Wikipedia

List of people from Palestine (historical region)

This is a list of people who lived in the region of Palestine before the establishment of Mandatory Palestine in 1920[a] and the later states of Israel and Palestine. The people listed here were either born in the region of Palestine or are described in historical sources as being from Palestine.

Chronologically or by floruit and regnal succession:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.
Name Field Speciality Place of birth Dates
Abdi-Heba[1] Politics Canaanite ruler of Urushalim (Jerusalem) under Egyptian patronage, one of the authors of the Amarna letters Canaan c. 1350 BCE
Addaya[2] Politics Governor of Hazzatu (Gaza) Canaan? c. 1350–1335 BC
Biridiya[3] Politics Ruler of Magidda (Megiddo) Canaan c. 1350 BCE
Labaya[b]

& Mutbaal[4]

 Politics Ruler of Šakmu, (Schehem) author of several Amarna letters; his son Mutbaal co-ruled in the area east of the Jordan River and succeeded him after his death as ruler of the west too Canaan c. 1350 BCE
Milki-El & Yapahu[5] Politics Ruler of Gazru (Gezer) Canaan c. 1350 BCE
Sitatna[6] Politics Ruler of Akka (Acre) Canaan c. 1350
Shuwardata[7] (possible successor Abdi-Ashtarti, not to be confused with Amurru kingdom ruler Abdi-Ashirta)[8] Politics Ruler of Gimtu (Tell es-Safi) Canaan c. 1350 BCE
Yashdata[8] Politics Ruler of Ta'anach (Ti'inik) Canaan c. 1350 BCE
Yidya[9] (predecessor Shubanda)[8] Politics Ruler of Asqalana (Ascalon) Canaan c. 1350
Zimredda[10] Politics Ruler of Lakisha (Lachish) Canaan c. 1350
Omri[11] Politics King of Israel and founder of the Omride dynasty Kingdom of Israel d. c. 873 BCE
Ahab[12] Politics King of Israel Kingdom of Israel d. c. 853 BCE
Jehu[13] Politics King of Israel who exterminated the house of Omri, depicted on the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III Kingdom of Israel c. 842-815 BCE
Jehoash[14] Politics King of Israel, mentioned as "Jehoash the Samarian" on the Tell al-Rimah Stele of Adad-nirari III Kingdom of Israel c. 798-782 BCE
Jeroboam II[15] Politics King of Israel, associated with the Seal of Shema and the Samaria ostraca Kingdom of Israel c. 788-747 BCE
Menahem[16] Politics King of Israel who paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria, recorded in the Assyrian annals Kingdom of Israel c. 752-742 BCE
Ahaz[17] Politics King of Judah, recorded as "Jehoahaz of Judah" on the Nimrud Tablet K.3751 of Tiglath-Pileser III Kingdom of Judah c. 735-715 BCE
Qaus-malaka[18] Politics King of Edom Edom c. 735-710
Hanunu[19] Politics King of Gaza Philistia c. 734 BCE
Mitinti I[20] Politics King of Ascalon Philistia d. c. 734
Rukibtu[20] Politics King of Ascalon Philistia c. 733
Hoshea[21] Politics Last king of Israel, whose accession is recorded in the Annals of Tiglath-Pileser III Kingdom of Israel c. 732-724 BCE
Pekah[22] Politics King of Israel, whose replacement by Hoshea is recorded in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser III Kingdom of Israel d. c. 732 BCE
Yamani[23] Politics King of Isdud Philistia c. 712 BCE
Ilāya-rām[24] Politics King of Edom Edom c. 710-685 BCE
Padi Politics King of Ekron Philistia c. 701 BCE[c]
Sidqa Politics King of Asqalana Philistia[25] c. 701 BCE
Sil-Bel[26] Politics King of Gaza Philistia c. 701-669 BCE
Ikausu Politics King of Ekron Philistia c. 699-667 BCE[27]
Hezekiah[28] Politics King of Judah Kingdom of Judah d. c. 687 BCE
Manasseh[29] Politics King of Judah, listed as a vassal of Esarhaddon Kingdom of Judah c. 687-642 BCE
Qaus-gabri[18] Politics King of Edom Edom c. 685-665
Mitinti III[25] Politics King of Asqalana Philistia c. 667 BCE
Josiah[30] Politics King of Judah Kingdom of Judah d. 609 BCE
Jehoiachin[31] Politics King of Judah exiled to Babylon, where his rations are recorded in Babylonian administrative tablets Kingdom of Judah fl. c. 597 BCE
Zedekiah[32] Politics Last king of Judah, installed by Nebuchadnezzar II before the destruction of Jerusalem Kingdom of Judah fl. 597-586 BCE
Sanballat the Horonite Politics Governor of Samaria, mentioned in the Elephantine papyri Samaria fl. 5th c. BCE
Johanan[33] Religion (Judaism) High priest of Jerusalem attested in the Elephantine Papyri Kingdom of Judah fl. c. 407 BCE
Hezekiah[34] Politics Governor of Yehud attested on Yehud coinage Judea fl. late 4th c. BCE
Batis[35] Politics Governor of Gaza and military commander loyal to the Achaemenid empire Gaza d. 332 BCE
Onias II[36] Religion (Judaism) High priest of Jerusalem during the Ptolemaic period Judea fl. 3rd c. BCE
Menippus[d] Literature Author of polemicist works, father of Menippean satire Gadara c. 3rd century BCE
Simon II[37] Religion (Judaism) High priest of Jerusalem praised in the Book of Sirach Judea fl. c. 219-196 BCE
Jason[38] Religion (Judaism) High priest of Judaea associated with the Hellenization of Jerusalem Judea fl. c. 175-171 BCE
John Hyrcanus[39] Politics Hasmonean ruler and high priest Judea c. 175-104 BCE
Onias III[40] Religion (Judaism) High priest of Israel and opponent of Hellenization Judea d. 171 BCE
Menelaus[41] Politics / Religion Hellenizing high priest of Jerusalem appointed by Antiochus IV Judea d. 162 BCE
Alcimus[42] Religion (Judaism) High priest of Israel installed under Seleucid authority Judea d. 159 BCE
Mattathias[43] Politics Priest and leader of the Maccabean Revolt Modein d. c. 166 BCE
Judas Maccabeus[44] Politics Leader of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire Modein d. 160 BCE
Jonathan Apphus[45] Politics Leader of the Maccabees and first Hasmonean high priest, appointed by Alexander Balas Modein d. 143 BCE
Salome Alexandra[46] Politics Queen regnant of Judea, last regnant monarch of the Hasmonean Kingdom Judea 139–67 BCE
Simon Thassi[47] Politics Hasmonean ruler and high priest who established Judean autonomy from the Seleucids Modein d. 135 BCE
Antiochus of Ascalon[48] Academia Philosophy Ascalon c.125 BCE
Meleager of Gadara[48] Literature Poet Gadara c.120 BCE
Antipater the Idumaean Politics Forefather of the Herodian dynasty Idumaea, possibly Hebron[49] 114/113-49 BCE
Aristobulus I[50] Politics King and high priest of Judaea Jerusalem d. 103 BCE
Alexander Jannaeus[51] Politics King and high priest of Judaea Judea 103-76 BCE
Jose ben Jochanan[52] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi Jerusalem 2nd c. BCE
Artemidorus of Ascalon[48] Academia Historian c. 63 BCE
Costobarus[53] Politics Governor of Idumea and Gaza, married to Herod's sister Salome I Idumea d. c. 27-25 BCE
Herod the Great Politics King of Judea (37–4 BCE) Idumea, Ascalon[e] c.72 BCE[54]
Aretas IV[55] Politics King of the Nabataeans Nabataean kingdom c. 9 BCE-40 CE
Jesus[56][57] Religion (Judaism) Founder of Christianity Bethlehem c.4 BCE
Simeon ben Gamliel[58] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi Jerusalem c. 10 BCE-70 CE
Mary, mother of Jesus[59] Religion (Judaism) Mother of Jesus of Nazareth Sepphoris c.18 BCE
Saint Peter[60] Religion (Judaism) Apostle of Jesus, primus inter pares among the Twelve Apostles 1st century BCE
Josephus[61] Academia Historian Jerusalem c. 37
Elisha ben Abuyah[62] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi Jerusalem before 70
Hermione of Ephesus Religion (Christianity) Martyr, saint, hospital founder Caesarea d. 117[63]: 16 
Eliezer ben Hurcanus[64] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi c. 40-120
Malichus II[55] Politics King of the Nabataeans Nabataean kingdom 40-70 CE
Rabbi Akiva[65] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi Lod c. 50-135
Rabbel II Soter[55] Politics King of the Nabataeans Nabataean kingdom 70-106
Shimon ben Yochai[66] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi Galilee? c. 90-160
Justin Martyr[67] Religion (Christianity) Christian apologist and martyr Flavia Neapolis c. 100-c. 165
Narcissus of Jerusalem[68] Religion (Christianity) Bishop Aelia Capitolina, Roman Palestine c. 99-212
Jose the Galilean[69] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi Galilee 1st-2nd c.
Symmachus[70] Religion (Samaritan, Judaism, Christianity) Translator of biblical texts Samaria c. 2nd century
Matteya ben Heresh[71] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi Judea 2nd c.
Jose ben Helpetha[72] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi Sepphoris 2nd c.
Sextus Julius Africanus[73] Literature Philosopher, historian, Christian traveler Jerusalem c. 160-240
Titus Flavius Boethus[f] Politics Roman Senator and Governor Ptolemais (Akka) d. 168
Rabbi Jochanan Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi Sepphoris c.220[74]
Abba bar Zabdai[75] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi 3rd c.
Levi ben Sisi[76] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi 3rd-4th c.
Eusebius[77] Academia and Religion (Christianity) "Father of Church History" Caesarea Palestinae c.263
Alexander of Gaza[78] Religion (Christianity) Martyr Gaza c. 303
Alphaeus and Zacchaeus[79] Religion (Christianity) Martyrs Caesarea Maritima d. 303/304
Peter Apselamus[80] Religion (Christianity) Martyr Anea in the district of Eleutheropolis c. 309-311
Paulinus[48] Academia Doctor, student of Plotinus Scythopolis d. before 270
Rabbi Assi[81] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi Babylonia c.270
Saint Agapius of Palestine[78] Religion (Christianity) Martyr Gaza c.270
Procopius of Scythopolis[82] Religion (Christianity) Martyr Jerusalem c.270
Romanus of Caesarea[79] Religion (Christianity) Martyr Caesarea Palestinae c.270
Samuel ben Nahman[83] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic rabbi 3rd-4th c.
Hilarion[84] Religion (Christianity) Monk Tabatha (Gaza) c.291
Saint George[85] Religion (Christianity) Christian martyr Lydda c.300
Alphaeus and Zacchaeus[86] Religion (Christianity) Martyrs Eleutheropolis (Bayt Jibrin) d. c. 303/4
Epiphanius of Salamis[g] Religion (Christianity) Church Father Eleutheropolis c.310
Silvanus of Gaza (hieromartyr) Religion (Christianity) Soldier, Martyr Gaza, Syria Palaestina d. c. 311[87]
Cyril of Jerusalem[88] Religion (Christianity) Bishop of Jerusalem Jerusalem (vicinity) c. 313–386/387)
Gelasius of Caesarea[89] Religion (Christianity) Author, Bishop of Caesarea Maritima Palestine c. 335-395
Silvanus of Gaza[90] Religion (Christianity) Palestinian monk, one of the Desert Fathers Palestine d. c. 414
Sozomen[91] Academia Historian Gaza c.400-450
Marinus of Neapolis[48] Academia Mathematician, astronomer, poet Flavia Neapolis (Nablus) c. 440
Zosimas of Palestine[92] Religion (Christianity) Acsetic, scholar, saint Palaestina Prima, Diocese of the East c. 460-560
Zacharias Rhetor[93] Religion (Christianity) Bishop and church historian Gaza late 5th-early 6th c.
Aeneas of Gaza[94] Academia Philosophy Gaza c.460
Procopius of Gaza[48] Academia Philosophy Gaza c.465
Choricius of Gaza[95] Academia student of Procopius Philosophy c. late 5th - early 6th century
Eutocius of Ascalon[48] Academia Mathematics Ascalon c.480
Procopius of Caesarea[96] Academia Historian Caesarea Palaestina c.500
Timotheus of Gaza[97] Academia Grammarian and poet Gaza c. late 5th-early 6th
John of Gaza (Iohannes)[94] Academia Grammarian and poet Gaza early 6th century
Cyril of Scythopolis[98] Religion (Christianity) Monk, hagiographer Scythopolis (Beisan) c. 525
Tribunus[99] Medicine Physician Palestine c. 6th century
Tamim al-Dari Religion (Christianity & Islam) Bishop who became a Companion of the Prophet Muhammad Bayt Jibrin d. 661[100][101]
Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami[102] Politics Leader of the Banu Judham tribe Palestine d. 703
Raja ibn Haywa Politics Political advisor to four of the Umayyad caliphs Beisan d. 730[103]
Stephen the Sabaite[104] Religion (Christianity) Monk, saint, author, librarian at Mar Saba Julis, Gaza c. 725-794
Michael Synkellos[105] Religion (Christian) Arab Greek Orthodox homilist and grammarian, Synkellos and saint Jerusalem 761-846
Al-Shafi'i[106] Religion (Islam) Scholar and theologian Gaza 767
Pirqoi ben Baboi[107] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist c. 800
Al-Tabarani Religion (Islam) Prolific author of Hadith narrations Tabariyya c. 873-970[108]
Daniel al-Kumisi[109] Religion (Judaism) Early Karaite Judaism scholar, biblical commentator, and a founder of the Mourners of Zion Damghan (emigrated to Jerusalem) fl. late 9th–early 10th c.
Aaron ben Moses ben Asher[110] Religion (Judaism) Masorete Tiberias c. 960
Sahl ben Matzliah[111] Religion (Judaism) Karaite philosopher Jerusalem 910-990
Sulayman al-Ghazzi[112] Religion (Christianity) Bishop and poet Gaza c.940
al-Muqaddasi[113] Academia medieval geographer Jerusalem c.946
Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah[114] Politics Leader of the Jarrahid tribal dynasty, ruled southern Palestine Palestine (southern) fl. ca. 977–1013
Al-Tamimi Medicine author of several medical works, pharmacist and personal physician to the governor of Ramla[115] Jerusalem d. 990
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Wasiti[116] Religion (Islam) Khatib of Al-Aqsa mosque and author of book on the virtues of Jerusalem Jerusalem c. 1019
Nathan ben Abraham I[117] Religion (Judaism) Rabbi, author of Judeo-Arabic exegesis of the Mishnah, head of the Yeshiva in Jerusalem Jund Filastin d. c. 1051
Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri[118] Politics Vizier for the Fatimid caliphate (1050-1058) Yazur d. 1058
Ibn Tahir Religion (Islam) Islamic scholar and historian[119] Jerusalem 1057-1113
Al-Afdal Shahanshah, son of Badr al-Jamali, founder of the Jayyusi family Politics Vizier for the Fatimid caliphate (1094-1121)[120] Akka 1066-1121
Qadi al-Fadil, Al-Asqalani Politics Vizier in Ayyubid dynasty, advisor to Saladin Asqalan[121] 1135-1200
Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi Religion (Islam) Author of Biographical evaluation of Hadith narrators Jamma'in, Nablus district[122] c. 1146-1203
Ibn Qudamah of the Banu Qudama[123][124] Religion (Islam) Hanbali jurist, theologian, ascetic, fought alongside Salahaddin Jamma'in, Nablus district c.1147
Ibn Siqlab[125] Medicine Physician to Ayyubid emir Old City of Jerusalem 1165/6-1228
Abu Sulayman Da'ud Medicine Arab Christian physician and astrologer[126] Jerusalem c. 12th century
Diya' al-Din al-Maqdisi of the Banu Qudama[127] Religion (Islam) Hanbali scholar, author of several works on religious practice in Jabal Nablus Damascus, after his family fled Jamma'in due to the Crusader threat 1174-1245[128]
Tanhum of Jerusalem Religion (Judaism) Judeo-Arabic author and Hebrew lexicographer[129] d. 1291
Ibn al-Sa'lus[130] Politics and trade Merchant, appointed vizier in Damascus and later Cairo Nablus d. 1294
Ibn Abi Talib al-Dimashqi[131] Religion (Islam) Sheikh and author Safad 1256-1327
Salah al-Din al-Safadi[132] Literature, Art, Religion (Islam) Grammarian, historian, artist, poet Safad 1296-1396
Ibn Muflih[133] Religion (Islam) Jurisconsult Qaqun 1310–1362
Abu l-Fath al-Samiri al-Danafi[134] Literature Chronicler of the history of Samaritans Nablus c. 1355
Ibn Raslan[135] Religion (Islam) Shafa'i jurist and poet Ramla 1371–1440
Mujir al-Din al-'Ulaymi[136] History of Palestine historian Jerusalem c.1456
Turabay ibn Qaraja[137] Politics District Governor of Safed Sanjak and timar holder for various others, Tayy tribal leader and founder of Turabay dynasty Ottoman Palestine (vicinity of Nablus) c. late 15th -mid-16th centuries
Eliyahu de Vidas[138] Religion (Judaism) Kabbalist Safed 1518-1587
Bezalel Ashkenazi[139] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist Jerusalem c. 1520-1592
Al-Tamartashi[140] Religion (Islam) Hanafi scholar Old City of Gaza 1532-1598
Isaac Luria[141] Religion (Judaism) Lurianic Kabbalah Jerusalem c. 1534-1572
Elazar ben Moshe Azikri[141] Religion (Judaism) Moralist, poet Safed 1533-1600
Ahmad Pasha ibn Ridwan[142] Politics District Governor of Gaza (1585-1605) from the Ridwan dynasty Gaza d. 1607
Hayyim ben Joseph Vital[141] Religion (Judaism) Lurianic Kabbalah Safed 1542-1620
Samuel ben Isaac de Uçeda[143] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist, exegete Safed 1545-1604
Gedaliah Cordovero[144] Religion (Judaism) Talmudic scholar Safed 1562-1625
Mar'i al-Karmi[145] Religion (Islam) Hanbali scholar Tulkarem 1580–1624
Joseph Trani[146] Religion (Judaism) Liturgy, talmud Safed 1568-1639
Khayr al-Din al-Ramli[136] Religion (Islam) Hanbali jurist Ramla c.1585
Domenico Gerosolimitano[147] Religion Neophyte censor Safed fl. 1590s
Al-Khalidi Al-Safadi[148][149] Religion (Islam) Historian and Hanafi Mufti Safad d. 1625
Moshe ben Yonatan Galante[141] Religion (Judaism) Chief rabbi of Jerusalem Safed 1621-1689
Samuel Primo[150] Religion (Judaism) Secretary to Sabbatai Zevi Jerusalem c. 1635-1708
Nathan of Gaza[151] Religion (Judaism) Sabbatean prophet, poet Jerusalem 1643-1680
Joseph Shalit Riqueti[152] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist Safed c. 1650
Israel Ze'evi[153] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist Hebron 1650-1731
Hayyim ben Jacob Abulafia[154] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist Hebron 1660-1744
Musa Pasha ibn Hasan[142] Politics Governor of Gaza from the Ridwan dynasty Ottoman Palestine c. 1663 - late 1670s
Daher al-Umar[155] Politics 18th century ruler of the Galilee Arraba c.1690
Moses Hagiz[156] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist, liturgist, printer Jerusalem 1671-c. 1750
Isaac HaKohen Rapoport[157] Religion (Judaism) Halakhist Jerusalem 1679-1754
Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Saffarini[158] Religion (Islam) Hanbali cleric, jurist, historian Saffarin, Nablus c. 1701-1774
Raphael Meyuchas ben Shmuel[159] Religion (Judaism) Chief rabbi (1756-1771) Jerusalem c. 1705-1771
Jonah Nabon[160] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist Jerusalem 1713-1760
Husayn Pasha ibn Makki[161] Politics District governor of Gaza (1763-1765) Gaza d. 1765
Chaim Yosef David Azulai[162] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist, bibliographer Jerusalem 1724-1806
Jacob Alyashar[163] Religion (Judaism Talmudist Hebron 1730-c. 1790
Raphael Hayyim Isaac Carregal[164] Religion (Judaism) Rabbi and emissary Hebron 1733-1777
Mohammad Abu Maraq[165] Politics Governor of Gaza and Jaffa Gaza or Hebron c. 1799-1804
Moshe Yosef Mordechai Meyuchas[166] Religion (Judaism) Chief rabbi (1802-1805) Jerusalem 1738-1805
Nathan Adadi[167] Religion (Judaism) Halakhist 1740-1818
Mustafa Bey Tuqan Politics Mutasallim of Nablus Ottoman Palestine c. 1742-1823[168]
Amram ben Diwan[169] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist Jerusalem 1743-1782
'Abd Rabbo al-Ta'amireh Politics Bedouin leader, one of several members of the Ta'amireh tribe to resist Napoleon Ottoman Palestine, area of Bethlehem c. 1799[170][171]
Mas'ud al-Madi Politics Shaykh of Ijzim, governor of Gaza Ijzim(?)[172] d. 1834
Qasim al-Ahmad Politics Mutasallim of Nablus and Jerusalem, leader in the Peasants' revolt in Palestine Ottoman Palestine (Sidon Eyalet), Beit Wazan[173] d. 1834
Shlomo Moshe Suzin[174] Religion (Judaism) Chief rabbi Jerusalem d. 1835
Husayn Abd al-Hadi Politics Mudir of Sidon Eyalet Arraba[175] d. c. 1835-6
Chaim Nissim Abulafia[176] Religion (Judaism) Chief rabbi Tiberias 1775-1851
Isaac Kovo[177] Religion (Judaism Chief rabbi Jerusalem 1770-1854
Abdelrahman al-Dajani[178] Politics Mayor of Jerusalem (1863-1882) Jerusalem c. 19th century
Yehuda Navon[179] Religion (Judaism) Chief rabbi Jerusalem d. 1844
Abdallah Pasha ibn Ali Politics Wali of Sidon Eyalet Akka[180] b. 1801 (exiled)
Musa Faidi al-Alami Politics Mayor of Jerusalem (1869, 1879-1881) Jerusalem d. 1881[181]
Joseph Shabbethai Farhi[182] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist, kabbalist Jerusalem 1802-1882
Yedidyah Raphael Chai Abulafiya[183] Religion (Judaism) Kabbalah Jerusalem 1807-1869
Moses Pardo[184] Religion (Judaism) Talmudist Jerusalem 1810-1888
Jacob Valero[185] Finance Sephardic banker and founder of the Valero banking family in Jerusalem Jerusalem 1813-1874
Yaakov Shaul Elyashar[186] Religion (Judaism) Sephardic chief rabbi Safed 1817-1906
Aharon Azriel[187] Religion (Judaism) Kabbalist Jerusalem 1818-1879
Aqil Agha[188] Politics Local lord in the area of the Galilee, centered around Ibillin (1847–64) Gaza or Nazareth c. 1820 -1870
Jacob Saphir[189][190] Religion (Judaism) Rabbi, ethnographer, traveller Ashmyany, Russian Empire 1822–1886
Isaac ben Moses Abulafia[191] Religion (Judaism) Halakhist Tiberias 1824-1910
Chaim Hezekiah Medini[192] Religion (Judaism) Halakhist Jerusalem 1834-1904
Yosef Rivlin[193] Religion (Judaism) Rabbi, director of the Central Committee of Knesseth Israel Jerusalem 1836-1896
Yoel Moshe Salomon[194] Journalist Co-founder of HaLevanon Jerusalem 1838-1912
Yousef al-Khalidi[195][196] Politics Mayor of Jerusalem,Ottoman parliamentarian, author Jerusalem 1842-1906
Mohammed Tahir al-Husayni Religion (Islam) Grand Mufti of Jerusalem (1865-1908)[197] Jerusalem 1842-1908
Salim al-Husayni Politics Mayor of Jerusalem (1882-1897) Jerusalem d. 1908[198]
Mariam Baouardy[199] Religion (Christianity) Modern saint / miracle Hurfeish 1846
Yehoshua Stampfer[200][201][202] Politics Zionist activist, founder of Petah Tikva Komárno, Kingdom of Hungary 1852-1908
Ruhi Khalidi Politics Member of the Ottoman Parliament representing Jerusalem Old City of Jerusalem[203] 1864-1913
Shimon Moyal Medicine and Politics Physician, publisher, journalist Jaffa[204] 1866-1915
Aaron Aaronsohn[205][206][207] Agronomy, politics Agronomist and Zionist activist, discoverer of emmer Bacău, Principality of Romania 1876-1919
Avshalom Feinberg Politics Zionist activist, British spy Gedera, Ottoman Palestine[208][209] 1889-1917
Husayn al-Husseini[210] Politics Mayor of Jerusalem (1909-1917) Jerusalem d. 1917
Sarah Aaronsohn[206][211] Politics Zionist activist, British spy Zikhron Ya'akov, Ottoman Palestine 1890-1917

Notes

  1. ↑ Only people from this region who died before 25 April 1920 are included on this list.
  2. ↑ Nadav, 1997:"Lab'ayu of Shechem and his sons are the best documented rulers in the area of Palestine, and many details of their career are known from the correspondence. Yet the name of their capital is mentioned neither in Lab'ayu's letters nor in the letters of other kings, nor in Egyptian texts of the time of the New Kingdom. Shechem (mat Sakmi) is mentioned once in a letter from Jerusalem (EA 289:21-24), but the reference alone is not enough to identify their seat. Fortunately, we are able to identify Lab'ayu's and his sons' capital thanks to the many references to their offensive in the Amarna letters. Similar references relating to many other rulers whose seats are not mentioned are missing, and the identities of their capitals remain unknown."
  3. ↑ Gitin, 2003, p. 287: "Two of the five names of city's rulers mentioned in the inscription - Padi and Ikausu - appear in the Neo-Assyrian Annals as kings of 'amqar(r)una, that is, Ekron, an Assyrian vassal city-state in the 7th century B.C.E. (Gitin 1995: 62). Padi is known from the Annals of Sennacherib in the context of the Assyrian king's 701 B.C.E. campaign, at the end of which he gave the towns of the defeated Judean King Hezekiah to Padi and others (Pritchard 1969: 287-88). Padi is also cited in a docket dated to 699 B.C.E., according to which he delivered a light talent of silver to Sennacherib (Fales and Postgate 1995: 21-22). Ikausu is listed as one of the 12 coastal kings who transported building materials to Nineveh for the palace of Esarhaddon (680-669 B.C.E.), and his name also appears in a list of kings who participated in Ashurbanipal's first campaign against Egypt in 667 B.C.E. (Pritchard 1969: 291, 294)."
  4. ↑ Geiger, 2014, p. 9: "All this said it is of course clear, that the Palestinian provenance of some important Greek poets, writers and philosophers did not go unnoticed by classical scholars. From the Cynic Menippus, the poet Meleager and the poet and philosopher Philodemus, all of Gadara in the Hellenistic Age, to Marinus of Neapolis, the last Head but two of the Neoplatonic School in Athens and Procopius of Caesarea, the historian of the Age of Justinian and the last to uphold the tradition of classical historiography, the place of their birth, and in some of the cases the place of their activity, were duly noticed. Among intellectuals from Ascalon only the philosopher Antiochus, and to a lesser degree the mathematician Eutocius (and to an even lesser degree, the poet Euenus and the architect Julian) have received special attention. Nevertheless, with the sole exception of the so-called School of Gaza in the fifth and sixth centuries it has never been attempted to position a group of Greek intellectuals in their Palestinian surroundings, or of analysing the contribution to Greek cultural life of the inhabitants of one city in that country; Part II of this book will attempt to rise to this challenge."
  5. ↑ Qleibo, 2021: "The Palestinian Lakhmid tribe, from which my family’s founding ancestor descends, together with other tribes formed the Edomite Dynasty that reached its zenith in the age of the Edomite King Herod, born in Ashqelon, barely 37 kilometers from Beit Jibreen.
  6. ↑ Geiger, 2014, p. 18: "Flavius Boethus From Ptolemais, interested in Peripatetic philosophy and medicine, known only from Galen and the inscription quoted below, according to which he may have been consul in 161 or 162 and governor not before 164 or 165: he is the only person from Palestine in the Early Empire to become governor of the province. It may be conjectured that Galen's visit to Palestine (see GLAJJ II, nos. 382, 384, 385, 390) was connected with their relationship: Galen restored to health Boethus' wife and one of his sons, and was handsomely rewarded and introduced to Mark Aurel; Galen eventually dedicated to him not less than nine of his works."
  7. ↑ Geiger, 2014, p. 13: "Aeneas 1 was born about 430, studied in Alexandria with Hierocles in about 450, and is attested in 488; the fact that Zacharias 1 referred to him in 514 without a formula confirming his death should not be taken as proof. He visited Constantinople and had connections in Antioch and other cities. Among his Palestinian correspondents were Iohannes 3 (not sure, see s. v.), Zonaeus, Diodorus, Zosimus 2, Epiphanius 2, the iatrosphist Gessius of Petra, and Julianus 1, as well as the sophist Diogenes of Antioch, who corresponded also with Hierius and with Eutocius 1. The absence of any correspondence between him and Procopius 1 must be due to both of them residing in the same city and should not be construed even as an argumentum e silen tio against their acquaintance.

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  136. 1 2 Gerber, H. (2008). Remembering and Imagining Palestine:Identity and Nationalism from the Crusades to the Present. Springer. pp. 49–51. ISBN 978-0-230-58391-7. Mujir al-Din is our baseline for all aspects of Palestinian identity in Ottoman times: He was clearly conscious of his Palestinian-ness; he was clearly conscious as well of living in a Holy Land, and he was fully aware of the Crusades, their likely recurrence, ans the probably implications of this for the people of the country. [...] Khayr al-Din al-Ramli calls the country he was living in Palestine, and unquestionably assumes that his readers do likewise. What is even more remarkable is his use of the term "the country" and even "our country" (biladuna) possibly meaning that he had in mind some sort of a loose community focused around that term.
  137. ↑ Blackburn, Richard (2005). Journey to the Sublime Porte: The Arabic Memoir of a Sharifian Agent's Diplomatic Mission to the Ottoman Imperial Court in the Era of Suleyman the Magnificent; The Relevant Text from Quṭb al-Dīn al-Nahrawālī's al-Fawāʼid al-sanīyah fī al-riḥlah al-Madanīyah wa al-Rūmīyah. Orient-Institut. pp. 20–21. ISBN 9783899134414.
  138. ↑ Staff (2017-05-09). "The Reisheet Hochma and the Kabbalah Movement of Hebron". The Jewish Community of Hebron. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  139. ↑ Moskowitz, David Moses (2014). מבוא לספרי הרמב"ם (PDF). p. 91.
  140. ↑ Baig, Sohaib (2024-11-07), Collections: Glimpses of Islamic manuscript culture in Palestine
  141. 1 2 3 4 Lamdān, Rût. A Separate People: Jewish Women in Palestine, Syria, and Egypt in the Sixteenth Century. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11747-1.
  142. 1 2 Ze'evi, Dror (1996). An Ottoman Century: The District of Jerusalem in the 1600s. SUNY Press. pp. 40, 41, 46, 53, 58, 71. ISBN 0-7914-2915-6.
  143. ↑ "SAMUEL BEN ISAAC OF UCEDA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  144. ↑ "CORDOVERO, GEDALYAH BEN MOSES". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 May 2026.
  145. ↑ al-Salim, Farid (2011). "Landed Property and Elite Conflict in Ottoman Tulkarm". Jerusalem Quarterly (47). Institute for Palestine Studies: 75. doi:10.70190/jq.I47.p65.
  146. ↑ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2010-01-07). Dictionary of Jewish Biography. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-9784-9.
  147. ↑ "DOMINICO IROSOLIMITANO - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  148. ↑ Chronicles of Bilad al Sham: 16th and 17th Centuries
  149. ↑ Gorton, T.J. (2014). "Prologue". Renaissance Emir: A Druze Warlord at the Court of the Medici. Interlink. ISBN 978-1-62371-053-8. Of the various sources for the life of Fakhr ad-Din, there is one that is unique, irreplaceable [...] This is an Arabic biography by Sheikh Ahmad ibn Mohammad al-Khalidi as-Safadi [...] He was a Sunni Muslim of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, and was from Safad in Palestine to which Fakhr ad-Din was appointed sanjakheyi or governor in 1692.
  150. ↑ "PRIMO, SAMUEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  151. ↑ "GHAZZATI, NATHAN BENJAMIN BEN ELISHA HA-LEVI - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-13.
  152. ↑ "RICHETTI, JOSEPH SHALIṬ BEN ELIEZER - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  153. ↑ "ZEEBI, ISRAEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  154. ↑ "Abulafia, ?ayyim ben Jacob | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  155. ↑ Doumani, Beshara (1995). "Cotton, Textiles and the Politics of Trade". Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700-1900. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. It is significant that we meet Zahir al-Umar (1690–1775) in this context, because he, more than any other Palestinian leader during the Ottoman period, was closely associated with the growing trade in cotton.[5] His imposition of a monopoly on the export of cotton changed the politics of trade in northern Palestine and put him on a collision course with the leaders of Jabal Nablus.
  156. ↑ "Moses Ḥagiz | Posen Library". www.posenlibrary.com. Retrieved 2026-05-14.
  157. ↑ Singer, Isidore (1905). The Jewish Encyclopedia: Philipson-Samoscz. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 322.
  158. ↑ "Scholar of Renown: Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Saffarini". Arab News. 25 October 2001. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  159. ↑ "רפאל b"r שמואל מיוחס, מרבני ירושלים במאה ה - 18 [1705 - 1771]". www.daat.ac.il. Retrieved 2026-05-14.
  160. ↑ "NABON - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  161. ↑ JCAS Symposium Series, Japan Center for Area Studies, National Museum of Ethnology, 2003, ISBN 9784901838023, [...]a native of Gaza in Palestine
  162. ↑ "Rabbi Chaim Yosef David Azulai (Chida)". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2026-05-14.
  163. ↑ "3834 | Encyclopedia of the Founders and Builders of Israel". tidhar.tourolib.org. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  164. ↑ "CARREGAL (Caregal, Carigal, Carrigal, Karigal, Karigel, Karigol, Kargol, Kragol), RAPHAEL ḤAYYIM ISAAC". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 May 2026.
  165. ↑ Reier, Benedikt (2024), "Chapter 6: The Library of Abū Nabbūt in Early Nineteenth-Century Jaffa", The Library of Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar: Book Culture in Late Ottoman Palestine, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004720527_008, Abū Maraq, a local from Gaza who had already ruled Jaffa from 1801 until 1803 and who returned briefly to rule the town in 1804.
  166. ↑ Sokolow, Nahum (1919). History of Zionism, 1600-1918. Longmans, Green and Company. p. 77.
  167. ↑ Hirschberg, H. Z(J W. ) (1974). A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal. BRILL. p. 179. ISBN 978-90-04-06295-5.
  168. ↑ Doumani, B (1995). Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700-1900. University of California Press. pp. 42–43, 186. ISBN 0-520-08895-6.
  169. ↑ "דיואן, עמרם בן אפרים (1740-1782) | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2025-01-25. Retrieved 2026-05-14.
  170. ↑ Sharia Court Registers of Jerusalem, Register 281. Jerusalem: Sharia Court. 1799. p. 132.
  171. ↑ Abu Rumi, Musa Muhammad (1999). العيزرية 2000 [Al-Eizariya 2000]. إعرف بلدك (in Arabic) (1 ed.). p. 243.
  172. ↑ Schölch, Alexander, "The Local Lords and their Districts", Palestine in Transformation, 1856-1882: Studies in Social, Economic and Political Development (PDF), Institute for Palestine Studies, pp. 181, 182, The Banu Madi were the most influential family in southern Galilee and on the coast during the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century.482 They were of Bedouin origin, from the region around Beersheba. In the eighteenth century their influence extended to Nazareth and its environs, Marj ibn 'Amir, Haifa, the coastal strip south of Carmel, and the western slopes of Jabal Nablus, as well. Their heyday appears to have been in the period between the end of Jazzar Pasha's rule and the Egyptian occupation. On the eve of the Egyptian invasion, Mas'ud al-Madi had built an imposing house in Acre and was the governor of Gaza. [...] The "area of origin" of the Madi family was the coastal region south of Carmel and the western slopes of Jabal Nablus. Their primary seat was Ijzim, the largest locality in this region.484 Mas'ud al-Madi lost his life because of his participation in the anti-Egyptian uprising of 1834.
  173. ↑ Baer, G. (1982). Fellah and Townsman in the Middle East: Studies in Social History. Psychology Press. p. 291. ISBN 9780714631264.
  174. ↑ Elʻazar, Yaʻaḳov (1979). נשיאים בישראל: הראשונים לציון (in Hebrew). י. אלעזר וש. צפניה. p. 27.
  175. ↑ Doumani, Beshara (1995). Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700-1900. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20370-4. Arraba was the home village of the Abd al-Hadi family, which came to dominate the politics of Jabal Nablus in the 1830s as well as to own and operate three soap factories.
  176. ↑ Blumberg, Arnold (2007). Zion Before Zionism, 1838-1880. Simcha Media Group. ISBN 978-1-932687-82-8.
  177. ↑ מ. ד. גאון, יהודי המזרח בארץ ישראל חלק ב עמ' 615
  178. ↑ Bayt al-Dajani Daoudi: A Prominent Jerusalem Family Deeply Rooted in Palestinian History
  179. ↑ Naeh, Yaron Ben, "Navon family", Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online, Brill, doi:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_SIM_000205, retrieved 2026-05-15
  180. ↑ Mishaqah, Mikha'il (1988). William McIntosh Thackston (ed.). Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the 18th and 19th Centuries by Mikhayil Mishaqa (1800–1873). SUNY Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780887067129.
  181. ↑ Johann Büssow, Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908, Brill, 2011 p. 554.
  182. ↑ "FARḤI, JOSEPH SHABBETHAI - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  183. ↑ גאון, משה דוד (1937). יהודי המזרח בארץ ישראל (in Hebrew). p. 510.
  184. ↑ Giorganashvili, Anna (2021-08-19). ""Sephardi Gaza: Unlearning Jewish History" - The American Sephardi FederationThe American Sephardi Federation". The American Sephardi Federation. Retrieved 2026-05-14.
  185. ↑ Glass, Joseph B.; Kark, Ruth (2007). Sephardi Entrepreneurs in Jerusalem: The Valero Family, 1800-1948. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 978-965-229-396-1.
  186. ↑ "Elyashar, Jacob Saul ben Eliezer Jeroham | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  187. ↑ "2942 | Encyclopedia of the Founders and Builders of Israel". www.tidhar.tourolib.org. Retrieved 2026-05-14.
  188. ↑ Schölch, Alexander, "The Local Lords and their Districts", Palestine in Transformation, 1856-1882: Studies in Social, Economic and Political Development (PDF), Institute for Palestine Studies, pp. 181, 182, It was 'Aqil Agha, whose rise and fall will be described here, who acted as a local lord for almost two decades (1847-64) and who tried to a certain extent to follow in the footsteps of Zahir al-'Umar. 'Aqil (or 'Aqila) was a Bedouin of the Hanadi tribe. In 1814, his father, Musa al-Hasi, left Egyptian territory, and afterwards lived in Gaza, where he died in 1830. Like his father, 'Aqil and his following took service with various masters, among them Ibrahim Pasha. In 1843, 'Aqil took on the post of chief of a body of irregulars in northern Palestine. In 1845, in a local struggle for influence among the Latins of Nazareth, he took side against the qa'im maqam of Acre.
  189. ↑ "Jacob Sapir (also transliterated "Saphir" and "Sappir") was born in Lithuania in 1822, immigrated with his parents in 1833 to Safed in Palestine, and after their deaths soon afterward, was raised by the Perushi community of Jerusalem, most of whom had emigrated from Lithuania and western Belorussia."
  190. ↑ Fine, Steven (29 October 2019). Jewish Religious Architecture: From Biblical Israel to Modern Judaism. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-37009-8. According to a local tradition, noted by the Palestinian scribe Jacob Saphir, who visited the synagogue in 1864, the mastaba marks the place where the prophet Jeremiah sat and composed lamentations.
  191. ↑ "Abulafia, Isaac ben Moses | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  192. ↑ Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2006). The Streets of Jerusalem: Who, What, why. Devora. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-932687-48-4.
  193. ↑ "492 | Encyclopedia of the Founders and Builders of Israel". tidhar.tourolib.org. Retrieved 2026-05-14.
  194. ↑ "A Reporter's Notebook: the Israelis wishing a generous Ramadan to Palestinians". Religion Unplugged. 2019-05-21. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
  195. ↑ "Yusuf Diya' al-Khalidi (1842-1906)". Jerusalem Story. He was the only Palestinian elected member of the first Ottoman parliament, and he represented Jerusalem.
  196. ↑ "An Ottoman Bismarck from Jerusalem: Yusuf Diya' al-Khalidi (1842-1906)". Institute for Palestine Studies. Archived from the original on 2026-02-11. Retrieved 2026-05-14.
  197. ↑ Beška, Emanuel (2007). "Responses of Prominent Arabs Towards Zionist Aspirations and Colonization Prior to 1908". Asian and African Studies. 16 (1). Tahir Muhammad Efendi ibn Mustafa al Husayni (1842 - 1908) The case of Muhammad Tāhir al-Husayni is a good example of the stable position enjoyed by prominent families in Levant in general and in Jerusalem in particular. He was born into the notable al-Husayni family, in which the position of Mufti of Jerusalem was de facto hereditary. His father Mustafa held this post since the 1840s.
  198. ↑ Palestinian Personalities Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs. (PASSIA).
  199. ↑ Melvin, Don; Liebermann, Oren; Latza Nadeau, Barbie (17 May 2025). "In religious and political gesture, Pope confers sainthood on two Palestinians". CNN. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  200. ↑ "Born in Szombathely, western Hungary, Stampfer attended Azriel *Hildesheimer's yeshivah at Eisenstadt. (...) Leaving home in 1869 and completing his journey to Jerusalem on foot, he joined a group of young people who were trying to establish an agricultural settlement in the country. In 1878 he and his companions settled on land that belonged to the village of Mulabbis, near the Yarkon River, and founded the first Jewish agricultural settlement, *Petaḥ Tikvah."
  201. ↑ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (10 March 2006). Dictionary of Jewish Biography. A&C Black. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-8264-8040-8. Stampfer, Yehoshua (1852-1908) Palestinian pioneer. Born in Hungary, he went to Palestine in 1869. In 1878 he helped establish the first Jewish agricultural settlement, Petah Tikvah.
  202. ↑ Dayan, Moshe (1978). Story of My Life. Sphere. ISBN 978-0-7221-2873-2. The of the others were Palestinian Jews, Hungarian-born Joshua Stampfer and David Meir Gutman.
  203. ↑ Beška, Emanuel (2016). GAŽÁKOVÁ, Zuzana; DROBNÝ, Jaroslav (eds.). "The Anti-Zionist Attitudes and Activities of Ruhi al-Khalidi". Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honour of Ján Pauliny. Bratislava: Slovak Academy of Sciences: 181–203.
  204. ↑ Fishman, Louis (2021), "Arab Jewish Voices in Ottoman Palestine: Caught between the Sephardim and Palestinians (Voix arabes juives dans la Palestine ottomane prises entre les Sépharades et les Palestiniens)", L’histoire culturelle des relations entre Juifs et Arabes en Palestine/Israël, 2, doi:10.4000/rhc.915
  205. ↑ Falk, Avner (22 October 2018). Agnon's Story: A Psychoanalytic Biography of S. Y. Agnon. BRILL. p. 103. ISBN 978-90-04-36778-4. Aaron Aaronsohn (1876-1919), Romainian-born Palestinian Jewish botanist and agronomist.
  206. 1 2 Goldstone, Patricia (2015). Aaronsohn's Maps: The Man Who Might Have Created Peace in the Modern Middle East. Catapult. pp. 37, 38. ISBN 978-1-61902-559-2. By this time, the Jewish population of Palestine had swelled to seventy to eighty thousand, three times its number in 1882 when the Aaronsohns arrived. [...] Many of the newly arrived émigrés, believing they were coming to a barren, uninhabited land, were genuinely taken aback to find so many Arabs living in Palestine (approximately 95 percent of the population in 1882 was Arab). Lacking any knowledge of Arabic, or the desire to acquire it, they established their own colonies and institutions in a manner distinct from the Old Settlers.
  207. ↑ Goldstone, Patricia (2015). Aaronsohn's Maps: The Man Who Might Have Created Peace in the Modern Middle East. Catapult. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-61902-559-2. 'Early in June [1909]', Fairchild wrote in his memoir, a short light-complexioned Jew walked into my office and introduced himself in broken English as Aaron Aaronsohn from Palestine ... We resorted to German and I soon discovered that I was in the presence of a remarkable man.'
  208. ↑ "Some significant structures relating to an important era in local history is fading away as the town of Gedera is modernizing. The home where Nili (a Jewish spy ring that fought for the British and against the Ottoman Empire in Palestine during World War 1) leader Avshalom Feinberg grew up, at 24 Ha-Biluyim St., has been demolished (...) Gedera was founded by people from the Bilu group (a Jewish Zionist group whose aim was to settle the land of Israel) in 1884. The street where Feinberg was born and grew up for a time was named after the founders of the town."
  209. ↑ Yeʼor, Bat (1996). The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude : Seventh-twentieth Century. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3688-6. Absalom Feinberg (1889-1917). Born at Gedera (Palestine).
  210. ↑ Palestinian Personalities - H Archived 29 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA).
  211. ↑ Falk, Avner (22 October 2018). Agnon's Story: A Psychoanalytic Biography of S. Y. Agnon. BRILL. p. 103. ISBN 978-90-04-36778-4. Sarah Aaronsohn (1890-1917), Aaron Aaronsohn's Palestinian-born elder sister, killed herself while being tortured by the Ottomans for spying against them for the British.

Works cited

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