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Kainantu–Goroka languages

(Redirected from Kainantu languages)
‹ The template Infobox language family is being considered for merging. ›
‹ The template Infobox language family is being considered for merging. ›

The Kainantu–Goroka languages are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of Trans–New Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.

Kainantu–Goroka
East Highlands
Geographic
distribution		highlands of Kainantu and Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classificationTrans–New Guinea
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologkain1273
Map: The Kainantu–Goroka languages of New Guinea
  The Kainantu–Goroka languages
  Other Trans–New Guinea languages
  Other Papuan languages
  Austronesian languages
  Uninhabited

Languages

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The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are:[1]

Pronouns

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The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows:

proto-Kainantu–Goroka
sgpl
1 *ná*tá[za]
2 *ká[za]*tá-na-
3 *[y]á, *wá*yá[na]
proto-Kainantu
sgdupl
1 *né*té[ze]-*té[ze]
2 *é[ze]*[te]né-
3 *wé
proto-Goroka
sgpl
1 *ná*tá[za]
2 *ká*tá-na-gaza, *tí-na-gaza
3 *[y]á*[y]á-na-gaza, *í-na-gaza

The possessive forms are:

proto-Kainantu–Goroka
sgpl
1 *na-i*ta-i
2 *ka*tana-i
3 *[y]a, *wa*ya-i, *yana-i

Modern reflexes

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Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[2]

Awa language:

  • are 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V]
  • nu 'louse' < *niman

Tairora language:

  • ato 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V]
  • ir 'tree' < *inda
  • (n)am 'breast' < *amu
  • nume 'louse' < *niman
  • kubu 'short' < *k(a,u)tu(p,mb)aC
  • mi- 'give' < *mV-

Fore language:

  • na- 'eat' < *na-
  • numaa 'louse' < *niman
  • mi- 'give' < *mV-
  • amune 'egg' < *mun(a,i,u)ka
  • kasa 'new' < *kVndak
  • mone 'nose' < *mundu

Gende language:

  • ami 'breast' < *amu
  • mut 'belly' < *mundun 'internal organs'
  • mina- 'stay' < *mVna-
  • nogoi 'water < *[n]ok
  • (tu)nima 'louse' < *niman
  • me- 'give' < *mV-

Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms:[2]

  • *tá[za] '1pl' replaces pTNG *ni, *nu
  • *tá-na '2pl' replaces pTNG *ŋgi, *ja
  • genitive forms ending in *-i

Vocabulary comparison

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Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986).[3]

Despite the presence of reconstructions in the left column, the words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ya, yafa, yava for “tree”) or not (e.g. tuva, logo, hali for “fire”).

glossProto-GorokanGendeSianeBenabenaKamono–YagariaFore
'two'*toteogondrarileleloeloletara
'man'*weveiwevovewa
'water'*no(k)nogoinonagamini(na)wani
'fire'tuvayologohaliyakuʔ
'tree'*yaizoyayafayavayaː
'leaf'kurumaailahaya(ʔa)haeyaaʔyeʔ
'root'*supatovayalufawalufusa(ʔa)havuaubu
'house'*nomnomunumu(na)no(hi)yo(na)naːmaʔ
'breast'*amiami-ami(na)amiha(ʔa)ami(maʔa)nono
'tooth'*wava(iza)aumayogo(ʔa)(ä)vep(a)wa
'bone'*yampuyami-aumafelisa(ʔa)(a)pu(va)(a)yaːmpu
'ear'*ke/aka-ka(la)(e)kesa(ʔa)(ä)geta(a)ge
'hair'*yokayogoyowa(la)oka(ʔa)(a)yokaʔ(a)yaːʔ
'leg'*kiakia-kiya(na)gigusa(ʔa)(a)gia(a)gisaː
'blood'*kotamamia-wanugolaha(ʔa)gola(na)koraːʔ
'hand'*yayaa(na)yaha(ʔa)(ä)yaya
'egg'*mutmuramulamu(ʔa)mu(na)amuʔ
'sun'*popofoyafiyafoyaːbu
'axe'*tutulunalulutuʔ
'netbag'*kokoowogu(ʔi)gu(na)koʔ
'eat'*na-na-n-na-no-na-
'die'*puti-pri-fol-fili-fili-puri-
'say'*si-ti-l-li-hi-i-
'give'*mi-imi-om-m-mi-mi-
'big'*(n)ampanambanambanapalegepatabe

Kainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986):[3]

glossAwaAuyanaGadsupTairora
'two'tɔtarekaiʔakaantanitaaraʔanta
'man'wɛwaiyabantabainti
'water'nonombanominamari
'fire'irairamaikaiiha
'tree'tataimayaanikatari
'leaf'ɔnɔanamaanaimare
'root'anuʔanuʔaanuʔituʔa
'house'nɔnaambamaʔinaabu
'breast'nɔnaambanaaminaama
'tooth'awɛawaiyambaabakuniaabai
'bone'ayɔntaayaantambaayampaibuhaarima
'ear'ɔreaʔaaakamiaato
'hair'(a)yɔraaayara-nyoikauhi
'leg'aiaisamimaakaniaiʔu
'blood'nɛenaemanaareinaare
'hand'ayɔnobehayambaaayaamikauʔu
'egg'auaumaamuʔiauru
'sun'popoʔnahaabaumaikonakauri
'axe'konarokorarobakuntaʔikaarima
'netbag'unɔunaambaunaamiuta
'eat'nɔnonarenaanonaana
'die'pukirepukaipukonoʔutubiro
'say'iraruwosiyoseʔutiena
'give'awiʔamiamenoamina
'big'aanotɔanombainoʔnanora

Proto-languages

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Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are:[4][5]

glossProto-East KainantuProto-North Kainantu
head*piᵄtɐ*noːN
hair/feather*jɐᵘsi*jɐᵘ
ear*ɑːtoː*ɑːʔ
eye*wu*u
nose*ipi*siʔ
tooth*wɐⁱ*wɐj
tongue*m₂ɑːpiɾi*[m/n][ɐⁱ]piɾ
leg*ipu*tɐɾ
blood*wi[ʔt]ipɐ*nɑːɾeː
bone*muʔjɑːni*(ɐ-)jɐNpɐ
breast*nɑːNmɐ*nɑːN
louse*numɐ*nuN
dog*w₂ɐⁱni*ijɐN
pig*p₂uᵄɾɐ*poːɾ
bird*inɑːmɐ; *uwini*nuN
egg*uɾu*uɾ
tree*jɐtɐɾi*jɑːj
sun*j₂uᵄni*ɑːʔ
moon*[u]toːnɐ*wi[ɾ]oːN
water*noːni*noːN
fire*iʔjɐ*itɐ
stone*oːni*oː[ɾ/j]
path*ɑːni*ɑːj
man*wɐⁱ-iNti*wɑːⁱNsɐ
woman*ɐnɑːjeː*ɐnɑːsi
name*utu*wiʔ
eat*nɐ-
one*moːʔjɑː*mɐnɑː
two*tɑːɾɐ*tɑːN

See also

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Bibliography

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References

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  1. ↑ NewGuineaWorld
  2. 1 2 Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  3. 1 2 Foley, William A. (1986). The Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28621-2.
  4. ↑ Usher, Timothy. 2020. East Kainantu. New Guinea World. Accessed 20210-01-19.
  5. ↑ Usher, Timothy. 2020. North Kainantu. New Guinea World. Accessed 20210-01-19.
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  • Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Kainantu
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