The types of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines have varied throughout the country's history, from heads of ancient chiefdoms, kingdoms and sultanates in the pre-colonial period, to the leaders of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonial governments as well as an unrecognized independent government, and the directly elected president of the modern sovereign state of the Philippines.
| Maginoo, Wangs, Rajahs, Lakans, Datus and Sultans of the Philippines | |
|---|---|
 A couple belonging in the maginoo (noble class) | |
| Details | |
| Style | Maginoo Kamahalan Kapunuan |
| First monarch | Jayadewa (and other various rulers from the archipelago) |
| Last monarch | Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (and other various rulers from the archipelago) |
| Formation | c. 900 (according to LCI) |
| Residence | Torogan (Maranao, Langgal (Bangsamoro area) Bahay kubo |
Archaic (pre-hispanic) Era
editBefore the nation of the Philippines was formed, the area of what was now the Philippines during the pre-colonial times was sets of divided nations ruled by Kings, Chieftains, Datus, Lakans, Rajahs and Sultans in Southeast Asia. It was when the Spaniards arrived that they named the collections of areas they conquered and unite in Southeast Asia as "Las Islas Filipinas" or The Islands of the Philippines.
Legendary rulers
editLegendary rulers can be found in the oral tradition in Philippine Mythology, which having an uncertain historical/archeological evidence of their reign.
| Image | Name | Title held | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gat Pangil | Gat Pangil was a chieftain in the area now known as Laguna Province, He is mentioned in the origin legends of Bay, Laguna, Pangil, Laguna, Pakil, Laguna and Mauban, Quezon, all of which are thought to have once been under his domain. | Uncertain possibly Iron Age. |
Archaic rulers
editPangasinan (historical polity)
| Ruler | From | Until |
|---|---|---|
| Kamayin[1] | 1406 | 1408? |
| Taymey[1] | 1408 | 1409? |
Historical rulers of Tondo
| Image | Name | Title held | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unnamed | Senapati (Admiral) (Known only in the LCI as the ruler who give the pardon to Lord Namwaran and his wife Dayang Agkatan and their daughter named Bukah for their excessive debts in 900 AD.) | 900? | ? | |
| Lakandula | Bunao Lakandula, ruler of Tondo | After 1521 | 1571 | |
| Agustin de Legazpi | The last ruler of Tondo. He was appointed to the position after the death of Lakandula. The monarchy was dissolved by the Spanish authorities after the discovery of the Tondo conspiracy. | 1575 | 1589 |
,
| Title | Name | Notes | Documented Period of Rule | Primary Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lakan[2] | Tagkan[2] | Named "Lacantagcan" by Huerta and described as the ruler to whom the "original residents" of Namayan trace their origin[2] | exact years not documented; three generations prior to Calamayin | Huerta |
| (title not documented by Huerta[2]) | Palaba | Noted by Huerta[2] as the "Principal Son" of Lakan Tagkan. | exact years not documented; two generations prior to Calamayin[2] | Huerta |
| (title not documented by Huerta[2]) | Laboy | Noted by Franciscan genealogical records to be the son of Lakan Palaba, and the father of Lakan Kalamayin.[2] | exact years not documented; one generation prior to Calamayin[2] | Huerta |
| Rajah[3] | Kalamayin | Named only "Calamayin" (without title) by Huerta,[2] referred to by Scott (1984) as Rajah Kalamayin.[3] Described by Scott (1984)[3] as the paramount ruler of Namayan at the time of colonial contact. | immediately prior to and after Spanish colonial contact (ca. 1571–1575)[3] | Huerta |
| (no title documented by Huerta[2]) | Martin* | *Huerta[2] does not mention if Kalamayin's son, baptized "Martin", held a government position during the early Spanish colonial period | early Spanish colonial period | Huerta |
| Legendary rulers of Namayan |
|---|
| Aside from the records of Huerta, a number of names of rulers are associated with Namayan by folk/oral traditions, as recounted in documents such as the will of Fernando Malang (1589) and documented by academics such as Grace Odal-Devora[4] and writers such as Nick Joaquin.[5] |
| Title | Name | Notes | Period of Rule | Primary Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gat[attribution needed] | Lontok | In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[4] husband of Kalangitan, serving as "rulers of Pasig" together.[4]: 51 | Legendary antiquity[4] | Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[4]) |
| Dayang[attribution needed] or Sultana[4][note 1] | Kalangitan[4] | Legendary "Lady of the Pasig"[4] in Batangueño Folk Tradition and "Ruler of Sapa" in Kapampangan Folk Tradition (as documented by Odal-Devora[4]). Either the mother in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandmother (Kapampangan Tradition) of the ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"[4] | Legendary antiquity[4] | Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[4]) |
| "Princess" or "Lady" (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[4]) | Sasaban | In oral Tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Madjapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.[4]: 51 | prior to 1300 (according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio)[4] | Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[4]), and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[4]) |
| Prince[4] (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[4]) | Bagtas or Balagtas | In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[4] the King of Balayan and Taal who married Panginoan, daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig.: 51 In Kapampangan[4] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[4] the "grandson of Kalangitan" and a "Prince of Madjapahit" who married the "Princess Panginoan of Pampanga": 47, 51 Either the son in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandson (Kapampangan Tradition) of Kalangitan[4] In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit who married Sasaban of Sapa/Namayan. Married Princess Panginoan of Pasig at about the year 1300 in order to consolidate his family line and rule of Namayan[4]: 47, 51 | ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[4] | Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[4]) |
| "Princess" or "Lady" (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[4]) | Panginoan | In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[4] the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually married Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal.: 51 In Kapampangan[4] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[4] who eventually married Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan.": 47, 51 In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit in 1300 AD in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan[4]: 47, 51 | ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[4] | Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[4]) |
| Commander-In-Chief | Capital | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|
| Datu Puti | Unknown | ? | ? |
| Datu Sumakwel | Malandog | ? | ? |
| Datu Bangkaya | Aklan | ? | ? |
| Datu Paiburong | Irong-Irong | ? | ? |
| Datu Lubay | Malandog | ? | ? |
| Datu Padohinog | Malandog | ? | ? |
| Datu Dumangsil | Katalan River, Taal | ? | ? |
| Datu Dumangsol | Malandog | ? | ? |
| Datu Balensuela | Katalan River, Taal | ? | ? |
| Datu Dumalogdog | Malandog | ? | ? |
| The Reigning Datu | Events | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kihod | last reigning monarch of the polity of Katugasan[6] | ? | 1565 |
| The Reigning Datu | Events | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sumanga | Datu Sumanga raids China to win the hand of Dayang-dayang (Princess) Bugbung Humasanum | ? | ? |
| Dailisan | The Kedatuan was destroyed by the Sultanate of Ternate | 1563 | ? |
| Pagbuaya | The Kedatuan is re-established in Dapitan | ? | 1564 |
| Manooc | The Kedatuan is incorporated to the Spanish Empire | ? | ? |
| Name | Events | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|
| Salalila | Rajah Salalila or Rajah Sulayman I By this time, Manila was already under the influence of Brunei. | 1500 | Eartly 16th century |
| Matanda | Rajah Matanda or Rajah Ache | 1521 | 1571 |
| Sulayman | Rajah Sulayman III, Rajah of Manila | 1571 | 1575 |
| Legendary rulers of Maynila |
|---|
| Title | Name | Specifics | Dates | Primary source(/s) | Academic notes on primary source(/s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rajah | Avirjirkaya | According to Henson (1955),[7] he was a "Majapahit Suzerain" who ruled Maynila[7] before he was defeated in 1258[7] by a Bruneian naval commander named Rajah Ahmad,[7] who then established Manila as a Muslim principality.[7] | before 1258[8] | Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955[7] | Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",[8] published by the UP Asian Center and in turn referenced widely in semitechnical and popular texts. The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)[9] genealogical documents remains subject to scholarly peer review.[10][11] |
| Rajah | Ahmad | According to Henson (1955),[7] he established Manila as a Muslim[7] principality in 1258[7] by defeating the Majapahit Suzerain Rajah Avirjirkaya.[7] | c. 1258[8] | Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955[7] | Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",[8] published by the UP Asian Center and in turn referenced widely in semi-technical and popular texts. The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)[9] genealogical documents remains subject to scholarly peer review.[10][11] |
Monarchs of the Butuan Rajahnate
edit| The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah | Events | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sri Lumay | Founded the rajahnate, he is a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which occupied Sumatra. He was sent by the Maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces but he rebelled and established his own independent rajahnate. | ? | ? |
| Rajah Humabon | The Rajah of Cebu at the time Ferdinand Magellan arrived at Cebu and is the first Filipino chieftain to embrace Christianity. | fl. 1521 | after 1521 |
| Rajah Tupas | Last Rajah of Cebu, he ceded the Rajahnate to the Spanish Empire when he is defeated by Miguel López de Legazpi's forces in 1565. | ? | 1565 |
Sultans of Maguindanao
edit| Sultans | From | Until |
|---|---|---|
| Shariff Kabungsuwan | 1515 | 1543 |
| Sultan Maka-alang Saripada | 1543 | 1574 |
| Sultan Bangkaya | 1574 | 1578 |
| Sultan Dimasangcay Adel | 1578 | 1585 |
| Sultan Gugu Sarikula | 1585 | 1597 |
| Sultan Laut Buisan | 1597 | 1619 |
| Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat | 1619 | 1671 |
| Sultan Dundung Tidulay | 1671 | 1678 |
| Sultan Barahaman | 1678 | 1699 |
| Sultan Kahar ud-Din Kuda | 1699 | 1702 |
| Sultan Bayan ul-Anwar | 1702 | 1736 |
| Sultan Amir ud-Din (in Tamontaka) | 1710 | 1736 |
| Sultan Muhammad Tahir ud-Din (in Sibugay, Buayan, Malabang) | 1736 | 1748 |
| Sultan Rajah Muda Muhammad Khair ud-Din (paramount chief of Maguindanao by 1748) | 1733 | 1755 |
| Sultan Pahar ud-Din | 1755 | 1780 |
| Sultan Kibad Sahriyal | 1780 | 1805 |
| Sultan Kawasa Anwar ud-Din | 1805 | 1830 |
| Sultan Qudratullah Untung | 1830 | 1854 |
| Sultan Muhammad Makakua | 1854 | 1884 |
| Sultan Wata | 1884 | 1888 |
| No sultan Sultan Anwar ud-Din contested Datu Mamaku (son of Sultan Qudratullah Untung) of Buayan for the throne versus the then sultan Datu Mangigin of Sibugay. | 1888 | 1896 |
| Sultan Taha Colo | 1896 | 1898 |
| Sultan Mastura Kudarat | 1908 | 1933 |
| Sultans | Image | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sharif ul-Hāshim |  | 1480 | 1505 |
| Kamal ud-Din | | 1505 | 1527 |
| Sultan Amir ul-Umara |  | 1893 | 1899 |
| Jamal ul-Kiram I |  | 1825 | 1839, the progeny of the 1752 Kiram Sinsuat, Kiram Misuari and Kiram Sorronga. |
| Mahakuttah Kiram |  | 1974 | 1986 |
| Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram | | 1986 | |
Philippines Era
editThe collection of islands conquered by the Spaniards was named Las islas Filipinas; a name given by Ruy López de Villalobos. It's the exact geographical location on which the modern day Republic of the Philippines based its territory.
Rulers during the Spanish colonization
editDuring the Spanish colonization, Remaining monarchs reign until their kingdoms was absorbed to the new colonial nation of the Philippines through Spanish conquest. Many of these territories are absorbed much later.
- Rajah Colambu – King of Limasawa in 1521, brother of Rajah Siagu of Butuan. He befriended Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and guided him to Cebu on April 7, 1521.
- Rajah Humabon – Rajah of Cebu who became an ally of Ferdinand Magellan and the Spaniards. Rival of Datu Lapu-Lapu. In 1521, he and his wife were baptized as Christians and given Christian names Carlos and Juana after the Spanish royalty, King Carlos and Queen Juana.
- Sultan Kudarat – Sultan of Maguindanao
- Lakandula – Lakan of Tondo
- Datu Lapu-Lapu – King of Mactan Island. He defeated the Spaniards on April 27, 1521.
- Datu Iberein – A datu of Samar at around 1543.
- Datu Sikatuna – King of Bohol in 1565. He made a blood compact with Spanish explorer, Miguel López de Legazpi.
- Datu Pagbuaya – King of Bohol. He governed with his brother Datu Dailisan, a settlement along the shorelines between Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis, which was abandoned years before the Spanish colonization due to Portuguese and Ternatean attacks. He founded Dapitan in the northern shore of Mindanao.
- Datu Dailisan – King of Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis and governed their kingdom along with his brother Datu Pagbuaya. His death during one of the Portuguese raids caused the abandonment of the settlement.
- Datu Manooc – Christian name – Pedro Manuel Manooc, son of Datu Pagbuaya who converted to Christianity, defeated the Higaonon tribe in Iligan, Mindanao. He established one of the first Christian settlements in the country.
- Rajah Siagu – Rajah of Butuan
- Apo Noan – Chieftain of Mandani (present day Mandaue) in 1521
- Rajah Sulayman – The heir apparent of the Kingdom of Luzon, was defeated by Martín de Goiti, a Spanish soldier commissioned by López de Legazpi to Manila.
- Rajah Tupas – Rajah of Cebu, conquered by Miguel López de Legazpi
- Datu Zula – A datu of Mactan, rival of Lapu-lapu
- Datu Kalun – Ruler of the Island of the Basilan and the Yakans in Mindanao, converted his line to Christianity
- Datu Sanday – Ruler of Marawi City
- unnamed Datu – King of Taytay Palawan. Mentioned by Pigafetta, chronicler of Magellan. The king, together with his wife were kidnapped by the remnant troops from Magellan's fleet after fleeing Cebu to secure provisions for their crossing to the Moluccas.
- Datu Cabaylo (Cabailo) – The last king of the Kingdom of Taytay
During Revolts against Spain (1660–1661)
edit| Name | Image | From | Until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Francisco Maniago | 1660 | 1661 | a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Kapampangan nation in Pampanga, with him as "King of Pampanga." | |
| Name | Image | From | Until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andres Malong | 1660 | 1661 | a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Pangasinense nation in Pangasinan, with him as "King of Pangasinan." | |
| Name | Image | From | Until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pedro Almazán | 1661 | 1661 | a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano nation in Ilocos, with him as "King of Ilocos." | |
British Occupation of Manila (1762–1764)
editGreat Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.
| Monarch | Image | From | Until | House |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| George III |  |
November 2, 1762 | May 31, 1764 | Hanover |
Independent Ilocos (1762–1763)
edit| Name | Image | From | Until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diego Silang | 1762 | 1763 | a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired with British forces to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano nation. | |
Under New Spain (1764–1821)
edit| Monarch | Image | From | Until | House |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles III |  |
August 10, 1759 | December 14, 1788 | Bourbon |
| Charles IV |  |
December 14, 1788 | March 19, 1808 | |
| Ferdinand VII |  |
March 19, 1808 | May 6, 1808 | |
| Joseph I |  |
December 11, 1813 | September 29, 1833 | Bonaparte |
Emperor of the Philippine Islands
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | Andrés Novales (1795–1823) | June 1, 1823 | June 2, 1823 | His discontentment with the treatment of creole soldiers led him to start a revolt in 1823 that inspired even the ranks of José Rizal. He successfully captured Intramuros and was proclaimed Emperor of the Philippines by his followers. However, he was defeated within the day by Spanish reinforcements from Pampanga.[12] |
Spanish East Indies (1821–1898)
editAfter the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown.
| Monarch | Image | From | Until | House |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joseph I | |
December 11, 1813 | September 29, 1833 | Bonaparte |
| Ferdinand VII | |
December 11, 1813 | September 29, 1833 | Bourbon |
| Isabella II |  |
September 29, 1833 | September 30, 1868 | |
| Amadeo I |  |
December 4, 1870 | February 11, 1873 | Savoy |
| President | Image | From | Until | Party |
| Estanislao Figueras |  |
February 12, 1873 | June 11, 1873 | Federal Democratic Republican Party |
| Francesc Pi i Margall |  |
June 11, 1873 | July 18, 1873 | |
| Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso |  |
July 18, 1873 | September 7, 1873 | |
| Emilio Castelar y Ripoll |  |
September 7, 1873 | January 3, 1874 | |
| Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre | .jpg) |
January 3, 1874 | December 30, 1874 | Conservative |
| Monarch | Image | From | Until | House |
| Alfonso XII |  |
December 30, 1874 | November 25, 1885 | Bourbon |
| Alfonso XIII |  |
May 17, 1886 | December 10, 1898 |
Revolutionary Republics and States
editThese are the people who led during the Philippine Revolution against the Spaniards and the subsequent Philippine–American War from 1896 onwards.
Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People (1896–1897)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | Andrés Bonifacio (1863–1897) |
.jpg) |
August 24, 1896 | March 22, 1897 or May 10, 1897 |
Katipunan |
Republic of Biak-na-Bato (1897)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) |
.jpg) |
March 22, 1897 | April 17, 1898 | Katipunan (Magdalo) |
| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | Francisco Makabulos (1871–1922) |
 |
April 17, 1898 | May 19, 1898 | None |
| - | Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) |
|
May 19, 1898 | January 23, 1899 | None |
Negros Republic (1898–1901)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | Aniceto Lacson (1857–1931) |
 |
November 5, 1898 | July 22, 1899 | |
| - | Demetrio Larena (1859–1916) |
.jpg) |
November 24, 1898 | November 27, 1898 | |
| - | José de Luzuriaga (1843–1921) |
.jpg) |
July 22, 1899 | November 6, 1899 | |
| - | Eusebio Luzuriaga (1869–1927) |
November 6, 1899 | November 6, 1899 | ||
| - | Simeón Lizares (1858–1935) |
November 6, 1899 | November 6, 1899 | ||
| - | Nicolás Gólez | November 6, 1899 | November 6, 1899 | ||
| - | Agustín Amenábar | November 6, 1899 | November 6, 1899 | ||
| - | Juan Araneta (1852–1924) |
November 6, 1899 | November 6, 1899 | ||
| - | Antonio Ledesma Jayme (1854–1937) |
 |
November 6, 1899 | November 6, 1899 | |
| - | Melecio Severino (1866–1915) |
 |
November 6, 1899 | April 30, 1901 |
Federal State of the Visayas (1898–1899)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | Roque López | December 2, 1898 | January 7, 1899 | ||
| - | Vicente Franco | January 7, 1899 | January 7, 1899 | ||
| - | Raymundo Melliza (1854–1945) |
 |
January 7, 1899 | July 16, 1899 | |
| - | Nicolas Jalandoni (1852–1917) |
July 16, 1899 | July 16, 1899 | ||
| - | Jovito Yusay | July 16, 1899 | September 23, 1899 | ||
| - | Ramón Avanceña (1872–1957) |
 |
September 23, 1899 | September 23, 1899 |
First Philippine Republic (1899–1902)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) |
|
January 23, 1899 | April 19, 1901 | None |
| - | Miguel Malvar (1865–1911) |
 |
April 19, 1901 | April 16, 1902 | None |
Republic of Zamboanga (1899–1903)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | Vicente Álvarez (1862–1942) |
May 18, 1899 | November 16, 1899 | ||
| - | Isidoro Midel (1869–19??) |
November 16, 1899 | March 22, 1901 | ||
| - | Mariano Arquiza | March 22, 1901 | March 22, 1903 |
Republic of the Tagalog Nation (1902–1906)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | Macario Sakay (1870–1907) |
 |
May 6, 1902 | July 14, 1906 | Katipunan (holdout/revival) |
American Colonial Period
editAfter the Spanish–American War ended with the Treaty of Paris, Spanish control over the Philippines (alongside Puerto Rico) was ceded to the United States for a sum of $20 million. The First Philippine Republic maintained unrecognized sovereignty until its suppression after the Philippine-American War. The islands remained a US territory until July 4, 1946.
Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1898–1902)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wesley Merritt (1836–1910) |
.JPG) |
August 14, 1898 |
August 30, 1898 |
|
| 2 | Elwell Stephen Otis (1838–1909) |
 |
August 30, 1898 |
May 5, 1900 |
|
| 3 | Arthur MacArthur Jr. (1845–1912) |
 |
May 5, 1900 |
July 4, 1901 |
|
| 4 | Adna Chaffee (1842–1914) |
.jpg) |
July 4, 1901 |
July 4, 1902 |
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (1902–1935)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | William Howard Taft (1857–1930) |
 |
July 4, 1901 |
February 1, 1904 |
|
| 2 | Luke Edward Wright (1846–1922) |
 |
February 1, 1904 |
November 3, 1905 |
|
| 3 | Henry Clay Ide (1844–1921) |
 |
November 3, 1905 |
September 19, 1906 |
|
| 4 | James Francis Smith (1859–1928) |
 |
September 20, 1906 |
November 11, 1909 |
|
| 5 | William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959) |
 |
November 11, 1909 |
September 1, 1913 |
|
| – | Newton W. Gilbert (1862–1939) Acting Governor-General |
.jpg) |
September 1, 1913 |
October 6, 1913 |
|
| 6 | Francis Burton Harrison (1873–1957) |
 |
October 6, 1913 |
March 5, 1921 |
|
| – | Charles Yeater (1861–1943) Acting Governor-General |
.jpg) |
March 5, 1921 |
October 14, 1921 |
|
| 7 | Leonard Wood (1860–1927) |
 |
October 14, 1921 |
August 7, 1927 |
|
| – | Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) Acting Governor-General |
![](http://wiki.nitrosworld.org/wiki/File:Eugene_Allen_Gilmore_in_"The_badger"_(1916).jpg) |
August 7, 1927 |
December 27, 1927 |
|
| 8 | Henry L. Stimson (1867–1950) |
 |
December 27, 1927 |
February 23, 1929 |
|
| – | Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) Acting Governor-General |
|
February 23, 1929 |
July 8, 1929 |
|
| 9 | Dwight F. Davis (1879–1945) |
 |
July 8, 1929 |
January 9, 1932 |
|
| – | George C. Butte (1877–1940) Acting Governor-General |
.jpg) |
January 9, 1932 |
February 29, 1932 |
|
| 10 | Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1886–1944) |
 |
February 29, 1932 |
July 15, 1933 |
|
| 11 | Frank Murphy (1890–1949) |
 |
July 15, 1933 |
November 14, 1935 |
Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946)
edit| No. | High Commissioner | Image | From | Until | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Frank Murphy (1890–1949) |
|
November 14, 1935 |
December 31, 1936 |
|
| – | J. Weldon Jones (1896–1982) |
 |
December 31, 1936 | April 26, 1937 | |
| July 12, 1939 | October 28, 1939 | ||||
| 2 | Paul V. McNutt (1891–1955) |
 |
April 26, 1937 | July 12, 1939 | |
| September 14, 1945 | July 4, 1946 | ||||
| 3 | Francis Bowes Sayre Sr. (1885–1972) |
 |
October 28, 1939 | October 12, 1942 | |
| 4 | Harold L. Ickes (1874–1952) |
 |
October 12, 1942 | September 14, 1945 | |
| No. | President | Image | From | Until | Party |
| 1 | Manuel L. Quezon (1878–1944) |
 |
November 15, 1935 | March 17, 1942 | Nacionalista |
| May 2, 1942 | August 1, 1944 | ||||
| - | José Abad Santos (1886–1942) |
 |
March 17, 1942 | May 2, 1942 | Independent |
| 2 | Sergio Osmeña (1878–1961) |
 |
August 1, 1944 | May 28, 1946 | Nacionalista |
| 3 | Manuel Roxas (1892–1946) |
.jpg) |
May 28, 1946 | April 15, 1948 | Liberal |
World War II
editJapanese occupation of the Philippines
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Masaharu Homma (1887–1946) |
 |
January 3, 1942 |
June 8, 1942 |
|
| 2 | Shizuichi Tanaka (1887–1945) |
 |
June 8, 1942 |
May 28, 1943 |
|
| 3 | Shigenori Kuroda (1887–1952) |
 |
May 28, 1943 |
September 26, 1944 |
|
| 4 | Tomoyuki Yamashita (1885–1946) |
.jpg) |
September 26, 1944 |
September 2, 1945 |
Philippine Executive Commission (1942–1943)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jorge B. Vargas (1890–1980) |
 |
January 23, 1942 | October 14, 1943 | KALIBAPI |
Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jose P. Laurel (1891–1959) |
 |
October 14, 1943 | August 17, 1945 | KALIBAPI |
Republic of the Philippines
editThird Philippine Republic (1946–1973)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Manuel Roxas (1892–1946) |
|
May 28, 1946 | April 15, 1948 | Liberal |
| 2 | Elpidio Quirino (1890–1956) |
 |
April 17, 1948 | December 30, 1953 | |
| 3 | Ramon Magsaysay (1907–1957) |
 |
December 30, 1953 | March 17, 1957 | Nacionalista |
| 4 | Carlos P. Garcia (1896–1971) |
 |
March 18, 1957 | December 30, 1961 | |
| 5 | Diosdado Macapagal (1910–1997) |
 |
December 30, 1961 | December 30, 1965 | Liberal |
| 6 | Ferdinand Marcos (1917–1989) |
.jpg) |
December 30, 1965 | January 17, 1973 | Nacionalista |
Martial law and the Fourth Philippine Republic (1973–1986)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party | Period |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ferdinand Marcos (1917–1989) |
|
January 17, 1973 | June 30, 1981 | Nacionalista, later KBL | Martial law |
| June 30, 1981 | February 25, 1986 | KBL | Fourth Philippine Republic |
^Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the government's power until the inauguration of the Fourth Philippine Republic on June 30, 1981
Provisional Government (1986–1987)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Corazon Aquino (1933–2009) |
 |
February 25, 1986 | February 2, 1987 | UNIDO |
Fifth Philippine Republic (1987–Present)
edit| No. | Name | Portrait | Tenure start | Tenure end | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Corazon Aquino (1933–2009) |
|
February 2, 1987 | June 30, 1992 | UNIDO, later independent |
| 2 | Fidel V. Ramos (1928–2022) |
 |
June 30, 1992 | June 30, 1998 | Lakas |
| 3 | Joseph Estrada (born 1937) |
![Joseph Estrada](http://wiki.nitrosworld.org/wiki/File:President_Joseph_"Erap"_Ejercito_Estrada,_Argentine_President_Menem_(cropped).jpg) |
June 30, 1998 | January 20, 2001 | LAMMP |
| 4 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born 1947) |
 |
January 20, 2001 | June 30, 2010 | Lakas, later Lakas–Kampi |
| 5 | Benigno S. Aquino III (1960–2021) |
 |
June 30, 2010 | June 30, 2016 | Liberal |
| 6 | Rodrigo Duterte (born 1945) |
 |
June 30, 2016 | June 30, 2022 | PDP–Laban |
| 7 | Bongbong Marcos (born 1957) |
.png) |
June 30, 2022 | Present | Partido Federal ng Pilipinas |
See also
edit- President of the Philippines
- Governor-General of the Philippines
- Filipino styles and honorifics
- Heads of state and government of the Philippines
- First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines
- List of ancient Philippine consorts
- List of presidents of the Philippines
- List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines
- Vice President of the Philippines
- List of vice presidents of the Philippines
- Prime Minister of the Philippines (now defunct)
- Seal of the president of the Philippines
- List of current heads of state and government
Notes
edit- ↑ The term "Sultana" is used by Odal-Devora in her essay The River Dwellers (2000, page 47), saying "This Prince Bagtas, a grandson of Sultana Kalangitan, the Lady of Pasig, was also said to have ruled the Kingdom of Namayan or Sapa, in the present Sta Ana-Mandaluyong-San Juan- Makati Area. This would explain the Pasig-Sta Ana-Tondo-Bulacan-Pampanga-Batangas interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites."
Subnotes
editReferences
edit- 1 2 Scott, William Henry. Filipinos in China before 1500 (PDF).
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Huerta, Felix, de (1865). Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - 1 2 3 4 Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Odal-Devora, Grace P. (2000). "The River Dwellers". In Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa (ed.). Pasig: River of Life. Water Series Trilogy. Unilever Philippines. ISBN 978-9719227205.
- ↑ Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young. City of Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-569-313-4.
- ↑ "Information gather from the island of Siquijor".
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Henson, Mariano A (1955). The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon. Manila: Villanueva Books.
- 1 2 3 4 Majul, César Adib (1973). Muslims in the Philippines. Diliman: University of the Philippines Asian Center.
- 1 2 Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-9711002268.
- 1 2 Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-971-10-1069-0.
- 1 2 Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 (4): 291–320. doi:10.1023/A:1022611908759. S2CID 141415414.
- ↑ Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila, My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc.
Works cited
edit- Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Guerrero, Milagros C. (1970). History of the Filipino People (3rd ed.). Malaya Books.
- Chandler, David Porter; Steinberg, David Joel (1987). In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History (Revised ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1110-0.
- Philippine Electoral Almanac (PDF) (Revised and expanded ed.). Manila: Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2015. ISBN 978-971-95551-6-2 – via Internet Archive.
- Tucker, Spencer, ed. (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1 (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
External links
edit- Office of the President of the Philippines
- The Presidential Museum and Library
- Philippine Heads of State Timeline at www.worldstatesmen.org