The following article shows the list of conflicts involving each of the major Seljuk States from their foundation to dissolution.
Here is a list of conflicts involving the Seljuk's Dominion at Cend, derived from various Turkish and English sources.
Seljuk victory
Seljuk defeat
Another result
| Conflict | Seljuks and allies |
Opponent(s) | Results | Sultan /Regent |
Seljuk losses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ghaznavid-Qarakhanid Campaign in Transoxiana (1025) | Supported by:- Qiniq tribe
|
Ghaznavid Empire | ? |
Wars involving the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)
editWars involving the Sultanate of Rum (1077–1308)
editThe Seljuk Sultanate of Rum was a medieval Seljuk State established a few years after the Battle of Manzikert by Suleyman I of Rum, a descendant of the Central Asian Turkoman Seljuk. This state fought major wars against the Byzantine Empire, Crusaders and rival Muslim States, due to its changing defensive and expansionist policies. It was also vassalized at some points in history by the Byzantine Empire, Seljuk Empire, Danishmendids as well as the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate, before dissolving into multiple Anatolian Beyliks with loss of authority.
Here is a list of conflicts involving the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, derived from various Turkish and English sources.
Seljuk victory
Seljuk defeat
Another result
| Conflict | Rum and allies |
Opponent(s) | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Malik-Shah's Anatolian Campaign (1078)[1] | Turkoman mercenaries. |
Other results
| |
| Initial conquests of Byzantine lands[2][3][4][5][6] |  Sultanate of RumTurkoman tribesmen. .svg){kind=small} Byzantine pretenders
Supported by:- |
Byzantine Empire |
Victory
|
Malik-Shah's Anatolian Campaign[7][8][1]
|
Sultanate of Rum Turkoman tribesmen.  Seljuk Empire |
Byzantine Empire |
Victory As per Osman Turan
|
| Power struggles in the Byzantine Empire | Opposition to the Byzantine Emperor
Military Support: Sultanate of RumTurkoman tribesmen. |
Initial Support: Sultanate of Rum  Turkoman tribesmen. |
Victory
|
| Rebellion of Nikephoros Bryennios and Basilakes[13][14] | Military Support: |
|
Victory
|
| Rebellion of Alexios Komnenos (1081) |
Military Support: Sultanate of RumTurkoman mercenaries. |
Victory
| |
| Norman invasion of the Byzantine Empire (1081)[15][16][17][18] | Byzantine Empire Military Support: Sultanate of RumTurkoman mercenaries. |
 Norman InvadersSupported by: Tzachas and Pechenegs |
Seljuk Profit
|
| Conquest of Tarsus (1083)[19] | Sultanate of Rum Turkoman tribesmen. |
Byzantine Empire |
Victory |
| Siege of Antioch (1084–1085)[20] | Sultanate of Rum Turkoman tribesmen. Supported by:- |
Victory | |
| Battle for Antioch (June 1085)[21] | Sultanate of Rum Turkoman tribesmen. |
Çubuk Principality |
Victory
|
| Siege of Aleppo (1086)[24] | Sultanate of Rum Turkoman tribesmen. |
Defeat
| |
| Conquest of Uqaylid lands (1086) | Sultanate of Rum Turkoman loyalists. |
Uqaylid Emirate Turkoman mercenaries. |
Victory
|
| Battle of Ain Salm (1086)[25][26] | Sultanate of Rum
|
Seljuks of Syria and Palestine Artuklu Principality Turkoman mercenaries. Çubuk Principality |
Defeat
|
| Byzantium's Siege of Nicaea (1090)[27] | Turkoman tribesmen. | Byzantine Empire |
Victory
|
| Abu'l-Qasim's Naval Campaigns[28][29] |
Turkoman tribesmen. Supported by: Tzachas and Pechenegs |
Defeat
| |
| Malik-Shah's Anatolian Campaign (1088)[1] | Victory
| ||
| Emir Bozan's Anatolian Campaign (1090-1091)[1] | Overall Defeat
| ||
| Byzantine-Seljuk Conflict (1092)[30] |
|
Draw
| |
Campaigns of Chaka Bey (1088-1093)
|
Pecheneg Turks Supported by:-
|
Supported by:- |
Other result
|
| People's Crusade (1096) |
Turkoman mercenaries. Defensive only:-  Jews of France and Hungary. |
Supported by:- |
Victory
|
| Siege of Malatya (1096)[31] | Turkoman mercenaries. |
 DanishmendidBeylik
|
Defeat
|
| First Crusade | Anatolia:-
Levant:- |
 Crusader armiesCountries:- Duchy of Normandy County of Flanders.svg){kind=small} Holy Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Norman Kingdom of SicilySupported by:- |
Defeat
|
| Battle with Sweyn the Crusader (1097)[32] | Supported by:- DanishmendidBeylik
Turkoman mercenaries. |
Supported by:- |
Victory
|
| Siege of Malatya (1100) | Danishmendid Beylik
Turkoman mercenaries. Supported by:- |
Victory
| |
Crusade of 1101
|
Anatolia:-
Levant:- |
 Republic of Genoa
|
Victory
|
| Campaign to Antioch (1103) | Anatolia:-
Supported by:-
|
Campaign abandoned
| |
| Siege of Dyrrhachium (1107–1108) | Supported by:- |
Victory
| |
Kilij Arslan's Eastern Campaigns
|
Supported by:- Seljuk defectors.
Defensive only:- |
(1103-06):- Danishmendid Beylik
(1106-07):- |
Victory
|
| Battle of the Khabur River (1107)[31] | Supported by:- Seljuk Allies.
Byzantine mercenaries |
Defectors from Kilij Arslan's Army. |
Defeat
|
| Byzantine-Seljuk Conflict (1113-1116)[33] |
|
Defeat
| |
| 1107-16 Succession Conflict | Combatants separated by lines: Government of Konya
Government of Malatya Mesud and allies
Supported by:- DanishmendidBeylik
|
Mesud's Victory
| |
| Byzantine-Seljuk Conflict (1119-20) |
|
|
Defeat
|
| Siege of Malatya (1124) | Danishmendid Beylik
Supported by:- |
Seljuk Government of Supported by:- Marriage Alliances
Formal Support:- Melik Arapşah |
Victory
|
Rebellion of Melik Arapşah (1126)[34]
|
Supported by:- DanishmendidBeylik
|
Victory
| |
John Komnenos' Anatolian Campaigns (1130-40)[35][36][37][38][39]
|
1130-35: Danishmendid Beylik
Sebastokratorand allies
|
1130-35:
|
Inconclusive
|
| 1137-42: Danishmendid Beylik
Defensive only:- |
1137-42: |
Victory
| |
| Danishmendid Civil War (1142-50) | Combatants separated by lines: Government of Sivas
Government of Kayseri
|
Seljuk Victory
| |
Manuel's Expedition to Ikonion (1146)[40]
|
|
|
Victory
|
| Second Crusade (1147–1150) | Anatolia:-
Levant:-
Iberia:- Balkans:-
Supported by:-  Abbasid Caliphate |
Crusader States:
Europe:-  Kingdom of England Republic of Genoa Republic of PisaIberia:-[n]  County of Barcelona County of Urgell.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of PortugalNon-State:- Knights TemplarSupported by:- .svg){kind=small} Papal States |
Victory |
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Wars involving the Kerman Seljuk Sultanate (1041–1187)
editThe Kerman Seljuk Sultanate was established in the aftermath of the Conquest of Kerman by Qavurt, the son of Chaghri Bey. Its major conflicts include rebellions against the Great Seljuk Sultans, defensive operations against local chiefs as well as internal conflicts. It dissolved after the invasion of the Ghuzz Turks under Malik Dinar in 1187.
Here is a list of conflicts involving the Kerman Seljuk Sultanate, derived from various Turkish and English sources.
Kerman victory
Kerman defeat
Another result
| Conflict | Kerman and allies |
Opponent(s) | Results | Shah /Regent |
Kerman losses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conquest of Kerman (1041-48) |  Buyid Dynasty
|
Victory | ? | ||
| Battle of Rey (1059) | Rebels under Ibrahim Inal
|
Victory
|
? | ||
| Battle of Damaghan (1063) | Rebels under Qutalmish
|
Defeat
|
? | ||
| Conflict with Fadluya (1053/1062-64) | Shabankara Tribe
|
Defeat
|
? | ||
| Qavurt's First Rebellion (1067) | Defeat
|
? |
Wars involving the Emirate of Aleppo (1086–1118)
editIn 1086, the city of Aleppo was besieged by Suleiman ibn Qutalmish, the Seljuk Sultan of Rum, during his campaigns in Syria. Hassan ibn Hibat Allah Al-Hutayti, the Chief of Aleppo, requested help from Tutush I, the Emir of Damascus, promising to surrender the city to him. Thereupon Tutush marched on Suleiman, and defeated him at the Battle of Ain Salm.
However, Hassan did not fulfill his promise to hand over the city. Hence, Tutush marched on Hassan, subsequently besieging and occupying Aleppo in May 1086. Thereafter, he declared himself the Sultan of Aleppo and Damascus.
This led to the foundation of the Seljuk Emirate of Aleppo. The Emirate dissolved when Sultan Shah, the grandson of Tutush handed over the city to the Artukid emir Ilghazi. This was followed by an unsuccessful siege, thereby completely ending the Seljuk domain in Aleppo.
Here is a list of conflicts involving the Emirate of Aleppo, derived from various Turkish and English sources.
Aleppine victory
Aleppine defeat
Another result
| Conflict | Aleppo and allies |
Opponent(s) | Results | Sultan /Regent |
Seljuk losses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Siege of Aleppo (1086) | Supported by:- |
Victory | ? |
Wars involving the Emirate of Damascus (1076–1104)
editHere is a list of conflicts involving the Emirate of Damascus, derived from various Turkish and English sources.
Damascene victory
Damascene defeat
Another result
| Conflict | Damascus and allies |
Opponent(s) | Results | Sultan /Regent |
Damascene losses |
|---|
Footnotes
edit- ↑ Side of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish is disputed amongst historians.
- ↑ Side of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish is disputed amongst historians.
- ↑ See attached references
- ↑ Phocaea and the eastern Aegean islands of Lesbos (except for the fortress of Methymna), Samos, Chios and Rhodes.
- ↑ Not to be confused with Imad al-Din Zengi.
- ↑ Not to be confused with Ibrahim Inal.
- ↑ Son of Gazi Gümüshtigin, also called Yağı-sıyan
- ↑ Not to be confused with Imad al-Din Zengi.
- ↑ Not to be confused with Ibrahim Inal.
- ↑ Kastamonu and Çankırı changed hands twice.
- ↑ Converted to Islam
- ↑ Withdrew from Çankırı
- ↑ Converted to Islam
- ↑ Within Europe Only
References
edit- 1 2 3 4 Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2020-12-29). "Büyük Selçuklular'ın Hizmetinde Bir Aile: Porsukoğulları". Tarih Dergisi (71): 95. doi:10.26650/TurkJHist.2020.007.
- ↑ Cahen, Claude (İng. çev.:J. Jones-Williams) (1968), Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c. 1071-1330, New York: Taplinger, İng say.. 73-4.
- ↑ Prof. Dr. Osman Turan, Türkiye Selçukluları Tarihi Ansiklopedisi,sh.:84
- ↑ Azimi,sh.:361, A'lak ul-hatira, British Museum, DD. 23334,sh.:34b.
- ↑ Anonim Selçuk-name,sh.:36
- ↑ Prof. Dr. Osman Turan, Türkiye Selçukluları Tarihi Ansiklopedisi,sh.:75-80
- ↑ Turan, Osman (1971). Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye (in Turkish). Turan Neşriyat Yurdu. pp. 57–60.
- ↑ Ağırnaslı, Nilay (2020-12-26). "Büyük Selçuklu Devleti Sultanı Melikşah'ın Diğer Selçuklu Devletlerini Kontrol Altında Tutma Gayreti Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme". Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi (in Turkish). 3 (2): 216–225 (220). doi:10.48120/oad.826851. ISSN 2667-4882.
- ↑
- Bryennios, Nikephoros (1672). Histoire de Constantinople. Vol. III. Translated by Cousin. Paris. pp. 760–761.
- Zonaras, Joannes. Annales. pp. 109a.
- Attaleiates, Michael. Historia. pp. 266, 276.
- Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine Empire. p. 56.
- Laurent, Joseph (1913). Byzance et les Turcs Seldjoucides dans l'Asie Mineure jusqu'en 1081. pp. 180–181.
- ↑ Norwich, John Julius (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee. Londra: Penguin. p. 340. ISBN 0-14-011448-3.
- ↑ Vryonis, Speros (1971). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. University of California Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0520015975.
- ↑ Turan, Osman (1988). Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmî Vesikalar. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 85. ISBN 9789751600110.
- ↑ Tobias, N. (1979). "The Tactics and Strategy of Alexius Comnenus at Calavrytae, 1078" (PDF). Byzantine Studies/Études Byzantines. 6: 193–211. ISSN 0095-4608.
- ↑ Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 607. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
- ↑ Komnene, Anna (2009). The Alexiad. Translated by Sewter, E. R. A. London: Penguin Classics. pp. 136–138. ISBN 978-0140449587.
- ↑ Haldon, John (2001). The Byzantine Wars. Stroud: Tempus. pp. 188–190. ISBN 978-0752417950.
- ↑ Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180. Leiden: Brill. pp. 62–65. ISBN 978-9004117105.
- ↑ "Alexios I Komnenos". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 8, 2026.
- ↑ Basan, Osman Aziz (2010). The Great Seljuqs: A History. Routledge. ISBN 1136953930.
- ↑
- Giorgi, Andrea U. De; Eger, A. Asa (2021-05-30). Antioch: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-54041-0.
- Bouchier, Edmund Spenser (1921). A Short History of Antioch: 300 B. C.-A. D. 1268. B. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-598-84046-2. Archived from the original on 2008-04-15.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - al-Athīr, ʻIzz al-Dīn Ibn (2002). The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from Al-Kāmil Fīʻl-Taʻrīkh of ʻIzz Al-Dīn Ibn Al-Athīr. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-1576-3.
- ↑ Basan, Osman Aziz (2010). The Great Seljuqs: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136953934.
- ↑ İbn ül-Esir, X,sh.:47; Sıbtsh.:75a
- ↑ İbn ul-'Adim, Buğya, 108a - 109b; Tarih Haleb, II,sh.:89-92; 'Azimi,sh.:365; İbnü'l Kalanisi, sh.:118; Baybars Mansuri, 212b; Sıbt, 71a - 72, 75b; Edessalı Mateos, sh.:190; Ebu'l Ferec,sh.:230
- ↑ Ibn al-Athir (2002). The Annals of the Saljuq Turks. Translated by Richards, D.S. Routledge.
- ↑
- Ibn al-Athir (2002). The Annals of the Saljuq Turks. Translated by Richards, D.S. Routledge.
- Komnena, Anna. "The Alexiad". Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ↑
- Basan, Osman Aziz (2010). The Great Seljuqs: A History. Routledge. ISBN 1136953930.
- Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040–1130. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-22959-4.
- Mecit, Songul (2011). "Kingship and Ideology under the Rum Seljuqs". In Lange, Christian; Mecit, Songul (eds.). The Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture. Edinburgh University Press.
- Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Translated by Walford, Naomi. Rutgers University Press.
- Peacock, Andrew (2015). The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press.
- ↑ Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, Vol. II, pp. 68–70.
- ↑ Denizli, Alper. "Bizans'a Sığınan Selçuklu Hanedan Üyeleri" (PDF) (in Turkish). pp. 19–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2019.
- ↑ Nihal Taşçı, p. 25
- ↑ Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, Vol. II, pp. 80–81.
- 1 2 Demirkent, Işın (2014). Türkiye Selçuklu Hükümdarı Sultan I. Kılıç Arslan. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. ISBN 978-975-16-2673-8.
- ↑ "Svend (kongesøn, 1000-t.)". Den Store Danske (in Danish).
- ↑
- Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180. Brill. ISBN 90-04-11710-5.
- Komnene, Anna (1969). The Alexiad of Anna Comnena. Translated by Sewter, Edgar Robert Ashton. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044215-4.
- Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 9780679772699.
- Venning, Timothy; Frankopan, Petertitle (2015). A Chronology of the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 9781317496427.
- ↑ Sümer, Faruk (2004). "Mesud I" (PDF). TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2026.
- ↑ Angold, Michael (1984). The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History. London: Longman. p. 157. ISBN 978-0582490604.
- ↑ Angold, Michael (1984). The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History. London: Longman. p. 155. ISBN 978-0582490604.
- ↑ Norwich, John Julius (1995). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 82. ISBN 978-0679416500.
- ↑ Choniates, Niketas (1984). O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0814317648.
- ↑ Kinnamos, John (1976). Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus. Translated by Brand, Charles M. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0231040808.
- ↑ Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). "The Campaigns of Manuel I Komnenos". The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180. Brill. ISBN 90-04-11710-5.