SAKO (PL: System Automatycznego KOdowania[3] - EN: An Automatic Coding System[4]) is a Polish language-based programming language written between 1959 and 1960 by a team from the ZAM division of the Polish Academy of Sciences.[1] Originally developed for the XYZ and ZAM-2 computers, it was also ported over to the ZAM-21, ZAM-41 and the Mińsk-22.[5]
| SAKO | |
|---|---|
| Paradigm | Multi-paradigm: structured, imperative (procedural), array |
| Designed by | Leon Łukaszewicz, Antoni Mazurkiewicz, Jan Borowiec, Jowita Koncewicz, Maria Łącka, Stefan Sawicki, Jerzy Swianiewicz, Piotr Szorc, Alfred Szurman and Andrzej Wiśniewski[1] |
| Developer | Polish Academy of Sciences |
| First appeared | 1960 |
| Influenced by | |
| Fortran[2] | |
General features of the SAKO language:
- commands similar to sentences used in natural language
- shortening the time required to learn the principles of programming
- ease of use, which reduced coding time
- transparent program code, lowering the probability of making a mistake
It had a static address allocation. It was possible to insert code in SAS macro assembler. The compilation proceeded in two stages:
- From SAKO to simplified SAS macro assembler (SAS-W).
- From SAS-W to machine language.
The most characteristic feature of SAKO are Polish commands, e.g. CZYTAJ, SKOCZ DO. It was designed primarily for programming numerical calculations.
"Hello, world" example
editTEKST:
HELLO, WORLD
LINIA
STOP NASTEPNY
KONIEC
References
edit- Prace Zakładu Aparatów Matematycznych PAN, "System Automatycznego Kodowania SAKO. Cz. 1, Opis języka", PAN – Warszawa 1961
- Leon Łukaszewicz, Antoni Mazurkiewicz "System automatycznego kodowania SAKO" Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Polish Academy of Sciences Publishing House, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków 1966
- "COMPUTERS AND CENTERS, OVERSEAS: 6. Instytut Maszyn Matematycznych, ZAM 2, Warsaw, Poland". Digital Computer Newsletter. 16 (1): 22–23. 1964. Archived from the original on June 3, 2018.
- Antoni Mazurkiewicz "Arithmetic Formulae and the Use of Subroutines in SAKO" Annual Review in Automatic Programming, Vol. 2
- Leon Łukaszewicz "SAKO — An Automatic Coding System" Annual Review in Automatic Programming, Vol. 2
- Władysław Turski "Some Results of Research on Automatic Programming in Eastern Europe" Advances in Computers, Vol. 5
- "Algorytmy" Vol. 1 No. 1, Institute of Mathematical Machines, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
- CIA-RDP80T00246A011500230001-8
Citations
edit- 1 2 Łukaszewicz 1966, p. 6
- ↑ Report of a Visit to Discuss Common Programming Languages in Czechoslowakia and Poland, 1963, John A. Gosden (Editor), Roger E. Gay, John L. Jones, Jack N. Merner, Christopher J. Shaw
- ↑ Mazurkiewicz, Antoni (1989). "Jak się programowało XYZ". Informatyka. 8-12/1989: 10–12.
- ↑ Łukaszewicz, Leon (1961-01-01). "SAKO—An automatic coding system". Annual Review in Automatic Programming. 2: 161–176. doi:10.1016/S0066-4138(61)80008-6. ISSN 0066-4138.
- ↑ Szmelter, Jan; Zub, Henryk. Programowanie SAKO na Mińsk-22 (in Polish). Main Library of the Military University of Technology.