Wikipedia

Manuel Merino

Manuel Arturo Merino de Lama (born 20 August 1961)[1] is a Peruvian politician who briefly served as President of Peru for five days between 10 and 15 November 2020.[2][3] He also served as the President of Congress from 16 March 2020 to 15 November 2020. He was a Member of Congress (AP) representing the Tumbes constituency for the 2001–2006, 2011–2016, and 2020–2021 terms.[4]

Manuel Merino
Merino in 2020
61st President of Peru
In office
10 November 2020 – 15 November 2020
Prime MinisterÁntero Flores Aráoz
Vice PresidentFirst Vice President
Vacant
Second Vice President
Vacant
Preceded byMartín Vizcarra
Succeeded byFrancisco Sagasti
President of Congress
In office
16 March 2020 – 10 November 2020
On Leave: 10 – 15 November 2020[a]
Vice President1st Vice President
Luis Valdez Farías
2nd Vice President
Guillermo Aliaga
3rd Vice President
María Teresa Cabrera
Preceded byPedro Olaechea
Succeeded byLuis Valdez Farías (a.i.)
First Vice President of Congress
In office
26 July 2011 – 26 July 2012
PresidentDaniel Abugattás
Preceded byAlejandro Aguinaga
Succeeded byMarco Falconí
Member of Congress
In office
16 March 2020 – 26 July 2021[b]
ConstituencyTumbes
In office
25 July 2011 – 26 July 2016
ConstituencyTumbes
In office
26 July 2001 – 26 July 2006
ConstituencyTumbes
Personal details
BornManuel Arturo Merino de Lama
(1961-08-20) 20 August 1961 (age 64)
Tumbes, Peru
PartyPopular Action
Spouse
​
(m. 1985)​
Children3
National University of Tumbes
Occupation
  • Politician
  • agronomist

On 9 November 2020, the Congress impeached and removed President Martín Vizcarra from office on the grounds of "moral incapacity", a vague term dating back to the 19th century, relating to "mental incapacity",[5] with Vizcarra's removal resulting in the beginning of the 2020 Peruvian protests.[6] The following day, as the President of the Peruvian Congress, Merino became the new president of Peru following the line of succession established in the nation's constitution.[7] Five days after taking office, he resigned as president of Congress and subsequently as president of Peru after two deaths in the protests.[8] Polls showed that 94% of Peruvians had disapproved of Merino's accession to the presidency.[9][10] He was succeeded by Francisco Sagasti.[11]

Early life and education

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Manuel Arturo Merino de Lama was born on 20 August 1961 in the northern city of Tumbes. He is the son of Pedro Merino Hidalgo and Elba de Lama Barreto. In 1985, he married Mary Jacqueline Peña Carruitero, an early childhood teacher. The couple have three children, Elba Jacqueline, Sandra Lisbeth and María Teresa.[1][12]

Merino completed his elementary education at the Santa María de la Frontera School in 1973, and he finished his secondary education at the "Inmaculada Concepción" Educational Center in 1978, both in Tumbes.

In 1979, he enrolled at the National University of Piura (later the National University of Tumbes) to study agronomics. He subsequently dropped out and did not complete his undergraduate studies.[13] That same year, Merino registered with the center-right political party Popular Action.[14][15] From Tumbes, he integrated into the Youth Command, later becoming an active member of the party.

Business career

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In 1983, Merino was initially an agricultural producer and merchant, at the same time he dedicating himself to raising cattle, serving as a member of the Tumbes Livestock Fund (FONGAN), president of Marketing of the Association of Banana Producers, president of the Association of Traders of Bananas and Fruits in General, member of the Tumbes Agriculture Defense Committee, representative of the Agrarian Producers of Tumbes, president of the Electoral Committee of the Irrigation Commission of the Left Bank of the Tumbes River, and president of the Permanent Commission of the Agrarian Debt of Tumbes.[16]

In December 2000, Merino coordinated directly with the different agrarian organizations of the department, to obtain the cancellation of the debts contracted with the State and the refinancing of the same with the private financial entities.[17]

Political career

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Early political career

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In 1979, he enrolled at the National University of Piura (later the National University of Tumbes) to study agronomics. He subsequently dropped out and did not complete his undergraduate studies.[13] That same year, Merino registered with the center-right political party Popular Action.[14][15] From Tumbes, he integrated into the Youth Command, later becoming an active member of the party.

Congress of the Republic of Peru

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In 2000, he presided over the National Unity Front made up of political parties and movements. He was subsequently chosen by the Popular Action party to run for a seat in Congress in the 2001 general election.[18][19] Merino was elected to Congress with the highest vote count in Tumbes for the 2001–2006 term.[20] At the 2006 general election, Merino failed to attain reelection, as the Center Front coalition only obtained five seats nationally, mostly from Lima.[21]

Merino in 2012.

In the following years, Merino took an active role in the National Executive Committee of Popular Action, which propelled him to once again run for the Congress in the 2011 general election. As part of the Possible Peru Electoral Alliance, which united Popular Action, We Are Peru, and Possible Peru, he was elected for the Tumbes constituency for the 2011–2016 term.[22]

From 2011 to 2012, Merino served as First Vice President of the Congress, during Daniel Abugattás congressional presidency. Likewise, from 2012 to 2013, he chaired the Housing Committee. He was also an alternate spokesperson for the Popular Action-Broad Front parliamentary caucus, and Vice President of the Amazon Congressional Caucus, from 2011 to 2013.[23] In the 2016 general election, Merino again failed to attain reelection, as the Popular Action only obtained five seats nationally, mostly from Lima.

In March 2020, an investigation into potential nepotism was initiated against Merino.[5][24] While a member of congress between 2011 and 2016, his mother and two brothers were contracted by the Peruvian government and paid $55,000 for services, which is not permitted due to his membership in congress.[5] His brother was granted another government contract one month before Merino took office in March 2020.[24] Merino denied any allegations of nepotism.[5][24]

President of Congress

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In the 2020 election, Merino was elected to Congress for a third time, once again representing Tumbes to complete the 2016-2021 parliamentary term in the aftermath of the 2019 Peruvian constitutional crisis.[25] Due to being the most experienced congressman of the first parliamentary majority caucus (AP), he was elected President of Congress on 16 March 2020, with 93 votes in favor against Rocío Silva-Santisteban (FA), who only obtained 14 votes.[26][27][28]

First impeachment process against Martín Vizcarra

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On 11 September 2020, Congress initiated impeachment proceedings against President Martín Vizcarra, for alleged "permanent moral incapacity".[29] The determining factor for the motion to be approved was that it reach the number of necessary votes (26), which was achieved hours later.[30]

Merino faced criticism regarding how he hastily pushed for impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra.[31] If Vizcarra were to be removed from office, Merino would assume the presidential office given his position in congress and due to the absence of vice presidents for Vizcarra.[31][A] Renowned reporter Gustavo Gorriti reported on 12 September that Merino had contacted the Commanding General of the Peruvian Navy, Fernando Cerdán, notifying him that he was going to attempt to impeach Vizcarra and was seeking to assume the presidency.[32] Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez confirmed that Merino had tried to establish support with the military.[32] Subsequent reports were later released that Merino had contacted officials throughout the government while preparing to create a transitional cabinet[31][33] and that Merino had tried to communicate with the Chief of the Joint Command of the Peruvian Armed Forces, César Astudillo Salcedo, and Navy Commander, Fernando Cerdán, in order to "give them peace of mind".[34] Following the release of these reports, support for impeaching Vizcarra decreased among members of congress.[31]

President Vizcarra was summoned – upon approval of the motion – to exercise his right of defense. On 18 September, after a long session, Congress held the impeachment vote after hearing the president and his legal counsel, which was rejected with 78 votes against, 32 in favor and 15 abstentions.[35][36][37]

Second impeachment process against Martín Vizcarra

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On 20 October 2020, the Union for Peru parliamentary caucus – citing as strong evidence against Vizcarra the media revelations on his tenure as Governor of Moquegua – issued a second impeachment motion, which was supported by Broad Front, Podemos Perú, two congressmen from Popular Action and an independent. In order to gain more evidence against the President, Merino and the congressional leadership agreed on delaying the debate on the motion until 2 November. The motion was subsequently approved, and Vizcarra was summoned once again to exercise his defense with the assistance of his legal counsel.[38]

On 9 November 2020, following Vizcarra's appearance before Congress, Merino initiated the final debate in order to proceed to voting on the impeachment at night.[39] The impeachment vote reached a total of 105 votes in favor, 19 against, and 2 abstentions, thus effectively removing Vizcarra from office.[40]

Due to the accepted resignation of Mercedes Aráoz as Second Vice President six months before, the constitutional succession allowed Merino to ascend to the presidency of Peru in his position of President of Congress.[41] The decision was widely dismissed by the media and the population, sparking the beginning of widespread protests throughout Peru in sign of disapproval.[42] Vizcarra ultimately accepted his removal from office, and departed from the Government Palace on the same night.[43]

Presidency (2020)

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Merino was inaugurated at 10:42 a.m. (Peru Time) on 10 November 2020, in the midst of protests across the country against his ascension to the presidency.[44][45][46][47][48]

As the principal theme of his inaugural speech, Merino spoke about the political and health crisis, national unity, and the defense of the Constitution. Referring to the process, he stated that the votes that vacated Vizcarra "were not bought". He announced the formation of a cabinet of consensus and national unity.[49] He affirmed that the agreed schedule for the 2021 general elections would be respected and that resources would be provided to the electoral bodies.[50]

In his speech, he stated that his political inspirations were based on Fernando Belaúnde Terry and Valentín Paniagua Corazao (the former served as president during two terms, while the latter held the presidency on an interim basis following the vacancy of Alberto Fujimori Fujimori), asserting that nobody could accuse them of corruption.[51]

The following day, under the pressure of forming a new government, he named Ántero Flores Aráoz, a conservative politician and former Minister of Defense under former President Alan García, as Prime Minister.[52][53][54]

The Secretary General of the Organization of American States, Luis Almagro, expressed concern regarding the political crisis in Peru.[55][56] Almagro expressed his concern about the issue and "reiterates that it is the responsibility of the Constitutional Court of Peru to rule on the legality and legitimacy of the institutional decisions adopted."[57] The governments of Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay recognized Merino's government; likewise, the United States welcomed the ratification of the call for general elections signed by Manuel Merino and Ántero Flores-Aráoz. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), which brings together 21 countries, invited Merino to participate in the annual Meeting of Heads of State.[58]

His assumption of the presidency, due to the vacancy against Martín Vizcarra, was questioned by various sectors of the population.[59]

On November 13, Merino was invited to participate in the annual meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum.[60]

Merino expressed support for the scheduled elections in April 2021, called for health and economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, and promoted law and order within the country.[15] Protests continued, however, with heavy police response to demonstrations on 14 November resulting in the deaths of protesters and the subsequent resignation of the majority of Merino's ministers.[61]

Flores-Aráoz Cabinet.

On 13 November, health minister Abel Salinas Rivas announced the purchase of molecular tests for the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.[62]

On 15 November, Merino and Ántero Flores-Aráoz signed the law authorizing the withdrawal of AFP funds for those who had stopped contributing for 12 months, as part of the social measures to address the family economic situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[63]

Resignation

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On 14 November 2020, the Second National March erupted[64] against the government of Manuel Merino, with demonstrations and protests taking place in the country's principal cities. During the night, protesters Inti Sotelo and Brian Pintado were killed in central Lima. Around midnight, Prime Minister Flores-Aráoz neither confirmed nor denied that resignations existed within his cabinet, since he had been unable to communicate with them through WhatsApp.[65]

On 15 November 2020, Merino stepped down as president, citing that he acted within the law when he was sworn into office the previous Tuesday and that he would "do everything in my power to guarantee a constitutional succession."[66][8]

The Constitutional Court of Peru scheduled for Wednesday, November 18, the public hearing on the competence claim filed by the Executive Power on September 14 for the first presidential vacancy process, in which the votes to remove Martín Vizcarra were not obtained.[67][68]

The succeeding government of Francisco Sagasti announced following Merino's resignation that the attorney general would investigate if he was responsible for possible human rights violations.[69]

On November 20, 2020, the Constitutional Court published its ruling in which it declared the jurisdictional claim inadmissible because it considered that there was a subtraction of the matter and therefore did not make any pronouncement on the merits, which generated academic questions.[70][71] Later, after Manuel Merino affirmed in a tweet that this decision of the Constitutional Court ratified the constitutionality of his promotion to the presidency,[72] the magistrate of the Constitutional Court, Eloy Espinosa-Saldaña, stated that this is not correct because the Constitutional Court did not have any pronouncement and that cannot be understood as ratification as Merino affirmed.[73][74] However, magistrates such as Ernesto Blume, José Luis Sardón and Augusto Ferrero Costa considered in various interviews that Martín Vizcarra's vacancy was in line with the Political Constitution of Peru.[75][76][77]

Aftermath

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In July 2022, the Permanent Commission of the Congress of the Republic voted to shield Merino from investigations related to the two deaths and 79 injuries that occurred during protests against his government.[78]

Presidential approval

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In September 2020, while Merino was President of Congress, Ipsos polls found that 72% of Peruvians in urban areas disapproved of Merino while 79% believed that Vizcarra should finish his term.[15]

In November 2020, the month when Merino became president, Ipsos polls showed that 88% percent of Peruvians disapproved of Vizcarra's removal, while only 11% approved. 94% of Peruvians disapproved of Merino's presidency.[79]

Notes

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  • A ^ Peru has two Vice Presidents, a First and Second Vice President. The most recent holders of the office of First and Second Vice President were Vizcarra and Mercedes Aráoz, respectively, who were elected in the 2016 election.[81][82] Vizcarra left the office of First Vice President vacant after he succeeded Kuzcynski as president, leaving Aráoz as the sole Vice President,[81] while Aráoz resigned as Second Vice President on 1 October 2019 after the Congress of Peru named Aráoz acting president the day before after having declared Vizcarra temporarily unfit for office,[81][82][83] despite Congress having itself been dissolved earlier that day by President Vizcarra, resulting in a constitutional crisis.[81][82][83][84][85] However, her resignation was not official until it was accepted on 7 May 2020 by the new Congress of Peru sworn on 16 March 2020, since in Peru the resignation of the vice president has to be accepted by Congress and that institution was not celebrating meetings given its dissolution.[86]
  1. ↑ Ascended into the presidency of Peru on 10 November 2020 as the President of Congress. His roles in the Congress of the Republic was immediately suspended as soon as he took the presidency.
  2. ↑ Suspended from 10 to 15 November when he was serving as the President of Peru

References

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  1. 1 2 "hRESEÑA HISTORICA" [HISTORICAL REVIEW]. www4.congreso.gob.pe.
  2. ↑ "Martín Vizcarra EN VIVO: Congreso de la República aprobó vacancia presidencial en contra del mandatario" [Martín Vizcarra LIVE: Congress of the Republic approved presidential vacancy against the president]. El Comercio. 9 November 2020.
  3. ↑ Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Taj, Mitra (10 November 2020). "Peru President Is Impeached by Congress". New York Times.; Aquino, Marco (10 November 2020). "Peru plunged into political upheaval as Congress ousts President Vizcarra". U.S. – via www.reuters.com.
  4. ↑ "Merino de Lama, Manuel Arturo". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "They threw out the president. Now Peru's anti-corruption drive looks in doubt". Los Angeles Times. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  6. ↑ "Peru clashes over President Vizcarra's impeachment". www.bbc.com. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2026.
  7. ↑ "Congreso peruano aprueba moción de vacancia y destituye al Presidente Martín Vizcarra" [Peruvian Congress approves motion of vacancy and removes President Martín Vizcarra]. El Mercurio (in European Spanish). 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  8. 1 2 "EN VIVO: Junta de Portavoces se reúne para evaluar renuncia de Manuel Merino tras las muertes de dos jóvenes en la Marcha Nacional" [LIVE: Board of Spokespersons meets to evaluate Manuel Merino's resignation after the deaths of two young people in the National March]. RPP (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  9. ↑ "Ipsos: el 94% de peruanos rechazó la toma de mando de Manuel Merino" [Ipsos: 94% of Peruvians rejected Manuel Merino's assumption of power]. La República (in Spanish). 18 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  10. ↑ "El 94 % rechazó la designación de Manuel Merino como mandatario, según Ipsos" [94% rejected the appointment of Manuel Merino as president, according to Ipsos]. Canal N. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  11. ↑ Dube, Ryan (16 November 2020). "Peru's Congress Chooses Lawmaker Francisco Sagasti as Next President". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  12. ↑ "Manuel Merino: ¿Quién es la primera dama Mary Peña Carruitero?" [Manuel Merino: Who is First Lady Mary Peña Carruitero?]. El Comercio. 10 November 2020.
  13. 1 2 "Voto Informado" [Informed Vote]. votoinformado.jne.gob.pe. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  14. 1 2 "Observatorio para la Gobernabilidad" [Governability Observatory]. Infogob.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Peru's swears in new leader as political turmoil hits nation". Star Tribune. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  16. ↑ "Manuel Merino de Lama: conoce el perfil del presidente de la República" [Manuel Merino de Lama: learn the profile of the president of the Republic]. andina.pe. 10 November 2020.
  17. ↑ "Este es el perfil de Manuel Merino de Lama" [This is the profile of Manuel Merino de Lama]. El Tiempo. 10 November 2020.
  18. ↑ "Manuel Merino de Lama". www4.congreso.gob.pe. Archived from the original on 10 January 2004.
  19. ↑ Quinto, Catalina (9 November 2020). "Manuel Merino: Un repaso a la vida política del nuevo presidente del Perú [PERFIL]" [Manuel Merino: A review of the political life of the new president of Peru [PROFILE]]. RPP.
  20. ↑ "ELECCIONES GENERALES 2001 – CONGRESAL" [2001 GENERAL ELECTIONS – CONGRESSIONAL]. Infogob.
  21. ↑ "ELECCIONES GENERALES 2006 – CONGRESAL" [2006 GENERAL ELECTIONS – CONGRESSIONAL]. Infogob.
  22. ↑ "ELECCIONES GENERALES 2011 – CONGRESAL" [2011 GENERAL ELECTIONS – CONGRESSIONAL]. Infogob.
  23. ↑ "Manuel Arturo Merino De Lama". www4.congreso.gob.pe.
  24. 1 2 3 "Congreso: Familiares Manuel Merino contrataron con el Estado cuando era congresista entre el 2011 y 2016" [Congress: Relatives of Manuel Merino contracted with the State while he was a congressman between 2011 and 2016]. Gestión (in Spanish). 1 June 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  25. ↑ "New President, Manuel Merino, sworn in today following ousting of Martin Vizcarra". www.peruviantimes.com. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  26. ↑ Palacios, Oswaldo (16 March 2020). "Manuel Merino de Lama es elegido nuevo presidente del Congreso" [Manuel Merino de Lama elected new president of Congress]. RPP.
  27. ↑ "Manuel Merino de Lama es elegido presidente del Congreso para el período 2020–2021" [Manuel Merino de Lama elected president of Congress for the 2020–2021 period]. El Comercio. 17 March 2020.
  28. ↑ "Manuel Merino de Lama es el nuevo presidente del Congreso" [Manuel Merino de Lama is the new president of Congress]. andina.pe. 16 March 2020.
  29. ↑ "Vacancia presidencial: Esta es la moción de vacancia presentada en el Congreso" [Presidential vacancy: This is the motion of vacancy presented in Congress]. Gestión. 11 September 2020.
  30. ↑ "Martín Vizcarra: Parlamento admitió moción de vacancia presidencial" [Martín Vizcarra: Parliament admitted motion of presidential vacancy]. El Comercio. 11 September 2020.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Burt, Jo-Marie (17 September 2020). "Vizcarra May Survive. But Peru's Politics Look Fragile". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  32. 1 2 "El Gobierno peruano califica de "golpismo" la moción de censura contra Vizcarra" [The Peruvian government describes the motion of censure against Vizcarra as a "coup attempt"]. ABC (in Spanish). 12 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  33. ↑ "Incháustegui confirma que allegados a Acción Popular lo contactaron para integrar gabinete de Merino [VIDEO]" [Incháustegui confirms that associates of Popular Action contacted him to join Merino's cabinet [VIDEO]]. La República (in Spanish). 15 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  34. ↑ Agurto, Ego (12 September 2020). "Vacancia presidencial: Manuel Merino reconoce que llamó a oficial de las Fuerzas Armadas y dice que fue un "llamado a la calma"" [Presidential vacancy: Manuel Merino acknowledges that he called an Armed Forces officer and says it was a "call for calm"]. RPP.
  35. ↑ "Vacancia Martín Vizcarra: Este es el procedimiento a seguir para la vacancia presidencial" [Vacancy of Martín Vizcarra: This is the procedure to follow for the presidential vacancy]. Correo. 11 September 2020.
  36. ↑ "Caso Swing: hacen pública moción de vacancia contra Martín Vizcarra" [Swing Case: motion of vacancy against Martín Vizcarra made public]. El Búho. 11 September 2020.
  37. ↑ "Congreso rechaza vacancia del presidente Martín Vizcarra" [Congress rejects vacancy of President Martín Vizcarra]. El Comercio. 20 September 2020.
  38. ↑ "Unión por el Perú completa las firmas y presenta nueva moción de vacancia contra Martín Vizcarra – Diario ExpresoDiario Expreso" [Union for Peru completes signatures and presents new motion of vacancy against Martín Vizcarra – Diario Expreso]. www.expreso.com.pe. 21 October 2020.
  39. ↑ "Martín Vizcarra: Presidente ejerce su defensa ante el Congreso por segundo proceso de vacancia en su contra" [Martín Vizcarra: President exercises his defense before Congress in the second vacancy process against him]. Convoca.pe – Agenda Propia.
  40. ↑ Fowks, Jacqueline (10 November 2020). "El Congreso de Perú destituye al presidente Martín Vizcarra por supuesta recepción de sobornos" [The Congress of Peru removes President Martín Vizcarra for alleged receipt of bribes]. EL PAÍS.
  41. ↑ "Manuel Merino, una silenciosa carrera hasta la presidencia de Perú" [Manuel Merino, a silent rise to the presidency of Peru]. France 24. 10 November 2020.
  42. ↑ "Quién es Manuel Merino, el presidente del Congreso de Perú que reemplaza al destituido Martín Vizcarra" [Who is Manuel Merino, the president of the Congress of Peru who replaces the removed Martín Vizcarra]. BBC News Mundo.
  43. ↑ "Martín Vizcarra dejó Palacio de Gobierno tras golpe de Estado [RESUMEN]" [Martín Vizcarra left Government Palace after coup d’état [SUMMARY]]. larepublica.pe. 9 November 2020.
  44. ↑ "Manuel Merino juró como presidente de la República tras la vacancia de Martín Vizcarra [EN VIVO]" [Manuel Merino sworn in as president of the Republic after the vacancy of Martín Vizcarra [LIVE]]. RPP. 10 November 2020.
  45. ↑ "Manuel Merino, tercer presidente de Perú en cuatro años de crisis política" [Manuel Merino, third president of Peru in four years of political crisis]. France 24. 10 November 2020.
  46. ↑ "Peru's Surprise New Leader Stokes Anger, Fear in a Traumatized Country". The New York Times. 10 November 2020.
  47. ↑ Aquino, Marco (11 November 2020). "Head of Peru's Congress assumes presidency, vows to respect election timetable". U.S. – via www.reuters.com.
  48. ↑ Dube, Ryan (11 November 2020). "Peru's Manuel Merino Is Sworn In as President". Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com.
  49. ↑ "Manuel Merino anuncia gabinete de "consenso y unidad nacional"" [Manuel Merino announces a cabinet of "consensus and national unity"] (in Spanish). El Comercio. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  50. ↑ "Merino: Nadie puede cambiar la fecha de las elecciones del 2021" [Merino: Nobody can change the date of the 2021 elections] (in Spanish). Canal N. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  51. ↑ "Presidente Manuel Merino: "Mi formación política está inspirada en Belaunde y Paniagua"" [President Manuel Merino: "My political formation is inspired by Belaúnde and Paniagua"] (in Spanish). Exitosa. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  52. ↑ "Ántero Flores-Aráoz juró como presidente del Consejo de Ministros" [Ántero Flores-Aráoz sworn in as president of the Council of Ministers]. El Comercio. 11 November 2020 – via www.elcomercio.pe.
  53. ↑ Castro, Jonathan (11 November 2020). "Antero Flores Aráoz, el político conservador que asume la PCM" [Antero Flores Aráoz, the conservative politician who assumes the PCM]. El Comercio – via www.elcomercio.pe.
  54. ↑ "Ántero Flores-Aráoz, este es el perfil y pensamiento del nuevo primer ministro" [Ántero Flores-Aráoz, this is the profile and thinking of the new prime minister]. 11 November 2020 – via www.gestion.pe.
  55. ↑ The constitutionality of his accession has been questioned. Colombia and the OAS left his recognition as president in the hands of the Constitutional Court. "Colombia se pronuncia sobre vacancia y no reconoce a Merino como presidente del Perú" [Colombia comments on the vacancy and does not recognize Merino as president of Peru] (in Spanish). La Industria. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  56. ↑ Fowks, Jacqueline (12 November 2020). "Organismos internacionales y países de la región se desmarcan del Gobierno interino de Perú" [International organizations and countries in the region distance themselves from the interim government of Peru] (in Spanish). El País. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  57. ↑ "OEA no reconoce a Merino como presidente y pide al TC pronunciarse sobre su legitimidad" [OAS does not recognize Merino as president and asks the Constitutional Court to rule on his legitimacy]. Pica News. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  58. ↑ "Presidente Merino participará en APEC" [President Merino will participate in APEC]. El Peruano. 14 November 2020.
  59. ↑ "Los jóvenes protestan en Perú a la espera de que el Constitucional se pronuncie sobre la salida de Vizcarra" [Young people protest in Peru while awaiting the Constitutional Court’s ruling on Vizcarra’s removal]. abc (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  60. ↑ "Presidente Manuel Merino participará en la 27º Cumbre del Foro APEC" [President Manuel Merino will participate in the 27th APEC Forum Summit]. andina.pe (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  61. ↑ "CRISIS POLíTICAL : Titular del Interior y la mayoría de ministros renuncia a Gabinete de Ántero Flores-Aráoz" [POLITICAL CRISIS: Interior Minister and majority of ministers resign from Ántero Flores-Aráoz Cabinet]. Peru21 (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  62. ↑ "Ministro de Salud, Abel Salinas, anuncia compra de más pruebas moleculares" [Health minister Abel Salinas announces purchase of more molecular tests]. Diario Gestión (in Spanish). 13 November 2020.
  63. ↑ "Promulgan ley que faculta retiro de hasta S/ 17,200 de los fondos de AFP" [Law enacted authorizing withdrawal of up to S/ 17,200 from AFP funds]. Diario Gestión (in Spanish). 18 November 2020.
  64. ↑ GESTIÓN, NOTICIAS (14 November 2020). "Manuel Merino: Anuncian segunda marcha nacional para este sábado 14 de noviembre en contra de vacancia presidencial | Martín Vizcarra nndc | PERU" [Manuel Merino: Second national march announced for Saturday, 14 November, against the presidential vacancy | Martín Vizcarra nndc | PERU]. Gestión (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  65. ↑ RedacciónRPP (15 November 2020). "Ántero Flores-Aráoz dice que no logra comunicarse con Manuel Merino: "Que me conteste el WhatsApp" | RPP Noticias" [Ántero Flores-Aráoz says he has been unable to communicate with Manuel Merino: "Tell him to answer my WhatsApp" | RPP Noticias]. rpp.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 March 2025.
  66. ↑ Stefano Pozzebon, Claudia Rebaza and Jaide Timm-Garcia (15 November 2020). "Peru's interim president resigns after just five days". CNN. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  67. ↑ "El TC de Perú revisará la destitución de Vizcarra mientras crecen las protestas" [Peru’s Constitutional Court will review Vizcarra’s removal as protests grow]. RTVE (in Spanish). 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  68. ↑ "TC verá demanda competencial por vacancia presidencial el 18 de noviembre" [Constitutional Court will hear jurisdictional claim over presidential vacancy on 18 November]. Gestión (in Spanish). 11 November 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  69. ↑ Burt, Jo-Marie (19 November 2020). "Can Francisco Sagasti Hold Peru Together?". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  70. ↑ ""¿Hubo un golpe de estado en el Perú?": El escenario poscrisis política" ["Was there a coup d’état in Peru?": The post-political crisis scenario]. ciup.up.edu.pe (in Spanish). 1 December 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  71. ↑ "Sentencia del TC sobre Vacancia presidencial: sustracción de la materia no implica abdicar en rol de garante de derechos fundamentales" [Constitutional Court ruling on presidential vacancy: mootness does not imply abdicating the role of guarantor of fundamental rights]. El Comercio (in Spanish). 21 November 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  72. ↑ "Fact checking: Manuel Merino y su frase falsa sobre el proceso de vacancia" [Fact checking: Manuel Merino and his false statement about the vacancy process]. El Comercio (in Spanish). 9 December 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  73. ↑ Palacios, Oswaldo (8 December 2020). "Eloy Espinosa-Saldaña responde a Manuel Merino: El TC no se ha pronunciado sobre la vacancia contra Martín Vizcarra" [Eloy Espinosa-Saldaña responds to Manuel Merino: The Constitutional Court has not ruled on the vacancy against Martín Vizcarra]. RPP (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  74. ↑ "Eloy Espinosa-Saldaña: El congresista Manuel Merino está equivocado" [Eloy Espinosa-Saldaña: Congressman Manuel Merino is mistaken]. El Comercio (in Spanish). 9 December 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  75. ↑ "Ernesto Blume: El TC no le ha dado la espalda al país" [Ernesto Blume: The Constitutional Court has not turned its back on the country]. canaln.pe (in Spanish). 20 November 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  76. ↑ "José Luis Sardón: Vacancia de Martín Vizcarra no fue un golpe de Estado" [José Luis Sardón: Martín Vizcarra’s vacancy was not a coup d’état]. Diario Expreso. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  77. ↑ "Ferrero: No se puede acusar a 105 congresistas de actuar inconstitucionalmente" [Ferrero: 105 congressmen cannot be accused of acting unconstitutionally]. larepublica.pe (in Spanish). 20 November 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  78. ↑ "Permanente ratifica blindaje a Manuel Merino y archiva denuncia constitucional por caso Inti y Bryan" [Permanent Commission ratifies protection of Manuel Merino and archives constitutional complaint over Inti and Bryan case]. La Republica (in Spanish). July 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  79. ↑ "La Crisis Política en el Perú Noviembre 2020" (PDF). Ipsos. November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  80. ↑ "Opinión Data, noviembre de 2020" [Opinion Data, November 2020] (PDF). ipsos.com. 16 November 2020.
  81. 1 2 3 4 "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: quién es Mercedes Aráoz, que renunció tras ser nombrada 'presidenta en funciones' por el Parlamento peruano para sustituir a Vizcarra" [Dissolution of Congress in Peru: who is Mercedes Aráoz, who resigned after being named "acting president" by the Peruvian Parliament to replace Vizcarra]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  82. 1 2 3 "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: 4 claves para entender el enfrentamiento entre Vizcarra y el Parlamento (y lo que puede pasar ahora)" [Dissolution of Congress in Peru: 4 keys to understanding the confrontation between Vizcarra and Parliament (and what can happen now)]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  83. 1 2 "Disolución del Congreso de Perú: las dudas sobre la legalidad de la decisión de Vizcarra de disolver la cámara y sobre la suspensión temporal del presidente" [Dissolution of the Congress of Peru: doubts about the legality of Vizcarra's decision to dissolve the chamber and about the temporary suspension of the president]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  84. ↑ "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: renuncia Mercedes Aráoz, nombrada "presidenta en funciones" por el Parlamento en sustitución de Vizcarra" [Dissolution of Congress in Peru: Mercedes Aráoz, appointed "acting president" by Parliament to replace Vizcarra, resigns]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  85. ↑ Aráoz Fernández, Mercedes [@MecheAF] (1 October 2019). "He decidido renunciar irrevocablemente al cargo de Vicepresidenta Constitucional de la República. Las razones las explico en la carta adjunta. Espero que mi renuncia conduzca a la convocatoria de elecciones generales en el más breve plazo por el bien del país" [I have decided to irrevocably resign from the post of Constitutional Vice President of the Republic. The reasons are explained in the attached letter. I hope that my resignation will lead to the calling of general elections in the shortest possible time for the good of the country.] (Tweet) (in Spanish) – via Twitter.
  86. ↑ "Congreso acepta renuncia de Mercedes Aráoz a la segunda vicepresidencia de la República" [Congress accepts the resignation of Mercedes Aráoz to the second vice-presidency of the Republic]. Gestión (in Spanish). 7 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
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