The Nyah Kur language, also called Chao-bon (Thai: ชาวบน), is an Austroasiatic language spoken by remnants of the Mon people of Dvaravati, the Nyah Kur people, who live in present-day Thailand. Nyah Kur shares 69% lexical similarity with Mon, the only other language in the Monic language family.[2]
| Nyah Kur | |
|---|---|
| ญัฮกุร | |
| Native to | Thailand |
Native speakers | 1,500 (2006)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
Early form | |
| Dialects |
|
| Thai script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cbn |
| Glottolog | nyah1250 |
| ELP | Nyahkur |
 | |
Distribution
editNyah Kur (ɲɑ̤h kur) is spoken by a few thousand people in the central and northeastern provinces (Sidwell 2009:113-114). According to Premsrirat (2002), there are 4,000 to 6,000 speakers of Nyah Kur, the vast majority living in Chaiyaphum Province. The northern dialects of Phetchabun Province are highly endangered.
- Southern dialects
- Chaiyaphum Province
- Nakhon Ratchasima Province (Dan Khun Thot District, Pak Thong Chai District, and Khong District)
- Northern dialects
- Phetchabun Province (Ban Thaduang, etc.)
- Phitsanulok Province (Nakhon Thai District)
The northern-southern bipartite classification is from Theraphan L-Thongkum's 1984 multi-dialectal Nyah Kur dictionary. However, Gerard Diffloth considers Nyah Kur to be made up of three dialects, namely North, Central, and South.
Classification
editBeing the only languages of the Monic branch of the Mon–Khmer language family, Mon and Nyah Kur are very closely related.
History
editThe modern speakers of Nyah Kur are generally considered descendants of Monic-speaking populations associated with the former Dvaravati region who remained in present-day Thailand as Khmer influence expanded into the area between the 9th and 11th centuries. Nyah Kur and modern Mon subsequently developed separately from earlier Monic stages for nearly a millennium. Historical linguists have found that the Nyah Kur language currently spoken bears such a striking resemblance to the Old Mon language found in Dvaravati inscriptions discovered in Thailand that they may be regarded as the same language.[3][4][5]
Due to integration into Thai society, the number of speakers of Nyah Kur as a first language is rapidly decreasing. Some predict the language will become extinct within the next century unless the current course is reversed. Language change influenced by Thai is also occurring as younger generations pronounce certain phonemes different from older generations. For instance, final -/r/ and -/l/, which do not occur as finals in Thai, are now often pronounced as -[n] by younger generations (Premsrirat 2002). However, since the younger generations also generally have positive attitudes about their language and support the idea of having an orthography for Nyah Kur, the language may be preserved (Premsrirat 2002).
Phonology
editOrthography
editNyah Kur is written in the Thai alphabet. Here the Thai Nyah Kur orthography will be shown side by side with a mix of traditional Mon and Khamti script. Mon being the only extant linguistic relative of Nyah Kur within the Monic branch of Austroasiatic languages and Khamti being close relative of Standard Thai, the likes of which has influenced Nyah Kur greatly in terms of phonology, but unlike Thai, uses a derivative of the Mon-Burmese script similar to Mon.
Consonants
edit- ก/က - [k]
- ค/ခ - [kʰ]
- ง/ၚ - [ŋ]
- จ/စ - [c]
- ช/ဆ - [cʰ]
- ญ/ဉ - [ɲ]
- ด/ဒ - [d]
- ต/တ - [t]
- ท/ထ - [tʰ]
- น/န - [n]
- บ/ၜ - [b]
- ป/ပ - [p]
- พ/ဖ - [pʰ]
- ฟ/ꩯ - [f]
- ม/မ - [m]
- ย/ယ - [j]
- ร/ရ - [r]
- ล/လ - [l]
- ว/ဝ - [w]
- ซ/သ - [ç/s]
- ฮ/ဟ - [h]
- ฮง/ငှ - [ŋ̊]
- ฮน/နှ - [n̥]
- ฮม/မှ - [m̥]
- ฮร/ရှ - [r̥]
- ฮล/လှ - [l̥~l]
- ฮว/ဝှ - [ʍ]
- อ/အ - [ʔ][Placeholder]
Vowels
edit- อะ,อั/ ႊ - [a]
- อา/ ာ - [aː]
- อิ/ ိ - [i]
- อี/ ဳ - [iː]
- อึ/ ို - [ɯ]
- อื/ ိုဝ် - [ɯː]
- อุ/ ု - [u]
- อู/ ူ - [uː]
- เอ็/ ေ - [e]
- เอ/ ေဝ်- [eː]
- แอะ/ ႄ - [ɛ]
- แอ/ ႄဝ် - [ɛː]
- โอะ,โอ็/ ဴ - [o]
- โอ/ ဴဝ် - [oː]
- เอาะ,อ็อ/ ွ - [ɔ]
- ออ/ ွဝ် - [ɔː]
- เออะ/ ိူ - [ɤ]
- เออ,เอิ/ ိူဝ် - [ɤː]
- เอ็อ/ ဵု - [ʌ]
- เอา/ ်ွ - [aw]
- เอีย/ ႅ - [iə]
- เอือ/ ိုဝ် - [ɯə]
- อัว,-ว-/ ွ - [uə][7]
Further reading
edit- Premsrirat, Suwilai. 2002. "The Future of Nyah Kur." Bauer, Robert S. (ed.) 2002. Collected papers on Southeast Asian and Pacific languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
References
edit- ↑ Nyah Kur at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
- ↑ Shorto, H. L. (1971). A Dictionary of the Mon Inscriptions from the Sixth to the Sixteenth Centuries. London: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Diffloth, Gérard (1984). The Dvaravati Old Mon Language and Nyah Kur. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Printing House.
- ↑ Premsrirat, Suwilai. ภาษาญัฮกุร [Nyah Kur language]. Research and Development Project for Language and Culture Revitalization (in Thai). Mahidol University. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
- ↑ "Upsid Nyah Kur".
- ↑ "Nyah Kur language". Omniglot. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- Diffloth, G. (1984). The Dvaravati Old-Mon language and Nyah Kur. Chulalongkorn University Printing House, Bangkok. ISBN 974-563-783-1
- Huffman, F.E. (1990). Burmese Mon, Thai Mon and Nyah Kur: a synchronic comparison. Mon-Khmer Studies 16-17, pp. 31–64
- Sidwell, Paul (2009). Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
External links
editFurther reading
edit- Theraphan L. Thongkum. (1984). Nyah Kur (Chao bon)–Thai–English dictionary. Monic language studies, vol. 2. Bangkok, Thailand: Chulalongkorn University Printing House. ISBN 974-563-785-8
- Memanas, Payau (1979). A description of Chaobon: an Austroasiatic language in Thailand. Mahidol University MA thesis.