Wikipedia

List of automobile drag coefficients

This is a list of automobile drag coefficients (Cd) and drag areas (CdA) for production, limited-production, and concept or experimental vehicles. The drag coefficient is a dimensionless measure of aerodynamic resistance used in automotive design; a lower value indicates a more streamlined vehicle that passes through the air with less resistance. The drag area (CdA) is the product of the drag coefficient and the vehicle's frontal reference area, and represents the total aerodynamic drag force per unit of dynamic pressure — making it a more complete measure of real-world aerodynamic performance than the drag coefficient alone.

Entries are grouped first by drag coefficient and then by drag area. Within each grouping, production vehicles and concept or experimental vehicles are listed separately. Unless otherwise noted, figures given are for the base model of a vehicle in a standard configuration. Measurements can vary by up to 5% depending on the wind tunnel and test methodology used.[1]

Drag coefficients

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The average modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.25 and 0.3. Sport utility vehicles (SUVs), with their typically boxy shapes, typically achieve a Cd=0.35–0.45. The drag coefficient of a vehicle is affected by the shape of body of the vehicle. Various other characteristics affect the coefficient of drag as well, and are taken into account in these examples. Some sports cars have a surprisingly high drag coefficient (such as the Ariel Atom at 0.40), but this is to compensate for the amount of lift the vehicle generates, while others use aerodynamics to their advantage to gain speed and as a result have much lower drag coefficients.

Some examples of Cd follow. Figures given are generally for the basic model, which may not be available in some markets. Some "high performance" models may actually have higher drag, due to wider tires, extra spoilers and larger cooling systems as many basic/low power models have half size radiators with the remaining area blanked off to reduce cooling and engine bay drag.

The Cd of a given vehicle will vary depending on which wind tunnel it is measured in. Variations of up to 5% have been documented[2] and variations in test technique and analysis can also make a difference. So if the same vehicle with a drag coefficient of Cd=0.30 was measured in a different tunnel it could be anywhere from Cd=0.285 to Cd=0.315.

Production cars

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Production cars — drag coefficient (Cd)
CdAutomobileCalendar Year
0.7 to 1.1typical values for a Formula One car (downforce settings change for each circuit)
0.74Legends car
0.7Caterham Seven
0.65 to 0.75Lotus Seven1957–1972
0.6 +a typical truck
0.59[3]Land Rover Defender2008
0.57Hummer H22003
0.54Mercedes Benz G-Class
0.51Volkswagen Westfalia Camper1980–1991
0.51Citroën 2CV1948
0.48Rover Mini1998
0.48Volkswagen Beetle (original design)[4][5]1938
0.48Volkswagen Cabriolet (Rabbit Convertible)[6]1979–1993
0.47Lancia Aprilia[7]1937
0.46Ford Mustang (coupe)1979
0.46Lincoln Town Car (sedan)1985–1989[8]
0.454[9]Jeep Wrangler (JL)2018
0.45Dodge Viper RT/101996
0.45Mercury Grand Marquis (sedan)1988–1991[10]
0.45Range Rover Classic1990
0.45Volkswagen Gol G11980
0.44Volkswagen Vanagon1980–1991
0.44Ford Mustang (fastback)1979
0.44Peugeot 3051978
0.44Peugeot 5041968
0.44Toyota Truck1990
0.43TVR 3000S1978–79
0.425Duple 425 coach
(named for its low Cd by coach standards)		1985
0.42Lamborghini Countach1974
0.42Plymouth Duster1994
0.42Triumph Spitfire Mk IV1971
0.41Smart Roadster2003
0.41Volvo 740 (sedan)1982
0.405Subaru Forester1997–2002[11]
0.40Chevrolet Astro1995–2005[12]
0.40Mercury Cougar1983–1986
0.40Ariel Atom2002[13]
0.40Ford Escape Hybrid2005
0.40Nissan Skyline GT-R R321989
0.40Jaguar XJS1976–1996
0.40Ford Ranger2011–2015[14]
0.39Chevrolet Tahoe2006
0.39MG ZR2001
0.39Dodge Durango2004
0.39Ford Aerostar1995[15]
0.39Ford Escort 5 Door1981–1984[16]
0.39Honda Odyssey1994–98
0.39[17]Toyota Tacoma (N300)2016
0.39Triumph Spitfire1964
0.385Nissan 280ZX1978
0.38Fiat Ritmo1978
0.38Ford Territory2011
0.38Lexus GX2003
0.38Lincoln Mark VII1984–1992[18]
0.38Mazda Miata1989
0.38Fiat 5001957
0.38Smart Roadster Coupé2003
0.38Subaru Forester2009–2013[19]
0.38VW NewBeetle[20]
without wing or spoiler 0.39[21]		2003
0.374Ford Capri Mk III1978
0.372Ferrari F501996
0.37Ford Escort Mk.III (Europe)1980
0.37BMW Z3 M coupe1999
0.37Jaguar XJ (X300/X308)1994–2003
0.37Mercury Grand Marquis1998–2002[22]
0.37Mercury Grand Marquis2003–2011[23]
0.37Renault Twingo I
0.37Volkswagen Tiguan2008
0.37Volkswagen Transporter T41990–2004[24]
0.36Alfa Romeo 331983[citation needed]
0.36Cadillac Escalade hybrid2008
0.36Cadillac Fleetwood1996
0.36Citroën CX (named after the term for Cd)1974
0.36Citroën DS1955
0.36Chrysler Sebring1996
0.36Ferrari Testarossa1986
0.36Ford Escort1997–2002[24]
0.36Ford Focus 3-door2000–2004
0.36Ford Mustang1999
0.36Honda Civic2001–2005
0.36Lincoln Town Car1990–1997[25]
0.36Mercury Cougar1987–1988
0.36Mercury Grand Marquis1992–1997[10]
0.36Mitsubishi Magna, V3000 sedan1985–1991
0.36Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX2006
0.36Subaru Impreza WRX[26]2010
0.36Saturn SW1996–2001[24]
0.36, 0.244 (1:5)Tatra 871936–1950[27]
0.36Toyota Celica Convertible1994–1999[28]
0.36Volkswagen Jetta1985–1992[29]
0.36Tatra 77 & Tatra 77A1934–1936[30]
0.357Ram 1500 Quad Cab 4x22018[31]
0.355NSU Ro 801967
0.355Ford Focus RS2016
0.35Maserati Quattroporte V2003
0.35Aleko 21411986–2002
0.35Aston Martin Vanquish2004
0.35BMW M3 Convertible2005
0.35BMW Z4 M coupe2006
0.35DeltaWing[32] (endurance racing car)2012
0.35Dodge Viper GTS1996
0.35Ford Thunderbird1983–1988
0.35Ford Windstar1995–1998[33]
0.35Ford Windstar1999–2003[34]
0.35Honda Del Sol1992–1997[24]
0.35Jaguar XKR2005
0.35Lexus GX2010
0.35Lexus RX2003–2009
0.35MINI Cooper2008
0.35Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X2008
0.35Nissan Cube2009
0.35Renault Clio (Mk 2)2002[35]
0.35SSC Ultimate Aero2007–2013
0.35Tesla Roadster[36]2008
0.35Mitsubishi i-MiEV2011
0.35Smart ForTwo[37]2008–
0.35Toyota MR-21998
0.35Toyota Previa1991–1997[38][39]
0.35Toyota Sequoia2007
0.35Volvo 940 (sedan)1990
0.348Toyota Celica Supra (Mk 2)1982[40]
0.347Hyundai Tiburon (RD1)1997
0.342Toyota Celica (Liftback Model)1982
0.34Alfa Romeo Giulia sedan1968–1972
0.34Aston Martin DB92004
0.34Audi TT MK1 (8N)1998–2005[41]
0.34Chevrolet Caprice1994
0.34Chevrolet C6 Corvette Z062006–2013
0.34Chevrolet Tahoe hybrid2008
0.34Ferrari 360 Modena1999
0.34Ferrari F401987
0.34Ferrari F430 F12004
0.34Fiat Uno1984–1989
0.34Ford Puma1997
0.34Ford Sierra1982
0.34Geo Metro (Hatchback)1995–1997[24]
0.34Volkswagen Gol G21994
0.34Honda Prelude1988
0.34Mercedes-Benz SL (Roof Down)2001
0.34Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X2014
0.34Nissan Altima1993–1997[42]
0.34Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R1999–2002[43]
0.34Peugeot 1061991
0.34Saab 900 NG2003[44]
0.34Saab 90001984–1998[44]
0.34Saturn SL21991–1995[45]
0.34Subaru Impreza WRX (4 Door)2009[46]
0.34Subaru Legacy Wagon1993–1999[47]
0.34Toyota Corolla (Wagon)1993–1997[48]
0.34Toyota Supra (with factory 3 piece turbo wing)1989–1990
0.339Citroen SM1970–1975[49]
0.338Chevrolet Camaro1995
0.335Tesla Cybertruck2024
0.334Seat Leon FR2005–2011
0.33Acura Integra1993–2001[50]
0.33Acura RSX2002–2006[51]
0.33Alfa Romeo Giulia (saloon)1962[52]
0.33Audi A32006
0.33BMW E30 M31986–1992
0.33Chevrolet Caprice (sedan)1991–1996
0.33[53]Chevrolet Impala2006
0.33Dodge Charger2006
0.33Ford Crown Victoria1992
0.33Ford Escort ZX21998–2003[54]
0.33Ford Fusion2010[55]
0.33Holden Commodore (VT) sedan1997
0.33Honda Accord Sedan2002
0.33Honda Civic Hatchback1988–1991[24]
0.33Honda S20002000–2009[56]
0.33 to 0.37Koenigsegg Agera R2013
0.33Lamborghini Murciélago2001
0.33Lexus RX2010
0.33Mazda RX-7 FC3C1987
0.33Nissan 200SX Coupe1995–1998[57]
0.33Peugeot 2061998
0.33Dodge Durango
(without roof-rack), ("HEAT" model, 0.325)		2011–present
0.33Peugeot 3091986
0.33Renault Modus2004
0.33Saab 9-3 SC2003[44]
0.33Saturn SL21999[58]
0.33Subaru Impreza WRX STi2004
0.33Subaru Forester2014–2018
0.33[59]Toyota Camry (Sedan)1991
0.33Toyota Corolla (E100)1993–1997[24]
0.33Toyota Supra (without wing)1989–1990
0.329Chevrolet Corsica1989–2006[60]
0.325Opel Astra J2009
0.324Cobalt SS Supercharged2005
0.321Toyota Matrix2003–2008[61]
0.32Mitsubishi RVR2010[62]
0.32Buick Riviera1995
0.32BMW M3 Coupe2005
0.32[63]Daewoo Espero1990
0.32Dodge Avenger1995
0.32Ferrari California2008
0.32Chrysler 300C2011–2014
0.32Fiat Croma1985–1996
0.32Ford Taurus1992–1995[64]
0.32Geo Metro (Sedan)1995–1997[24]
0.32Seat Leon2005–2011
0.32Honda Accord (Coupe)2002
0.32Honda Ascot Innova (Sedan)1992–1996
0.32Honda Civic (Coupe)1992–1995[24]
0.32Honda Civic (Hatchback DX)1996–2000[65]
0.32Honda Civic (Sedan EX)1996–2000[66]
0.32Honda NSX1990
0.32Hyundai Veloster2012
0.32Jaguar XJ (X350)2006
0.32Koenigsegg CCX2006
0.32Mazdaspeed32007
0.32McLaren F11992
0.32Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.5-16/2.3-161983–1990
0.32Nissan 240SX Coupe1995–1998[67]
0.32Nissan 300ZX1989
0.32Nissan Altima1998–2001[68]
0.32Nissan Maxima1997
0.32Oldsmobile Aurora1995–1999
0.32Porsche 997 GT22008–2013
0.32Peugeot 4061995
0.32Peugeot 8061994
0.32Saab Sonett II1966–1969[44]
0.32Scion xB2008
0.32Suzuki Swift1991
0.32Tatra 6001948–1952[69]
0.32Toyota Celica1994
0.32Toyota Celica2000–2005[70]
0.32Toyota Supra (N/A with wing and turbo models)1993
0.32Toyota Supra (with factory turbo wing)1987–1988
0.32Toyota Tercel Sedan1995–2000[71]
0.32[72]Toyota Corolla Hatchback (E210, US)2019
0.32Volkswagen Golf Mk31991
0.32Volkswagen GTI Mk V2006
0.32Volvo V502004
0.315Saturn SL11996–1999[73]
0.31Alfa Romeo 1561997–2007
0.31Audi A4 B51995
0.31Audi A52011–2016
0.31Audi A32014
0.31BMW 7 Series2009
0.31Buick Park Avenue1996
0.31Cadillac CTS2004
0.31Cadillac CTS-V2005
0.31Citroën AX1986
0.31Citroën GS1970
0.31Eagle Vision1995
0.31Ford Focus sedan2000–2004
0.31Fiat Coupé1995[74]
0.31Fiat Tipo1988–1995
0.31Ford Falcon1995
0.31Ford Thunderbird1989–1997[75]
0.31Holden Commodore1998
0.31Honda Civic (Hatchback)1992–1995[24]
0.31Honda Civic (Sedan)2006
0.31Infiniti G37 (Coupe)2008–2015[76]
0.31Kia Rio (Sedan)2001[77]
0.31Lamborghini Diablo1990
0.31Lexus LFA (wing retracted)2010
0.31Mazda MX-31990–1996
0.31Mazda MX-61992–1997
0.31Mazda RX-7 FC3S1986
0.31Mazda RX-7 FD R1(R2)1993
0.31Mazda RX-82004
0.31Mazda2 (Hatchback)2010–2014[78]
0.31Mazda3 (Hatchback)2010–2013
0.31Nissan Tiida / Versa2004
0.31Opel Tigra1994–2000
0.31Pagani Huayra2012[79]
0.31Peugeot 3072001
0.31Peugeot 4051987
0.31Porsche 997 Turbo/GT32006
0.31Renault 251984
0.31Saab Sonett III1970–1974[44]
0.31Saab 9-3 Viggen2003[44]
0.31Saab 9-5 Wagon (2000–2010)2003[44]
0.31Saturn SC22001
0.31Scion xA2004
0.31Toyota Avalon1995–2000
0.31Toyota Corolla (E110)1998–2002[80]
0.31Toyota Corolla (E210, UK)2019[81]
0.31Toyota Paseo1995–1999[82]
0.31Toyota RAV42006
0.31Toyota Supra (N/A; without factory wing)1993
0.31Volkswagen GTI Mk IV1997
0.31Volkswagen Golf Mk62008–2012
0.31Volvo S40 2nd generation2003
0.308Chevrolet Bolt2016[83]
0.308Škoda Octavia RS[citation needed]2005
0.304Ford Probe1988–1992[84]
0.30Lotus Elan+2[85]1967–1974
0.30Alfa Romeo 1641988[86]
0.30Audi 100[citation needed]1983
0.30[87]BMW 5 Series (E34)1988
0.30BMW 3 Series (F30/F31) 335i[88]2012
0.30[63]Citroën XM1989
0.30Fiat Uno facelift[citation needed]1989–2000
0.30Ford Taurus1996–1999[89][90]
0.30Ford Focus Wagon[citation needed]2000–2004
0.30Ford Focus ST[citation needed]2013–2018
0.30Honda Accord Sedan[citation needed]2003, 2005–2007
0.30Honda CRX DX/Si[91]1988
0.30Honda NSX[citation needed]2002
0.30Hyundai Sonata[citation needed]2006
0.30Koenigsegg CCX[citation needed]2006
0.30Mitsubishi Eclipse[citation needed]2000
0.30Nissan 180SX[citation needed]1989
0.30Nissan 300ZX[citation needed]1983
0.30Nissan 350Z Coupe Base and Enthusiast models[citation needed]2003–2008
0.30Nissan 370Z Coupe
(0.29 with sport package)		2009[92]
0.30Peugeot 207[93]2006–2014
0.30Renault 19 16V[citation needed]1991
0.30Saab 921947[44]
0.30Seat Leon[citation needed]2012
0.30[59]Toyota Camry (Sedan)1996
0.30Toyota Corolla (E120)2003–2008[94]
0.30Toyota Corolla (E210, Europe, Hatchback)2019[95]
0.30Toyota Sienna[citation needed]2003–2009
0.30Volkswagen Bora mk4[citation needed]1999–2005
0.30[a]Mercedes-Benz CLA 250[96]2013–2018
0.299Cadillac ATS2012[97]
0.296[98]Chevrolet Impala (I4)2013
0.295Ford Focus Mk.III hatchback[99] (0.274 sedan)2011
0.291[100]Toyota Avalon2005
0.29Subaru Alcyone/XT Coupe1985–1989[101]
0.29Alfa Romeo 1551992[102]
0.29Alfa Romeo MiTo2011[103]
0.29[104]Audi A4 sedan2007
0.29BMW 3 Series (F30/F31) 328i[88]2012
0.29[105][b]BMW i32013
0.29[63]Chevrolet Corvette2005
0.29[106]Chevrolet Cruze sedan2016
0.29Fiat Tipo2015[107]
0.29Ford Escape2010[108]
0.29Ford Focus C-Max2003[109]
0.29Honda Accord Coupe2003, 2005–2007[110]
0.29[111]Honda Accord Hybrid2005, 2007
0.29Honda CRX HF[91]1988
0.29Kia Niro Hybrid/EV Compact SUV2016[112]
0.29Lancia Dedra[citation needed]1990
0.29[113]Lexus LS 4001990
0.29[114]Mazda3 (sedan)2009
0.29Mercedes-Benz C-Class Sportscoupe[citation needed]2001
0.29Nissan Leaf2010[115]
0.29Rover 751998[116]
0.29Saab 9-5 (1998–2009)2003[44]
0.29[117][118]Toyota Corolla L/LE sedan (E170), (E210)2013 (E170), 2019 (E210)
0.29Toyota Platz2000–2005[119][120]
0.29[121]Toyota Prius2001
0.29[122]Toyota Yaris (hatchback & sedan)2006–2011
0.29[123]Volvo C701998
0.29[124]NIO ES8[125]2017
0.29[126]Škoda Scala2019–present
0.288[127]Chrysler Concorde1998–2001
0.286[128]Perodua Bezza2016
0.286[129]Chevrolet Corvette C6 (coupe)2005–2013
0.285[106]Chevrolet Volt2016
0.285[130]Dodge Dart (PF)2012
0.285[131]Opel Astra K Hatchback2015
0.284[132]Volkswagen Passat CC2008–2017
0.281[133]Chevrolet Volt2010–2015
0.28Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint Speciale1959[134]
0.28[135]Audi A2 1.4 TDI2000
0.28[63]Citroën C42004
0.28[136]Fiat Croma Nuova2005–2011
0.28[137]Honda Civic Hybrid2003–2005
0.28[138]Honda Insight2009–2014
0.28[139]Hyundai Elantra2011
0.28[140]Hyundai Sonata
(0.25 for the Hybrid)		2011–2013
0.28[141][142]Lexus IS2006–present
0.28[143][144]Opel Omega (sedan)1986–1993
0.28Saab 9-3 SS2003[44]
0.28Škoda Fabia IV2021–present[145]
0.28[146]Rumpler Tropfenwagen1921–1925
0.28[147][148]Toyota Camry XV40, XV502006–2018
0.28Toyota Corolla (E210, Europe, Saloon)2019[95]
0.28Maserati Quattroporte VI2013[149]
0.28[150]NIO ES6[151]2018
0.275Ford Fusion2013[152]
0.274Peugeot 207 Economique[93]2009
0.273[153]Ford Focus Mk IV hatchback (0.25 sedan)2018
0.27[154]BMW 5 Series (E39)1996
0.27[c]BMW 3 Series (F30/F31) 320d[88]2012
0.27[155]Hyundai Elantra2016
0.27[156]Hyundai Sonata2019
0.27Mazda6 (sedan and hatchback)[157]2008
0.27[158]Mercedes-Benz S Class
(0.268 with Sport Package[citation needed])		1998–2005
0.27Subaru BRZ and Toyota 862012[159]
0.27[160]Toyota Avalon (XX50)2018
0.27[161][d]Toyota Prius (XW60) LE2023
0.27[162]Volkswagen Jetta Mk72018
0.263[163]NIO ES7[164]2022
0.26[c]BMW 3 Series (F30/F31) 320d EfficientDynamics[88]2012
0.26BMW 3 Series (E90) (0.26–0.30)2009[165]
0.26BMW i82015[166]
0.26[167]Infiniti Q70 Hybrid / Nissan Fuga Hybrid
(0.27 for ICE version)		2015
0.26Jaguar XE[168]2014
0.26Mazda3 (Sedan)2012[169]
0.26[c]Mercedes-Benz C-Class Coupe[170]2015–2018
0.26[171]Nissan Altima (6th gen.)2018
0.26[172]Nissan Sylphy (B18)2019
0.26Opel Calibra 8-valve[173]1989
0.26[c][174]Audi e-tron Sportback2020
0.26[175]NIO EC6[176]2020
0.25[177]BMW iX2020
0.25 (Manufacturer claim. Independent test measured 0.26.)[178]Toyota Prius[179]2009–2015
0.25Honda Insight[180]1999–2006
0.25 (w/ air suspension)
0.26 (non-air suspension)		Lexus LS430[181]2001–2006
0.250[182]Nio ES6[183]2023
0.250[184]NIO ES8[185]2023
0.249[186]Škoda Octavia MkIV liftback2020
0.24Tesla Model X[187]2018
0.24[188]Hyundai Ioniq2016–2022
0.24[189]Kia Optima Hybrid2016
0.24[c]Mercedes-Benz S 350 BlueTec[190]2013
0.24[c]Mercedes-Benz C 220 BlueTec BlueEfficiency Sedan[191]2014–2016
0.24Tesla Model S[192]2012
0.24Toyota Prius[193]2016
0.24–0.30[c][194]BMW i4 eDrive402021
0.236Xpeng P7[195]2020
0.23[196][c]Audi A4 2.0 TDI ultra (110 kW)2015
0.23[197][c]Alfa Romeo Giulia Advanced Efficiency2016
0.23[198][c]BMW 320d (G20)2018
0.23[199]Tesla Model 32017
0.230[200]NIO EC7[201]2023
0.22[202][e]Porsche Taycan Turbo2019
0.22[203][c]BMW 5 series (G30) 520d EfficientDynamics2017
0.22[204][c]Mercedes-Benz CLA 180 BlueEfficiency Sedan2013
0.215[205][206]Li Auto Mega2023
0.212 (1:5 model test, 1:1 car = 0.36, see above)[207][208][209]Tatra T77A1935[210][211][212][213]
0.208[214][215]NIO ET7[216]2021
0.208[217]Tesla Model S[218]2021
0.20[219][f]Mercedes-Benz EQS2021
0.197[220][g]Lucid Air2022
0.195[221]Xiaomi SU72024
0.19[222]General Motors EV11996
0.19[223]Volkswagen XL12013
0.175[224]Lightyear 0[225]2022

Concept and experimental cars

edit
Concept/experimental cars — drag coefficient (Cd)
CdAutomobileCalendar Year
0.29FSM Beskid Polish hatchback prototype1983
0.27Avion[226]1986
0.26Alfa Romeo Disco Volante1952
0.25BMW Kamm-Coupé1938[227]
0.25Dymaxion Car1933
0.25SmILE (an experimental car)1996
0.23Volvo ECC1992[228]
0.23Pininfarina X (Morelli shape)1960[229]
0.22BMW Vision EfficientDynamics Concept2009
0.22Citroën ECO 2000 Concept1981[230]
0.22Aurel Persu Streamliner1923[231]
0.20Opel Eco-Speedster2002[232]
0.20Loremo Concept2006
0.19Alfa Romeo B.A.T. 7 Concept1954[233]
0.19Dodge Intrepid ESX Concept1995
0.19General Motors Ultralite1992
0.19Mercedes-Benz Bionic Concept[234] (based on the boxfish)2005
0.170Chrysler Ghia Dart1955[235]
0.170Mercedes-Benz Vision EQXX2022 (Cd figure measured in the Daimler aero-acoustic wind tunnel at a wind speed of 140 km/h)[236]
0.168Daihatsu UFE-III Concept2005[237]
0.16General Motors Precept Concept (5 seats)[238]2000
0.16Edison2 Very Light Car, Automotive X Prize winner[239]2010
0.159Volkswagen 1-litre car Concept2002
0.157Li-ion Motors Wave II, Automotive X Prize winner[240]2010
0.15Schlörwagen[241]1939
0.15Aptera 2 Series 2e Prototype2011
0.15Keris RV Nakoela Team (Shell Eco-marathon) Prototype2015
0.149–0.150Urbee 2[242]2013
0.147JCB Dieselmax land speed record holder2006
0.14Fiat Turbina Concept[243]1954
0.137Ford Probe V Concept1985
0.13Aptera Sol Prototype2021[244]
0.125Sunraycer, solar race car1987
0.12Reflex 1000, solar cycle1996[245]
0.12Panhard CD LM641964
0.117Summers Brothers Goldenrod Bonneville race car1965
0.116TUT Sunchaser 4[246]2022
0.095Sunswift 7[247] (Guinness World Record Holder,[248] World Solar Challenge Winner)2022
0.08Fortis Saxonia (Shell Eco-marathon) Concept2007
0.072Alérion Supermileage (Shell Eco-marathon) Prototype2013
0.07Nuna, World Solar Challenge winner2001–2007
0.0512Ecorunner V (Shell Eco-marathon) Prototype2015[249]
0.048Ecorunner VI (Shell Eco-marathon) Prototype2016
0.045Ecorunner 8 (Shell Eco-marathon) Prototype2018

Drag areas

edit

The drag area (CdA) is the product of the drag coefficient (Cd) and the vehicle's frontal reference area. It provides a single value that directly determines the aerodynamic drag force at a given speed, making it a more complete basis for comparison than Cd alone. In 2003, Car and Driver magazine adopted this metric as a more intuitive way to compare the aerodynamic efficiency of various automobiles. Average full-size passenger cars have a drag area of roughly 8 sq ft (0.74 m2). Reported drag areas range from the 1999 Honda Insight at 5.1 sq ft (0.47 m2) to the 2003 Hummer H2 at 26.5 sq ft (2.46 m2). The drag area of a bicycle (and rider) is also in the range of 6.5–7.5 sq ft (0.60–0.70 m2).[250]

Production cars

edit
Automobile examples of CdA[251]
CdA sqftCdA m2Automobile model
5.2 sq ft0.48 m22019 Mercedes-Benz A 180 d (V177)[252][c]
5.3 sq ft0.49 m22013 Mercedes-Benz CLA 180 BlueEfficiency[253][c]
5.4 sq ft0.50 m21989 Opel Calibra (8 valve)
5.5 sq ft0.51 m22015 Audi A4 2.0 TDI ultra (110 kW)[196][c]
5.52 sq ft0.513 m22019 Porsche Taycan Turbo[202]
5.6 sq ft0.52 m22017 BMW 520d EfficientDynamics[254][c]
5.6 sq ft0.52 m21993 Mazda RX-7 FD (base model)[255]
5.70 sq ft0.530 m21985 Subaru Alcyone/XT/Vortex
5.71 sq ft0.530 m21990 Honda CR-X Si
5.74 sq ft0.533 m22002 Acura NSX
5.76 sq ft0.535 m21968 Toyota 2000GT
5.80 sq ft0.539 m21986 Toyota MR2
5.81 sq ft0.540 m21989 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSX
5.86 sq ft0.544 m22001 Audi A2 1.2 TDI 3L
5.88 sq ft0.546 m21990 Nissan 240SX / 200SX / 180SX
5.90 sq ft0.548 m21992 Mazda Xedos 6[256]
5.90 sq ft0.548 m22015 BMW i8[166]
5.92 sq ft0.550 m21994 Porsche 911 Speedster
5.95 sq ft0.553 m21990 Mazda RX7
5.96 sq ft0.554 m21993 Mazda RX-7 FD R1(R2)[255]
6.0 sq ft0.56 m22001 Honda Insight[178]
6.00 sq ft0.557 m21992 Subaru SVX
6.00 sq ft0.557 m21970 Lamborghini Miura
6.05 sq ft0.562 m22012 Tesla Model S P85[178]
6.08 sq ft0.565 m22008 Nissan GTR
6.08 sq ft0.565 m21989 Geo Metro[24]
6.13 sq ft0.569 m21991 Acura NSX
6.17 sq ft0.573 m21995 Lamborghini Diablo
6.19 sq ft0.575 m21981 Citroën GSA X3[49]
6.20 sq ft0.576 m22014 Toyota Prius[178]
6.24 sq ft0.580 m22004 Toyota Prius
6.27 sq ft0.583 m21986 Porsche 911 Carrera
6.27 sq ft0.583 m21992 Chevrolet Corvette
6.35 sq ft0.590 m21999 Lotus Elise
6.37 sq ft0.592 m22000 Vauxhall VX220 N/A
6.40 sq ft0.595 m21990 Lotus Esprit
6.41 sq ft0.596 m22003 Smart Roadster Coupé
6.54 sq ft0.608 m21991 Saturn Sports Coupe
6.57 sq ft0.610 m21985 Chevrolet Corvette
6.63 sq ft0.616 m22001 Audi A2
6.66 sq ft0.619 m21996 Citroën Saxo
6.70 sq ft0.622 m22014 Chevrolet Volt[178]
6.77 sq ft0.629 m21995 BMW M3
6.79 sq ft0.631 m21993 Toyota Corolla DX
6.80 sq ft0.632 m22007 BMW 335i Coupe
6.81 sq ft0.633 m21991 Subaru Legacy
6.89 sq ft0.640 m2[257]2019 Renault Clio V
6.90 sq ft0.641 m21993 Saturn Wagon
6.93 sq ft0.644 m21982 DMC DeLorean
6.94 sq ft0.645 m22003 Smart Roadster
6.96 sq ft0.647 m21988 Porsche 944 S
7.00 sq ft0.650 m22013 Mercedes-Benz CLA250[178]
7.02 sq ft0.652 m21992 BMW 325I
7.04 sq ft0.654 m21991 Honda Civic EX
7.06 sq ft0.656 m22004 Vauxhall VX220 Turbo
7.10 sq ft0.660 m21995 Saab 900
7.11 sq ft0.661 m21991 Ford Thunderbird LX
7.13 sq ft0.662 m21970 Citroën SM[49]
7.14 sq ft0.663 m21995 Subaru Legacy L
7.20 sq ft0.669 m21995 Nissan Maxima GLE
7.34 sq ft0.682 m22001 Honda Civic
7.39 sq ft0.687 m21994 Honda Accord EX
7.4 sq ft0.69 m22018 BMW X1 sDrive18i[258][c]
7.48 sq ft0.695 m21993 Chevrolet Camaro Z28
7.57 sq ft0.703 m21992 Toyota Camry
7.63 sq ft0.709 m21974 Citroën CX[49]
7.69 sq ft0.714 m21994 Chrysler LHS
7.72 sq ft0.717 m21993 Subaru Impreza
7.80 sq ft0.725 m22012 Nissan Leaf SL[178]
8.02 sq ft0.745 m22005 Bugatti Veyron
8.1 sq ft0.75 m22016 Renault Zoe[259]
8.70 sq ft0.808 m21990 Volvo 740 Turbo
8.70 sq ft0.808 m21992 Ford Crown Victoria
8.71 sq ft0.809 m21991 Buick LeSabre Limited
8.79 sq ft0.817 m21956 Citroën DS Spécial[49]
9.54 sq ft0.886 m21992 Chevrolet Caprice Wagon
9.6 sq ft0.89 m22010 Chrysler PT Cruiser
9.95 sq ft0.924 m22016 Chrysler Pacifica[260]
10.7 sq ft0.99 m21992 Chevrolet Blazer
11.6 sq ft1.08 m22005 Ford Escape Hybrid
11.7 sq ft1.09 m21993 Jeep Grand Cherokee
12.2 sq ft1.13 m21949 Nash Airflyte
13.0 sq ft1.21 m22019 Ram 1500[261]
13.1 sq ft1.22 m22021 Jeep Wagoneer (WS)[262]
16.8 sq ft1.56 m22006 Hummer H3
17 sq ft1.6 m22013 Mercedes-Benz G-Class[263]
17.4 sq ft1.62 m21995 Land Rover Discovery
26.5 sq ft2.46 m22003 Hummer H2

Limited production cars

edit
Limited production cars — drag area (CdA)
CdA sqftCdA m2Automobile model
3.00 sq ft0.279 m22011 Volkswagen XL1
3.95 sq ft0.367 m21996 GM EV1

Concept and experimental cars

edit
Concept/experimental cars — drag area (CdA)
CdA sqftCdA m2Automobile model
0.21 sq ft0.020 m2Pac-car II[264]
2.04 sq ft0.190 m22011 Aptera 2 Series[265]
2.10 sq ft0.195 m22013 Urbee 2[266]
2.50 sq ft0.232 m21986 Twike[267]
2.54 sq ft0.236 m22002 Opel Eco-Speedster[268]
2.69 sq ft0.250 m22009 Loremo
2.78 sq ft0.258 m22010 Edison2 Very Light Car[269]
3.27 sq ft0.304 m21987 Renault VESTA II [fr][270]
4.72 sq ft0.439 m22014 Volkswagen XL Sport[271]
5.00 sq ft0.465 m22005 Mercedes-Benz Bionic[272]

Notes

edit
  1. ↑ North American market
  2. ↑ 0.30 with range extender
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 European market
  4. ↑ w/ 17-inch wheels
  5. ↑ in Range mode in combination with a low level and closed air intake flaps
  6. ↑ w/ 19-inch AMG wheel/tire combination in "Sport" driving mode
  7. ↑ w/ 19-inch wheel/tire combination

References

edit
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See also

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