurers should pay; pediatricians revise stance | work=Washington Post | date = August 27, 2012 | accessdate=August 31, 2012 | author=AP}}</ref>
2012 updated	<ref>[http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic45.htm Emedicine.com]</ref>
2012 updated	<ref>{{cite web |title=Hemophilia, Overview |publisher=eMedicine |url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3528.htm}}</ref>

Zad68 18:25, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Thanks for doing this. I'll just boldly redirect to circumcision and drop a note at the talk page there. Biosthmors (talk) 18:28, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

That's bold all right! I'm happy to have one less problem-fraught article to maintain, thanks. Zad68 18:52, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

You're welcome. Biosthmors (talk) 19:19, 5 September 2012 (UTC)