Wikipedia

Lewis Einstein

Lewis David Einstein (March 15, 1877 – December 4, 1967)[1] was an American diplomat, historian аnd art collector.[2]

Lewis Einstein
Lewis Einstein in 1912
U.S. Minister to Czechoslovakia
In office
December 20, 1921 – February 1, 1930
PresidentWarren Harding
Preceded byRichard Crane
Succeeded byAbraham C. Ratshesky
U.S. Minister to Costa Rica
In office
November 3, 1911 – December 29, 1911
PresidentWilliam H. Taft
Preceded byWilliam L. Merry
Succeeded byEdward J. Hale
Personal details
BornLewis David Einstein
(1877-03-15)March 15, 1877
New York City, U.S.
DiedDecember 4, 1967(1967-12-04) (aged 90)
Paris, France
Resting placeCimitero Evangelico degli Allori
Florence; Italy
Spouses
Helen Ralli
​
​
(m. 1904; died 1949)​
Camilla Hare Lippincott
​
​
(after 1950)​
RelationsStephen J. Spingarn (nephew)
Henry Walston, Baron Walston (nephew)
Columbia University

Early life

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Einstein was born to a jewish family March 15, 1877, in New York City. He was the only son of wool magnate David Lewis Einstein (1839–1909) and, his wife, Caroline (née Fatman) Einstein (1852–1910).[3] Lewis had two sisters: Amy Einstein, who married Joel Elias Spingarn, and Florence Einstein, who married Sir Charles Waldstein.

Among his family was uncle, Henry L. Einstein, the proprietor of The New York Press,[4] and Judah P. Benjamin, a U.S. Senator from Louisiana who served as the Confederate States Attorney General, Secretary of War, and Secretary of State.[1]

Einstein graduated from Columbia University Bachelor of Arts June 11, 1898,[5][6] and earned a Master of Arts there, June 7, 1899.[7][8][9]

Career

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Einstein's diplomatic career began in 1903, when he was appointed as Third Secretary of Legation at Constantinople.[4] Einstein advanced from Second Secretary to First Secretary and then Charge d'Affairs during the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, remaining in Constantinople despite the hostilities.[10]

U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica

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For one month in 1911, he served as United States Ambassador to Costa Rica (having been appointed by President William H. Taft) before his wife's ill health in the country's high altitude forced him to leave the post.[11]

Writings before the First World War

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In the winter 1912/13, he published anonymously the article "The Anglo-German Rivalry and the United States".[12] in the British magazine The National Review,[12] in which he warned of a coming war between Germany and Britain, claiming that "unperceived by many Americans, the European balance of power is a political necessity which can alone sanction on the Western Hemisphere the continuance of an economic development unhandicapped by the burden of extensive armaments" and that "if ever decisive results are about to be registered of a nature calculated to upset what has for centuries been the recognized political fabric of Europe, America can remain indifferent thereto only at its own eventual cost. If it then neglects to observe that the interests of the nations crushed are likewise its own, America will be guilty of political blindness which it will later rue."

In November 1914, when the First World War was already raging, he published a second article "The War and American Policy" in the same publication. Both articles were in early 1918 reprinted as a book with a foreword by Theodore Roosevelt[13]

U.S. Special Agent at Constantinople

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He returned to Constantinople in 1915,[14] and wrote his diaries which would be later published under the name Inside Constantinople: A Diplomatist's Diary During the Dardanelles Expedition, April–September, 1915. Einstein kept the diary from the months of April to September, covering the Entente's campaign to conquer the capital city of the Ottoman Empire starting with a landing on the northern shore of the Dardanelles, which went in the history as the defeat of the Gallipoli Campaign (Gelibolu in modern Turkish).

Einstein also paid special attention to the massacres of Armenians and wrote about it extensively throughout the diary. He described the events and stated that "the policy of murder then carried out was planned in the coldest blood" in the preface of his diary.[15] Einstein blamed the cooperative pact between Germany and the Ottoman Empire as the supportive and responsible agents behind the massacres.[16]

He also pointed out that the stockpiles of armaments that was used as a justification for the arrests was in fact a "myth".[17] By August 4, Einstein wrote in a diary entry that the "persecution of Armenians is assuming unprecedented proportions, and is carried out with nauseating thoroughness."[18] He kept in contact with both Enver and Talat and tried to persuade them to reverse their policy towards the Armenians. In a diary entry, he states that Talat insisted that the Armenians sided with the enemies and that Enver believed the policy was out of military necessity, but in reality both leaders feared the Armenians.[19]

U.S. Special Agent at Sofia, Bulgaria with rank of Chargé d’Affaires

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Einstein served as the United States Diplomatic Representative (Chargé d'Affaires), with responsibility for looking after British interests, in Sofia, Bulgaria from October 1915 to June 1916.[20] He provided asylum in his hotel rooms and prevented the arrest of the British vice consul.[21][22] He also succeeded in "a game of hide and seek" with the authorities to get considerable improvement in the treatment and the condition of British prisoners of war.[2]

U.S. Minister to Czechoslovakia

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On October 8, 1921, Warren Harding appointed Einstein to replace Richard Crane as the United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Czechoslovakia.[23] He was recommended by Senators Wadsworth and William M. Calder.[23] He presented his credentials on December 20, 1921, and held the position until he left his post on February 1, 1930.[24][25]

He was also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Personal life

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In 1904, he married Helen (née Carew) Ralli (1863–1949),[26] a noted Anglo-Greek beauty who was fourteen years older than him.[27] Helen was a daughter of Robert Russell Carew and her sister, Jessica Philippa Carew, was married to Francis Stonor, 4th Baron Camoys.[8] This marriage led to friction between Einstein and his father, who worried that Ralli would damage the younger Einstein's career; Ralli was twice a divorcee (including to Alexander Ralli), and divorced women could not be received in some European courts.[8] From his wife's marriage to Ralli, she was the mother of Marguerite Christine Ralli, who later married William Hay, 11th Marquess of Tweeddale, becoming the Marchioness of Tweeddale.

Einstein was disinherited by his father after marrying Ralli, except for a sum of $125,000.[10] After Einstein's death, newspapers reported that a $1,250,000 share of the elder Einstein's estate, valued in total at approximately $4,000,000,[28] had been set aside for Lewis Einstein in the event that he divorced his wife, and that it passed to his sister Lady Waldstein after he declined to do so.[8] This report was denied by Lady Waldstein, who indicated that the father's only wish regarding Lewis Einstein was to see that he was "taken care of", a means she accomplished by granting him an annual allowance of $20,000.[28] Earlier, Lewis had received nothing from the estate of his mother Caroline Einstein, who instead divided her property among Einstein's sisters and various friends among European nobility.[29]

After the death of his first wife on June 25, 1949, he remarried to Camilla Elizabeth (née Hare) Lippincott (1879–1976) in 1950. Camilla was the widow of Jay Bucknell Lippincott and daughter of Brig. Gen. Luther Rector Hare, known for participating in the Battle of the Little Big Horn.[30]

Einstein died at his home in Paris, France, on December 2, 1967, and was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.[1]

Honors and awards

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Einstein received the following honors and awards:

Authorship

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Einstein wrote the following books:

Einstein also engaged in a longtime correspondence with Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., and in 1964 their collected letters were published in the volume The Holmes-Einstein Letters : Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Lewis Einstein 1903–1935, edited by James Bishop Peabody.[22]

Editorship

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Lewis Einstein was general editor of the Humanists' Library, published by Merrymount Press.

See also

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Bibliography

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Notes

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  1. 1 2 3 New York Times, Dec. 5, 1967, p. 50.
  2. 1 2 Times, Dec. 13, 1967, p. 13.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Schwartz, Julius; Kaye, Solomon Aaron; Simons, John (1926). Who's Who in American Jewry. Jewish Biographical Bureau. p. 135. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  4. 1 2 New York Times, May 20, 1903, p. 3.
  5. ↑ Columbia College, "144th Annual Commencement", Jun. 11, 1898, p. 8.
  6. ↑ Columbia College Today, Summer 1970, p. 10.
  7. ↑ Columbia College, "145th Annual Commencement", Jun. 7, 1899, p. 10.
  8. 1 2 3 4 New York Times, Dec. 2, 1913, p. 1.
  9. ↑ "Columbia Daily Spectator 5 June 1934 — Columbia Spectator". spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  10. 1 2 "Einstein Demands", Time, August 20, 1928.
  11. ↑ New York Times, Feb. 11, 1912, p. 5.
  12. 1 2 Einstein (National Review), Jan. 1913, pp. 736–750.
  13. ↑ Einstein (Prophecy), 1918.
  14. ↑ New York Times, Mar. 5, 1915, p. 1.
  15. ↑ Einstein 2014, p. vii.
  16. ↑ Einstein 2014, p. viii.
  17. ↑ Einstein 2014, p. 164.
  18. ↑ Einstein 2014, p. 214.
  19. ↑ Einstein 2014, p. 126.
  20. ↑ Einstein, Lewis (1968). "Sofia during the War". A Diplomat Looks Back. New Naven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 144-172 – via Internet Archive.
  21. ↑ "The Right of Asylum – Case of the British Vice Consul at Sofia". Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1916, Supplement, (the World War). U.S. Department of State (Office of the Historian). Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  22. 1 2 Peabody, 1964, p. 122–127.
  23. 1 2 New York Times, Oct. 5, 1921, p. 17.
  24. ↑ "Lewis David Einstein – People – Department History". history.state.gov. Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute United States Department of State. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  25. 1 2 New York Times, Jan. 30, 1930, p. 9.
  26. ↑ New York Times, Jul. 6, 1949, p. 27.
  27. ↑ Budiansky, Stephen (2019). Oliver Wendell Holmes: A Life in War, Law, and Ideas. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 375. ISBN 9780393634730. Retrieved October 21, 2019 – via Google Books. Free access icon
  28. 1 2 New York Times, Dec. 3, 1913, p. 13.
  29. ↑ New York Times, Nov. 11, 1910, p. 6.
  30. ↑ Jordan, John Woolf (1911). Colonial Families of Philadelphia. Lewis Publishing Company. p. 1014. Retrieved October 21, 2019.

References

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    1. "Diplomatic Appointments – Lewis Einstein of This City Gets a Secretaryship in the Embassy at Paris". Vol. 52, whole no. 16652. May 20, 1903. p. 3 (column 4, middle). Retrieved October 21, 2019.
      1. NYTimes Archives Paid subscription required → Blog.
      2. TimesMachine Paid subscription required → Pdf (PDF); Permalink.
      3. Via Internet Archive (SIM Box ID: IA1661903, canister no. 05). IA Collection: SIM Microfilm; Periodicals; Pub: New York Times. Free access icon
    2. "Nothing to Lewis Einstein – Mother Divides Her Estate Between Daughters and Friends". Vol. 60, whole no. 19284. November 11, 1910. p. 6 (column 1, lower half). Retrieved October 21, 2019.
      1. NYTimes Archives Paid subscription required → Blog.
      2. TimesMachine Paid subscription required → Pdf (PDF); Permalink.
      3. Via Newspapers.com.
    3. "Lewis Einstein in London – American Minister to Costa Rica Is Taking Sick Wife to Paris". Vol. 61, whole no. 19741. February 11, 1912. p. 5 (column 2, near top) (digital image 37). Retrieved October 21, 2019.
      1. NYTimes Archives Paid subscription required → Blog.
      2. TimesMachine Paid subscription required → Pdf (PDF); Permalink.
      3. Via Internet Archive (SIM Box ID: IA1661907, canister no. 08). IA Collection: SIM Microfilm; Periodicals; Pub: New York Times. Free access icon
    4. "Lady Waldstein Claims $1,250,000 – Names Herself Heir to Fund Trustees Say Was for Her Brother If He Left Wife – Reveal Secret Agreement – And Allege That Lewis Einstein, Who Married Helen Railli, Surrendered Rights to His Sister" (by Marconi Transatlantic Wireless Telegraph to The New York Times. London, Feb. 10). Vol. 63, whole no. 20401. December 2, 1913. p. 1 (column 6, top). Retrieved October 21, 2019.
      1. NYTimes Archives Paid subscription required → Blog.
      2. TimesMachine Paid subscription required → Pdf (PDF); Permalink.
      3. Via Fultonhistory.com (PDF). Free access icon
    5. "Lady Waldstein Denies Agreement — Trust of $1,250,000 Was Not for Lewis Einstein If He and Wife Parted, She Says — Sir Charles on the Stand — Einstein Money Didn't Buy Knighthood, He Testifies – They Sail for England, Confident". Vol. 63, whole no. 20402. December 3, 1913. p. 13 (column 3, top). Retrieved October 21, 2019.
      1. NYTimes Archives Paid subscription required → Blog.
      2. TimesMachine Paid subscription required → Pdf (PDF); Permalink.
      3. Via Newspapers.com.
    6. "Einstein Named to Aid Morgenthau – Bryan Appoints Ex-Secretary of Constantinople Legation a Special Envoy – Noted as a Diplomat – Wife Because of Whom Father Cut Son's Inheritance Accompanies Her Husband". Vol. 64, whole no. 20859. March 5, 1915. p. 1 (column 6, top). Retrieved October 21, 2019.
      1. NYTimes Archives Paid subscription required → Blog.
      2. TimesMachine Paid subscription required → Pdf (PDF); Permalink.
      3. Via Internet Archive (SIM Box ID: IA1661923, canister no. 06). IA Collection: SIM Microfilm; Periodicals; Pub: New York Times. Free access icon
    7. "Eight Ministers Named by Harding – Lewis Einstein of New York to Be Envoy to Czechoslovakia – Urged by Two Senators – Missions to Siam, Finland, Guatemala, Bulgaria, Panama, Nicaragua and Venezuela in the List" (Special to The New York Times). Vol. 71, whole no. 23265. October 5, 1921. p. 17 (column 1, top). Retrieved October 21, 2019.
      1. NYTimes Archives Paid subscription required → Blog.
      2. TimesMachine Paid subscription required → Pdf (PDF); Permalink.
      3. Via Internet Archive (SIM Box ID: IA1661908, canister no. 04). IA Collection: SIM Microfilm; Periodicals; Pub: New York Times. Free access icon
    8. "Czechs Honor Our Envoy – Lewis Einstein, Retiring Minister, Decorated at Reception" (AP). Vol. 79, whole no. 26304. January 30, 1930 [Dateline: Prague, Jan. 29]. p. 9 (column 2, middle). Retrieved October 21, 2019.
      1. NYTimes Archives Paid subscription required → Blog.
      2. TimesMachine Paid subscription required → Pdf (PDF); Permalink.
      3. Via Internet Archive (SIM Box ID: IA1661910, canister no. 03). IA Collection: SIM Microfilm; Periodicals; Pub: New York Times. Free access icon
    9. "Deaths – Einstein [Helen Ralli] ['… beloved wife of the Hon. Lewis Einstein']". Vol. 98, whole no. 33401. July 6, 1949. p. 27 (column 5, near bottom). Retrieved October 21, 2019.
      1. TimesMachine Paid subscription required → Pdf (PDF); Permalink.
      2. Via Internet Archive (SIM Box ID: IA1661912, canister no. 03). IA Collection: SIM Microfilm; Periodicals; Pub: New York Times. Free access icon
    10. "Lewis Einstein, Ex-Diplomat, 90 – A Correspondent of Justice Holmes for 32 Years Dies". Vol. 117, whole no. 40127. December 5, 1967. p. 50 (column 5, upper half). Retrieved October 21, 2019.
      1. NYTimes Archives Paid subscription required → Blog.
      2. TimesMachine Paid subscription required → Pdf (PDF); Permalink.
      3. Via Internet Archive (SIM Box ID: IA1661920, canister no. 02). IA Collection: SIM Microfilm; Periodicals; Pub: New York Times. Free access icon
  • Times (The) (December 13, 1967). "Mr. Lewis Einstein: Diplomatist and Man of Letters". London. p. 12.

Further reading

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