Kapoxó language

Kapoxó
Kapoxó
Capoxo
Native to	Brazil
Ethnicity	Kapoxó
Era	attested 1818
Language family	Macro-Jê Maxakalían Kapoxó; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	capo1236

Kapoxó (Capoxo, Kaposho) is an extinct Maxakalian language of Brazil.^[1]

Documentation

Kapoxó is documented in a word list collected in 1818,^[2] which was published in Martius, 1863: 170-172.^[3]

Geographical distribution

Kapoxó was historically spoken on the Araçuaí River in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Kumanaxó and Panhame are closely related varieties.^[4]

Classification

Aside from being a member of the Nuclear Maxakalí subgroup, characterized by certain shared innovations, it is very similar to such varieties as Makoní, Kapoxó, Panhame, and is also related to Ritual Maxakalí, which is more archaic than modern Maxakalí.^[5]^[6]

Vocabulary

Selected vocabulary from Kapoxó, Kumanaxó, and Panhame^[7]
Gloss	Kumanaxó
to hide	schatome
soul	njajmi
water	cona-an-cunaan
beard	njidaú
mixed	njonain
star	aschim
head	patanjon
teeth	schuoj
hand	agnibktän
lightning	ithóg tänjanam
fire	kescham
sun	apucoj
earth	aam
tree	abaay

References

↑ Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.
↑ Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
↑ Martius, Karl Friedrich Philip von. 1863. Glossaria linguarum Brasiliensium: glossarios de diversas lingoas e dialectos, que fallao os Indios no imperio do Brazil. Erlangen: Druck von Jange.
↑ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
↑ Campbell, Lyle (2024-06-25), "Indigenous Languages of South America", The Indigenous Languages of the Americas (1 ed.), Oxford University PressNew York, pp. 182–279, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0004, ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1, retrieved 2025-04-14{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
↑ Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Thesis). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. Retrieved April 13, 2025.
↑ Martius, Karl Friedrich Philip von. Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas zumal Brasiliens (PDF). Vol. 2. pp. 170–172. Retrieved 2025-03-03.