Wikipedia

LEAFY

LEAFY (abbreviated LFY) is a homeotic plant transcription factor that plays a key role in specifying that the undifferentiated cells present in an indeterminate inflorescence meristem develop into a floral meristem and eventually flowers.[1]

LEAFY encodes a plant-specific transcription factor, is found in all land plants and in charophytes[2] and one of its exons have been used extensively in phylogenetic work on spermatophytes.[3]

In Arabidopsis thaliana, LEAFY acts as a master regulator of floral development. Transcription of LEAFY is suppressed in vegetative tissues by TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and activated by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT); both TFL1 and FT act through the bZip transcription factor FD.[4] When LEAFY is sufficiently expressed (due to greater FT binding to FD than TFL1), floral fate is then determined.[5] The LEAFY protein then activates transcription of another homeotic transcription factor, APETALA1, first by binding to the APETALA1 locus and then by making the surrounding chromatin accessible through chromatin remodeling and displacing H1 linker histones.[6][7] APETALA1 functions as a A-class gene in the ABC model of flower development and specifies sepal and petal floral organ development, furthering the transition of the meristem into floral identity.[1]

LEAFY loss-of-function mutants in A. thaliana typically possess leafy, vegetative shoots where flowers would normally develop. These mutants are generally sterile due to the lack of flower development, although they can occasionally develop pistils, especially when mutants are grown in colder temperatures.[8] When LEAFY is overexpressed, plants are less sensitive to environmental signals and flower earlier.[9]

The LEAFY protein has two conserved domains: the DNA binding domain, a helix-turn-helix motif buried inside a unique 7-helix fold[10] and a Sterile Alpha Motif.[11] It binds DNA as a dimer and its binding site has been identified both in vivo and in vitro.[12][13] The F-box protein Unusual Floral Organs (UFO) is able to redirect LFY to binding sites that LFY cannot access alone and, together, they regulate genes involved in petal and stamen development (such as APETALA3, PISTILLATA or RABBIT EARS).[14][15]

References

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  1. 1 2 Weigel, Detlef; Alvarez, John; Smyth, David R.; Yanofsky, Martin F.; Meyerowitz, Elliot M. (May 1992). "LEAFY controls floral meristem identity in Arabidopsis" (PDF). Cell. 69 (5): 843–859. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90295-N. PMID 1350515.
  2. ↑ Sayou, Camille; Monniaux, Marie; Nanao, Max H.; Moyroud, Edwige; Brockington, Samuel F.; Thévenon, Emmanuel; Chahtane, Hicham; Warthmann, Norman; Melkonian, Michael (2014-02-07). "A promiscuous intermediate underlies the evolution of LEAFY DNA binding specificity". Science. 343 (6171): 645–648. Bibcode:2014Sci...343..645S. doi:10.1126/science.1248229. hdl:1885/64773. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 24436181. S2CID 207778924.
  3. ↑ Hollingsworth, Peter M.; Bateman, Richard M.; Gornall, R. J. (1999). Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution. CRC Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-7484-0908-2.
  4. ↑ Zhu, Yang; Klasfeld, Samantha; Jeong, Cheol Woong; Jin, Run; Goto, Koji; Yamaguchi, Nobutoshi; Wagner, Doris (2020-10-12). "TERMINAL FLOWER 1-FD complex target genes and competition with FLOWERING LOCUS T". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5118. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5118Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18782-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7550357. PMID 33046692.
  5. ↑ Yamaguchi, Nobutoshi (2021-07-05). "LEAFY, a Pioneer Transcription Factor in Plants: A Mini-Review". Frontiers in Plant Science. 12 701406. Bibcode:2021FrPS...1201406Y. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.701406. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 8287900. PMID 34290727.
  6. ↑ Wagner, Doris; Sablowski, Robert W. M.; Meyerowitz, Elliot M. (1999-07-23). "Transcriptional Activation of APETALA1 by LEAFY". Science. 285 (5427): 582–584. doi:10.1126/science.285.5427.582. PMID 10417387.
  7. ↑ Jin, Run; Klasfeld, Samantha; Zhu, Yang; Fernandez Garcia, Meilin; Xiao, Jun; Han, Soon-Ki; Konkol, Adam; Wagner, Doris (2021-01-27). "LEAFY is a pioneer transcription factor and licenses cell reprogramming to floral fate". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 626. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12..626J. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20883-w. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7840934. PMID 33504790.
  8. ↑ Schultz, E. A.; Haughn, G. W. (1991-08-01). "LEAFY, a Homeotic Gene That Regulates Inflorescence Development in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell. 3 (8): 771–781. doi:10.1105/tpc.3.8.771. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 160044. PMID 12324613.
  9. ↑ Weigel, Detlef; Nilsson, Ove (October 1995). "A developmental switch sufficient for flower initiation in diverse plants". Nature. 377 (6549): 495–500. Bibcode:1995Natur.377..495W. doi:10.1038/377495a0. PMID 7566146. S2CID 4346606.
  10. ↑ Hamès, Cécile; Ptchelkine, Denis; Grimm, Clemens; Thevenon, Emmanuel; Moyroud, Edwige; Gérard, Francine; Martiel, Jean-Louis; Benlloch, Reyes; Parcy, François (2008-10-08). "Structural basis for LEAFY floral switch function and similarity with helix-turn-helix proteins". The EMBO Journal. 27 (19): 2628–2637. Bibcode:2008EMBO...27.2628H. doi:10.1038/emboj.2008.184. ISSN 1460-2075. PMC 2567413. PMID 18784751.
  11. ↑ Sayou, Camille; Nanao, Max H.; Jamin, Marc; Posé, David; Thévenon, Emmanuel; Grégoire, Laura; Tichtinsky, Gabrielle; Denay, Grégoire; Ott, Felix (2016-04-21). "A SAM oligomerization domain shapes the genomic binding landscape of the LEAFY transcription factor". Nature Communications. 7 11222. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711222S. doi:10.1038/ncomms11222. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4844672. PMID 27097556.
  12. ↑ Moyroud, Edwige; Minguet, Eugenio Gómez; Ott, Felix; Yant, Levi; Posé, David; Monniaux, Marie; Blanchet, Sandrine; Bastien, Olivier; Thévenon, Emmanuel (2011-04-01). "Prediction of regulatory interactions from genome sequences using a biophysical model for the Arabidopsis LEAFY transcription factor". The Plant Cell. 23 (4): 1293–1306. Bibcode:2011PlanC..23.1293M. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.083329. ISSN 1532-298X. PMC 3101549. PMID 21515819.
  13. ↑ Winter, Cara M.; Austin, Ryan S.; Blanvillain-Baufumé, Servane; Reback, Maxwell A.; Monniaux, Marie; Wu, Miin-Feng; Sang, Yi; Yamaguchi, Ayako; Yamaguchi, Nobutoshi (2011-04-19). "LEAFY target genes reveal floral regulatory logic, cis motifs, and a link to biotic stimulus response". Developmental Cell. 20 (4): 430–443. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.03.019. ISSN 1878-1551. PMID 21497757.
  14. ↑ Rieu, Philippe; Turchi, Laura; Thévenon, Emmanuel; Zarkadas, Eleftherios; Nanao, Max; Chahtane, Hicham; Tichtinsky, Gabrielle; Lucas, Jérémy; Blanc-Mathieu, Romain; Zubieta, Chloe; Schoehn, Guy; Parcy, François (2023-02-02). "The F-box protein UFO controls flower development by redirecting the master transcription factor LEAFY to new cis-elements" (PDF). Nature Plants. 9 (2): 315–329. Bibcode:2023NatPl...9..315R. doi:10.1038/s41477-022-01336-2. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 36732360. S2CID 256545937.
  15. ↑ Samach, Alon; Klenz, Jennifer E.; Kohalmi, Susanne E.; Risseeuw, Eddy; Haughn, George W.; Crosby, William L. (November 1999). "The UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS gene of Arabidopsis thaliana is an F-box protein required for normal patterning and growth in the floral meristem". The Plant Journal. 20 (4): 433–445. Bibcode:1999PlJ....20..433S. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00617.x. PMID 10607296.
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