Wikipedia

Spiritualism (philosophy)

In philosophy, spiritualism[a] is the concept, shared by a wide variety of systems of thought, that there is an immaterial reality that cannot be perceived by the senses.[3] This includes philosophies that postulate a personal God, the immortality of the soul, or the immortality of the intellect or will, as well as any systems of thought that assume a universal mind or cosmic forces lying beyond the reach of purely materialistic interpretations.[3]

Generally, any philosophical position, be it dualism, monism, atheism, theism, pantheism, idealism or any other, is compatible with spiritualism as long as it allows for a reality beyond matter.[3][4] Theism is an example of a dualist spiritualist philosophy, while pantheism is an example of monist spiritualism.[4]

As a philosophical tradition, spiritualism was especially associated with 19th- and early 20th-century French thought.[5]

Notable spiritualist thinkers

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Also neo-spiritualism,[1] spiritual realism[1] or French idealism[2] in the context of late modern French philosophy.

Citations

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Iannone, A. Pablo (2013). Dictionary of World Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134680436. Retrieved 5 January 2025. A particular form of spiritualism, frequently called neo-spiritualism, is that formulated by the French philosopher Jules Lachelier (CE 1834-1918), who was the teacher of the French philosophers Emile Boutroux (CE 1845-1921) and Henri Bergson (CE 1859-1941), both of whom are often also considered to exemplify neo-spiritualism. Lachelier advocated a form of spiritual realism whereby the spirit and spontaneity of humans provided an alternative to both idealism and materialism.
  2. ↑ Laurence Jerrold, France: Her People And Her Spirit, Cosimo, 2006, p. 350.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Spiritualism (in philosophy)", britannica.com
  4. 1 2 William James (1977). A pluralistic universe. Harvard University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-674-67391-5.
  5. ↑ Gary Gutting, French Philosophy in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 9; Tullio Viola, "Spiritualism as a Philosophy of Culture: Ravaisson and Boutroux" in Mark Sinclair (ed.), and Daniel Whistler (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern French Philosophy, Oxford UP, 2024, pp. 89–106.
  6. ↑ Su-Young Park-Hwang (1998), L'habitude dans le spiritualisme français: Maine de Biran, Ravaisson, Bergson, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion.
  7. ↑ Lalande, André (1908). "Victor Brochard". Revue de métaphysique et de morale. 16 (1): 18. JSTOR 44804857.
  8. ↑ Fedi, Laurent (2021). Anam Zafar (ed.). "From the Primacy of Judgment to Enlightenment of the Mind: Interpretive Clues for a Reading of Léon Brunschvicg". Revue de métaphysique et de morale. 2021 (3). Translated by Seán Morris: 287–305. doi:10.3917/rmm.213.0287. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  9. ↑ Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida, Taylor & Francis, 1998, p. 10: "Victor Cousin's eclectic spiritualism".
  10. ↑ McGrath, Larry S. (August 2015). "Alfred Fouillée between Science and Spiritualism". Modern Intellectual History. 12 (2): 295–323. doi:10.1017/S147924431400050X.
  11. ↑ Carroy, J.; Plas, R. (2000). "How Pierre Janet used pathological psychology to save the philosophical self". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 36 (3): 231–240. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(200022)36:3<231::aid-jhbs2>3.0.co;2-i. PMID 10898888. Retrieved 13 January 2026.
  12. ↑ Dupont, Christian (2013). Phenomenology in French Philosophy: Early Encounters. Springer Netherlands. p. 33. ISBN 9789400746411. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
  13. ↑ Formis, Barbara (2017). "Étienne Souriau ou la gloire de l'esthétique". Nouvelle Revue d'esthétique. 19 (1): 65–75. doi:10.3917/nre.019.0065.
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