Talk:Hwarang

Disbandment

When did the Hwarang officially disband?

Organization

We need sources about the organization and ranks of the Hwarang.

(No Title)

Added link to english translations of all the original sources on the Hwarang organisation: http://www.hwarangdo.com/hwarang.htm

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Where did these "Hwarang code" come from?

"

1. Loyalty to one's country - Il Sä Kun E Chung
2. Loyalty to one's parents and teachers - E Sä Chin E Hyo
3. Trust and brotherhood among friends - Säm Kyo Uoo E Shin
4. Courage to never retreat in the face of the enemy - Sä Im Jun Moo Teah
5. Justice never to take a life without cause - O Säl Säng U Teck"

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http://dongacc.com/main/news/01040701.htm

[신복룡교수의 한국사 새로보기]화랑과 상무정신

학자는 정직해야 하고 진실을 말할 수 있는 용기가 있어야 한다고 하지만 갈릴레오 이래 많은 학자들은 할 말을 못하고, 안 할 말을 해야 하는 일을 수없이 많이 겪었다. 역사학도 그러한 고민으로부터 자유로울 수 없었다. 한 예가 우리 역사에서 최고의 ‘청년 문화’라고 칭송받는 신라시대 화랑(花郞)에 대한 해석이다. 기존 한국사에서 평가되는 화랑의 모습은 호국의 꽃이었고, 청년 문화에 대한 찬사의 극치였다. 먼저 분명히 해두어야 할 것은 화랑이 그토록 극찬을 받은 지는 지금으로부터 50년이 채 되지 않았다는 사실이다.

화랑을 긍정적으로 평가한 최초의 역사학자는 1920년대 단재 신채호(申采浩)였다. 이어 1930년대 일제 치하 일본 역사학자 미시나 아키히데(三品彰英)와 이케우치 히로시(池內宏)가 화랑을 거론할 때만 해도 그렇게 찬란한 존재가 아니었고 그저 화랑이라는 존재가 있었다는 것을 확인하는 정도였다.

그러다가 한국전쟁이 일어나자 이승만(李承晩) 대통령이 청년의 애국심이 필요하다고 생각하고, 당시 육군본부 정훈감이었으며 나중에 정신문화연구원장을 지낸 역사학자 이선근(李瑄根) 대령에게 한국사에서 청년 문화의 유산을 발굴하라고 지시했다.

▼명칭 바뀐후에도 계속 여자▼

이에 따라 이 대령이 ‘화랑도연구’(1954)를 출판했을 때 화랑은 하루 아침에 한국사에서 가장 위대한 청년 문화의 유산으로 부상했다. 그의 주장을 빌리면 이충무공(李忠武公), 개화파, 독립협회, 동학혁명, 3·1운동이 온통 화랑 정신을 빛낸 사람들이나 사건들이었다는 것이다.

화랑의 본래 모습이 과연 그런 것이었을까? 화랑이 당초 여자였다는 것은 학계에서도 다 인정하고 있는 사실이다. 최초의 화랑은 원화(源花)라고 불렸으며, 그들이 하는 일은 추석때 서라벌에서 아낙네들이 모여 패를 갈라 길쌈내기를 하던, 이를테면 부락 축제의 리더 역할이었다.

처음 원화가 된 사람은 남모(南毛)와 준정(俊貞)이라는 두 명의 여자였다. 그러던 것이 부락제가 국가적 행사로 자리를 잡고 규모도 확대됨에 따라 원화는 화랑이란 명칭으로 바뀌었다. 여기에서 주목해야 할 사실은 원화가 화랑으로 바뀌었을 때에도 화랑은 여자였다고 하는 사실이다.

이를 확인하기 위해 ‘사진1’을 보자. 이것은 ‘삼국유사’ 원본 중에서 화랑에 관한 부분을 복사한 것이다. 그런데 여기에는 우리가 교과서에서 배운 것처럼 화랑이 ‘花郞’이 아니라 ‘花娘’으로 기록되어 있다는 사실이다.

이것은 이 문제를 풀어나가는 첫번째의 열쇠가 된다. ‘꽃 같은 여자’라는 말은 있어도 ‘꽃 같은 남자’라는 말은 있을 수 없다는 점에서 화랑은 ‘花娘’이라고 쓰는 것이 옳았다. 이런 점에서 본다면 화랑을 ‘花郞’이라고 표기한 한국의 역사학자들은 ‘삼국유사’도 읽어보지 않은 사람이거나 아니면 의도적으로 문헌을 왜곡했다고 볼 수밖에 없다.

문제는 여기서 그치지 않는다. 신라나 고려 시대 사람들은 ‘花娘’을 어떻게 발음했을까? 우선 ‘사진 2’를 보자. 이 책은 세종대왕이 한글을 창제하신 후 한자를 어떻게 발음해야 하는가를 가르치기 위해 편찬한 ‘동국정운’(東國正韻·국보 142호)으로 여기에는 ‘娘’을 ‘냥’이라고 발음하도록 되어 있다.

뿐만 아니라 조선조 최고의 어문학자였던 최세진(崔世珍)의 ‘훈몽자회’(訓蒙字會·사진3)와 조선조 후기 음운학자 정윤용(鄭允容)의 ‘자류주석’(字類註釋·사진4)에도 ‘娘’은 ‘냥’으로 발음하도록 되어 있다. 그렇다면 花娘은 어떻게 발음되었을까? 신라의 이두는 말할 것도 없고 조선조까지도 그것은 ‘화냥’이었다. ‘화랑’이 아니라 ‘화냥’이었던 것이다. 그 다음 얘기를 더 할 필요가 있겠는가?

현대 어문학의 태두인 양주동(梁柱東)은 필생의 저작인 ‘조선고가(古歌)연구’(1954)를 발간한 후 “내가 죽은 후 1세기 안에는 이 책의 일점일획도 고칠 것이 없을 것”이라고 말하면서 스스로를 국보(國寶)라고 칭했다. 그는 이 책에서 화랑을 언급하면서 ‘화랑이 한때 타락해 화냥의 칭호를 들었다’(372∼374쪽)고 기록했고 이선근도 그렇게 풀이했다. 그러나 그들의 주장은 틀렸다. 화랑은 당초부터 화냥이었지 화랑이 타락해 화냥이 된 것이 아니다.

그후 삼국 중에서 신라에만 특유하게 존재하던 모계 중심 사회가 점차 퇴조를 보이면서 화랑도 남자로 바뀌기 시작했다.

이 때는 이름도 국선(國仙)으로 불렸으며 그 최초의 인물이 설원랑(薛原郞)이었다. 화랑이 여성에서 남성으로 바뀌었다고 해서 그것이 곧 상무(尙武)정신과 같은 남성 문화로 바뀐 것이 아니었다.

화랑의 선발 기준은 여전히 ‘얼굴이 고운 남자’(삼국사기 진흥왕 37년조)였다. 화랑이 진정 무사도였다면 왜 우람한 남자를 뽑지 않고 얼굴이 고운 남자를 뽑았을까?

그것은 모계 사회의 풍습 때문이었다. 정치와 종교가 명확히 구분되지 않던 모계 중심의 부족 사회에서의 여왕은 부락장인 동시에 제주(祭主:무당)였고 의녀(醫女)였다. 따라서 신라의 여왕은 이미 그의 주신(主神)에게 출가한 몸이므로 결혼을 할 수가 없었다.

그렇다고 해서 여왕이 혼자 잠자리에 들 수는 없었고, 그 얼굴 고운 남자들과 잠자리를 함께했다. 신라의 여왕들, 특히 진성여왕과 그 얼굴 고운 남자들 사이에 벌어진 진한 에로티시즘에 관한 얘기는 ‘삼국사기’ 진성여왕편에 소상하게 기록되어 있다.

그렇다면 소위 세속오계(世俗五戒)는 어떻게 되는 것인가? 유감스럽게도 화랑을 다루고 있는 ‘삼국사기’ ‘삼국유사’ ‘해동고승전’의 어디를 봐도 화랑과 세속오계를 관련지어 설명한 곳이 없다. 미시나 아키히데의 저서 ‘신라 화랑의 연구’에는 세속오계라는 단어조차 나오지 않는다.

결국 세속오계란 화랑과 무관한 서민 청년들의 생활 규범이었다. 세속오계가 화랑의 계율이었다는 것은 이선근의 ‘소설’에나 나오는 얘기였을 뿐이다.

▼고려시대땐 '병역 면제'▼

내가 화랑에 대해 다시 생각해봐야겠다고 결심한 것은 신라 후기가 되면서 화랑이 국선으로 변하고 다시 고려조에 들어오면 국선에게는 ‘병역을 면제해주었다’는 대목을 읽었을 때였다. 그것은 내게 충격적이었다. 당시는 남자들이 이리저리 군대에서 빠지던 시절이었다. 그럼에도 부친이 사망한 부선망(父先亡) 4대 독자로 현역에 복무한 나로서는 병역 면제자 ‘화랑’을 상무 정신의 화신처럼 설명하고 있는 한국 역사학을 도저히 용납할 수가 없었다.

조선조에서 화랑은 엉뚱한 뜻으로 사용됐다. 다시 최세진의 ‘훈몽자회’에 나오는 ‘사진5’를 보자. 그림에 나타나 있는 격(覡)이라는 글자는 오늘날 박수무당을 의미한다. 그런데 조선시대에는 이를 ‘화랑’이라고 풀이했다는 것은 그 당시에 박수무당을 화랑이라고 불렀음을 의미한다. 같은 무당이라고 하더라도 박수(白手)무당은 백수건달(白手乾達)의 의미도 지니고 있다. 한량이라는 말도 여기에서 파생됐다.

망국의 비분강개함을 느끼며 청년들에게 감동을 주기 위해 화랑의 얘기를 꺼낼 수밖에 없었던 신채호를 이해하지 못하는 바는 아니다.

그러나 한국전쟁이라는 폐허 속에서 청년들을 전쟁터로 나가게 하기 위해 화랑을 무사도로 미화한 이선근의 논리는 분명 ‘빗나간 애국심’이었다. 차라리 고구려의 당나라에 대한 끈질긴 항쟁에서 청년의 기백을 찾는 것이 더 온당한 필법이었다.

건국대 교수(정치외교사)

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I have tried to make the article more neutral. This article looks like another attempt by the original author to denigrate Korean culture, and I have removed his more sensational comments. Furthermore, the fourth Buddhist precept for lay people is: Do not utter false speech. It is not: Do not retreat in war. --Sewing 00:26, 19 Oct 2003 (UTC)

It it regretful that you think my edits is to denigrate Korean culture, but I'm just true to my research. It were Japanese who started to insist that Hwarang had been warriors. But when I read Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, I found it quite doubtful. (If you find a sentence like "Hwarang practiced archery well", I will reconsider.) I put my current theory here (in Japanese) just a week ago. I will translate it into English soon.

And the the Buddhist precept I mentioned is Wongwan's version. Study more before editing. --Nanshu 00:52, 19 Oct 2003 (UTC)

As for the Buddhist precept, if that's someone's version of it, please explain it in the text. Who was Wongwan? Was he simply freely interpreting the Buddhist precepts? --Sewing 10:49, 19 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Quote from Samguk Yusa

光曰。佛教有菩薩戒其別有十。若等為人臣子。恐不能堪。今有世俗五戒。一曰。事君以忠。二曰。事親以孝。三曰。交友有信。四曰。臨戰無退。五曰。殺生有擇。若行之無忽。

--Nanshu 22:39, 19 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Your English terminology is slightly confused. The five Buddhist precepts (五戒) for both monastic and lay people are warnings (禁戒) against the five evils (五惡):

1. Killing (殺生)
2. Stealing (偸盜)
3. Sexual misconduct (邪淫)
4. Lying (忘語)
5. Using intoxicants (飮酒)

The five precepts you refer to (Sesok Ogye; 世俗五戒) are translated variously as the "Five Precepts of Worldly Life," the "Five Precepts of the Mundane World," or the "Five Precepts of the Secular World," and were first promoted by the Korean Buddhist monk Wongwang (d. 640). They are not the same as the "Five Precepts for Laypeople." As you enumerated, Wongwang's five precepts are:

1. Serve your lord with loyalty (事君以忠)
2. Serve your parents with filial piety (事親以孝)
3. Be faithful to your friends (交友以信)
4. Face battle without retreat (臨戰無退)
5. When taking life, be selective (殺生有擇)

Study more before editing. --Sewing 00:29, 20 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Hehe, it's jsut a matter of translation. --Nanshu 23:12, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Please use historical sources

Why do you deleate my post?If you find some err please point out.

Hwarang (Flowering Knights) were leader of the salon in Silla, an ancient Korean kingdom. They were educational institutions as well as social clubs where members gathered for all aspects of study. - Menber of the salon called Hwarang-do(花郎徒).

Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa record stories about the origin of Hwarang. According to Samguk Sagi the first two group leader, called Wonhwa, were lovely women.But jealousy has driven them mad.One killed other and were abolished. Then another group leader Hwarang was formed.They were cute boys and dressed as a woman.

key point

1. Distinction between Hwarang(leader) and Hwarang-do(follower).
2. Distinction between Samguk Sagi(My post) and Samguk Yusa(Other)
3. Wonhwa:One killed other and were abolished.
4. Hwarang were cute boys and dressed as a woman.

Adapted from Samguk Sagi. --202.212.62.24 23:09, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

三十七年 春 始奉源花。初君臣病無以知人、欲使類聚群遊、以觀其行義、然後擧而用之。遂簡美女二人、一曰南毛、一曰俊貞。聚徒三百餘人、二女爭娟相妬。俊貞引南毛於私第、_勸酒至醉、曳而投河水以殺之。俊貞伏誅、徒人失和罷散。 其後、_取美貌男子、粧飾之、名花_以奉之。徒衆雲集、或相磨以道義、或相_以歌樂、遊_山水、無遠不至。因此知其人邪正、擇其善者、薦之於朝。 --202.212.62.24 23:18, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

from WP:NOR, quoting Wales, emphasis added: "An article that makes no new low-level claims, but nonetheless synthesizes work in a non-standard way, is effectively original research that I think we ought not to publish. This comes up most often in history, where there is a tendency by some Wikipedians to produce novel narratives and historical interpretations with citation to primary sources to back up their interpretation of events. Even if their citations are accurate, Wikipedia's poorly equipped to judge whether their particular synthesis of the available information is a reasonable one."

please cite to reputable publications (Wikipedia:Verifiability), not original source documents centuries old in a foreign language, interpreted by you personally. where did you get "cute boys and dressed as a woman"? if you provide the citations, others can help with the proper english grammar & spelling. Appleby 00:38, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

"cute boys and dressed as a woman"? This say as so.取美貌男子、粧飾之、名花

My previous　post is　Samguk Sagi:Records of Silla:King Jinheung:YR 37 Samguk Sagi is written in 12 centuly.But this is oldest and most authoritative text book of the Korean history.

I'm not good at english.So I coudn't find out translated Samguk Sagi. But now you can post english text of Samguk Sagi:Records of Silla:King Jinheung:YR 37.

I'll wait several days. --202.212.62.24 01:39, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

as Wikipedia founder Jimbo Wales says, quoted above from wikipedia policy, your interpretation of primary sources is not appropriate for wikipedia. please provide links to sources as described in Wikipedia:Verifiability. as you can see from , there are many historical references to hwarang, & many scholars invest professional expertise in the translations & interpretation of this topic. original research is not a job for wikipedians. thanks. Appleby 02:08, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Avelage east asian learn how to read chinese classic text.If you haven't ever read Koran Tacitus or Suetonius and talk about ancient korean history...it's realy sick.(I dought you alreay have english text though) Especialy this article claim to rely on borth of them.

Most Korean who study Korean history might anger this telephone game like this scholar. http://dongacc.com/main/news/01040701.htm --202.212.62.24 07:26, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

it is not wikipedia's purpose to publish your analysis of ancient source texts, & this is not a place for individual research or thesis. wikipedia is a collection of reliable information from reputable sources, scholarly consensus. i'm not saying your interpretation of that specific text is right or wrong, but it doesn't matter what you or i think. you need more appropriate sourcing for what goes into this article. Appleby 08:11, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

I included the historical disputes within the hierarchy section because I learned the Pungwolju and the Gukseon may be synonymous to Hwarang leaders. Or the Pungwolju could be a government position that administers the Gukseon and their Hwarang groups. The Gukseon could be a leader of all Hwarang groups or a leader of a single Hwarang group. I got it from this book, "Martial Arts in Asia: History, Culture, and Politics."Koreanidentity10000 02:56, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

Translation of Hwarang

"It is often translated as "flower knights" because in hanja, hwa means flower (noun or verb) and rang, meaning man, was then used as part of various Korean official rank titles." The person who wrote the above statement has no knowledge of chinese character. Hwa/flower/花 is a noun but cannot be a verb. In Chinese character, it is very rare for noun to be used as verb because chinese does not have -ing. Separate chinese character (咲) "blossom" is used. Secondly, go get any chinese character dictionary. Rwang/朗/youth is not the character used for reference to various official titles. Flower of Youth or Flowering Knights is categorically incorrect translation. If someone persist in reverting this edit, I will simply resort to dispute process, find someone neutral (nonJapanese/Korean/Chinese who knows chinese/korean) then simply ask this person to authenticate my translation. If someone wish to waste time, feel free to do so. FWBOarticle

please note that we're talking about hanja, chinese characters adapted for use in korea, not chinese language usage or grammar. please refer to chinese-korean dictionaries such as http://zonmal.dreamwiz.com/. also google seems to show "flower knights" is most common, although this is an imperfect method. if you can find a more common translation, please let us know. Appleby 20:01, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

No this isn't hanja. Official written language of ancient Korea or Japanese court wasn't modified version of Chinese. It was Chinese, just like French was used as the official language of European court. Go check any ancient Korean text. Almost all of it is written in proper Chinese. I'm not, at this point, saying Hwarang was a group of gay youth. Though such research exist, i don't intend to get into flame war with people who site different research. I'm merely stating that Hwarang cannot be translated as Flower Knight. FWBOarticle

please see hanja and Korean language. korea never used the chinese language, as the grammatical structure is completely different & the two are genetically unrelated. hanja dictionaries translate rang as man, placename, rank name. see link above or any hanja dictionary, not your personal interpretation. Appleby 20:16, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Please show usage of 花 as a verb in hanja. Even that the translation is wrong because, in such case, it is neccessary to to indicate such verb status in hanja which is not the case with Hwarang. As I said, let find some Westerners with knowledge in chinese character. I'm tired of revert war. FWBOarticle

according to the above dictionary, 花, hanja used in korea, means a flower, or to flower. feel free to consult any other hanja dictionary. Appleby 20:36, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Because your translation now use flower instead of flowring, this isn't the issue here. Translation of Rwang as knight is incorrect. Conslut dictionary. Just because rwang refer to title/rank only means that the word Youth was refered to as a rank. Feel free to consult any other hanja dictionary. FWBOarticle

would you prefer "flower official" or "flower rank"? flower or flowering knight is how it's usually translated, afaict. Appleby 21:25, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

No, "flower youth". Assuming your reference to be correct, the dictionary only state that Rang=youth is a reference to a rank. So flower rank or flower official is incorrect translation. That is why "hwarang" means flower youth and it refere to group of knight" is kosher from linguistic POV but "hwarang means flower knight" is not. As I said, I don't intend to get into "hey, this is soooooo gay" debate. Confliciting research exists so different view should be given proper attribution but I have no taste for edit war over topic which would end up with lot of existential agony. On the other hand, translation issue is factual. Your "flower knight" translation would give slant to one side of the debate. Think how do you feel if I translate Hwarang as "Flower Boy", not totally inaccurate translation. FWBOarticle

um, no. for rang the hanja used in korea, the first definition is "man", second is "a place name", third is "an official rank", it doesn't say that rang as youth is a reference to a rank. i'm fine with flower official or flower rank. Appleby 05:29, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm not too far off in guessing that you have no actual knowlege of chinese character. Feel free to translate it to "Flower Men which was a knight order" but "Flower Rank" or "Flower Official" is incorrect translation. Your reference is merely stating that "Rwan/Men/Youth was used (i.e. diverted) as title of rank or officail". Feel free to go and ask Korean or preferably Westerners who understand hanja. FWBOarticle

The current edit is NPOV. Me happy. Thanks. FWBOarticle 14:49, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Who is distorting meaning of hanja 郎? "郎 rang" means just boy(s) not knight or warrior. Hskf4 11:43, 20 April 2006(UTC)

The Hwa (flower) in Hwarang in an adjective in the Chinese construction. It is therefore neither a noun nor a verb (ie to flower, which in Chinese is Kai Hua or open-flower, ie flower to open). It qualifies the noun Rang. Flower in this sense means delicate as a flower. It is a metaphor. Flower could also be the metaphor for beautiful/ pretty as a flower, but since it was used to address a man, this interpretation would be inappropriate. "Rang" in Chinese is a polite honorific title used to address a young (or at least not old) man from a metaphorically good family. In English the best translation for Rang would be a young squire. So Hwa Rang in English should be translated as a "delicate young squire". And of course, a squire in Europe is one rank below a knight. Hope that settles your arguments. 86.182.37.153 (talk) 02:03, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

To editors of this page

Some humble requests:

If you are going to change the typography of a Korean word (e.g. from Hwarang to Hwa Rang or Wonhwa to Won Hwa), then please do it for all instances of the word to maintain consistency.

As has been said here and elsewhere many times (and this is a persistent problem with Korea topics): Wikipedia is (or aspires to be) an encyclopedia. It is not a forum for personal interpretations of original documents/linguistics/etc. If you want that then go publish something and come back and cite it. I have no problem for instance with argueing that Hwarang is best translated as "flowering youth" or "blooming youth", etc. But if this is maintained by linguists or scholars then it should be cited. If this is your take on the term, no matter how informed it might be, this is not the place for it.

Make at least a semblance of proofreading submissions. Some typos are unavoidable and will be corrected by the process, but submitting edits with things like "The" capitalized in the middle of a sentence or capitalizing random nouns is unacceptable.

Straitgate 23:06, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

straightgate, nice job on the clean-up. about the most common translation, though, according to google:

• flower youth or flower youths: 22
• flower boys: 27
• flower knight or flower knights: 42

at google scholar, flower boys returns 11 results, 2 or 3 for the others. maybe it's best to more broadly explain the term or explain each hanja character. there are 59 results for hwarang (with silla OR shilla) at google scholar, perhaps indicating that's what scholars usually do. very small numbers indeed to draw any "common translation" conclusions. Appleby 00:12, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Romantic relations

While I cannot pretend to the level of scholarship present here, I would like to ask if anyone has information on parallels between the hwarang tradition and the shudo tradition. It seems to be a topic addressed in Western histories. Haiduc 15:41, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Other Uses

Just to let editors know, Hwa Rang is also the name of one of the patterns in ITF Taekwondo. The pattern is named after the military organisation described in the article. Not sure where to include this info though.AleXd (talk) 22:21, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Does not the picture of Hwarang exist why?

Is it unknown ..what externals it was..?The rumor that it was not actually a soldier was heard. 60.33.35.15 (talk) 17:02, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

More like special elite, because hwarang usually comes from aristocrats/royalty descended. Usually start from very early age and by their early 20s, they should become Achan ranked for these with Jingol status (half royalty).--115.64.154.127 (talk) 14:05, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Sul Sa Do

Dear Wikipedia Contributors,

please, receive a kind greeting. I was researching about the Korean version of Ninjutsu and found Sul Sa Do (http://www.sul-sa-do.com/). That website explains that Sul Sa Do is much better / more advanced version of Hwa Rang Do taught to the few best ones. However, here in Wikipedia I have found this article entitled HwaRang. Is it so or not? Could you please add some information about it?

Thank you very much for your help in advance.

George Rodney Maruri Game (talk) 01:39, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

You are looking for Hwa Rang Do. Shii (tock) 14:17, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

Useful link

I found a copy of the article referred to.

http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_Flower_Boys_of_Silla.pdf

The actual quote regarding the Japanese is, "Many Koreans now middle aged are scarcely aware of having heard of hwarang until after the liberation in 1945. It is most noticeable that the idea of hwarang as a military cult does not become prominent until the days when the Japanese are promoting the idea of bushido. Either from imitation or emulation, it is at that time that the hwarang are presented as primarily military."

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