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List of Celtic deities

The Celtic deities are known from a variety of sources such as written Celtic mythology, ancient places of worship, statues, engravings, religious objects, as well as place and personal names.

Celtic deities can belong to two categories: general and local. General deities were known by the Celts throughout large regions, and are the gods and goddesses called upon for protection, healing, luck, and honour. The local deities from Celtic nature worship were the spirits of a particular feature of the landscape, such as mountains, trees, or rivers, and thus were generally only known by the locals in the surrounding areas.

After Celtic lands became Christianised, there were attempts by Christian writers to euhemerize most of the pre-Christian deities. Some scholars have suggested that a few others, such as Brigit, may have become Saints in the Church. The Tuatha Dé Danann of Irish mythology, who were commonly interpreted as divinities or deified ancestors, were downgraded in Christian writing to fallen or ‘half-fallen’ angels, historical men, or demons; the latter has been the most common Christian view on most pagan deities. In many cases, traditions or practices, such as the reverence of holy wells, which often became baptismals, and most of which predate the coming of Christianity, that were considered redeemable were co-opted or reinterpreted as Christian.[1][2]

Ancient Gallic deities

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The Gauls inhabited the region corresponding to modern-day France, Belgium, Switzerland, southern and western Germany, Luxembourg and northern Italy. They spoke Gallic. The Celtic Britons inhabited most of the island of Great Britain and spoke Common Brittonic or British.

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Iberian Celtic deities

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The Celtiberians and Gallaecians were ancient Celtic peoples in Iberia. They spoke Hispano-Celtic languages.

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Gaelic deities and characters

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The Gaels inhabit Ireland, the Isle of Man and most of western and northern Scotland. They speak the Goidelic languages.

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Brythonic deities and characters

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The Brythonic peoples, descendants of the Celtic Britons, inhabit western Britain (mainly Strathclyde, Wales, Cumbria and Cornwall) and Brittany. They speak the Brythonic languages.

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References

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  1. ↑ Cusack, Carol M.; Wilson, Dominique Beth (3 October 2016). "Scotland's Sacred Waters: Holy Wells and Healing Springs". University of Sydney Open Journals.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ↑ "About Holy Wells". Holy wells in the Burren - A Gazetteer. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2026.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 MacCulloch.
  4. ↑ Mees 68.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Murley 90.
  6. 1 2 3 Adkins and Adkins, 283.
  7. ↑ Anwyl 38.
  8. ↑ de Bernardo Stempel; Kos.
  9. ↑ Nicholson 132.
  10. 1 2 Adkins 294.
  11. ↑ Nicholson 137.
  12. ↑ Nicholson xvi.
  13. 1 2 Olivares Pedreño 635.
  14. 1 2 Murley 87.
  15. ↑ Anwyl 41.
  16. ↑ Nicholson 160.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Murley v.
  18. 1 2 3 Tabbernee.
  19. ↑ Anwyl 39.
  20. ↑ CIL XIII, 06572, CIL XIII, 04507, CIL XIII, 06455
  21. 1 2 3 4 Freeman 4.
  22. ↑ Dimitz 15.
  23. ↑ Koch 849.
  24. ↑ Roymans and Derks 134.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Arenas-Esteban 110.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Olivares Pedreño 610.
  27. 1 2 Arenas-Esteban 112.
  28. ↑ Olivares Pedreño 614.
  29. ↑ Olivares Pedreño 611.
  30. ↑ Rankin 263.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Arenas-Esteban 111.
  32. ↑ Simón.
  33. ↑ Olivares Pedreño 638.
  34. 1 2 3 Olivares Pedreño 609.
  35. ↑ Olivares Pedreño 612.
  36. ↑ Ruiz, José María Vallejo; González-Rodríguez, M.ª Cruz (2025). "De dioses y hombres: teónimos, grupos humanos y topónimos en el occidente hispano romano" [About Gods and Men: Theonyms, Human Groups and Place Names in the Roman Hispanic West]. Palaeohispanica (in Spanish). 25: Actas del XV Coloquio de Lenguas y Culturas Paleohispánicas: 581–600 [583]. doi:10.36707/palaeohispanica.v25i1.701.
  37. ↑ Dorsey 59.
  38. ↑ Olivares Pedreño 636.
  39. ↑ Olivares Pedreño 626.
  40. ↑ Olivares Pedreño 627.
  41. ↑ Olivares Pedreño 607.
  42. ↑ Olivares Pedreño 632.
  43. ↑ Olivares Pedreño 631.
  44. ↑ Coulter and Turner 151.
  45. ↑ Lurker 13.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Koch 1693-1697.
  47. 1 2 3 Williams 28.
  48. ↑ MacCulloch 101.
  49. ↑ Green 18.
  50. ↑ Williams 81
  51. ↑ Coulter and Turner 155.
  52. ↑ Williams 18.
  53. ↑ Coulter and Turner 165.

Works cited

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