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Immigration to Spain

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Immigration to Spain, which had been very low for much of the country's history, increased sharply in the early 21st century. For example, in 1998, immigrants made up just 1.6% of the population, but by 2009, that figure had exceeded 12%. Following a decline during the economic crisis, immigration began to rise again after 2015, with a marked acceleration after 2021, with the foreign-born population now reaching 20.3% of the total population as of January 2025.[2]

Immigration to Spain
Total population
10,004,581 born-abroad (20.3%)[1]
7,243,561 foreign nationals (14.6%) (2026)
Foreign-born population in Spain (2025)

As of 1 January 2026, the most recent date for which data are available by specific countries and regions, the foreign-born population in Spain represented 20.3% of the total population.[3] Of these, 4.92% were born in other European countries, while the remaining 14.34% originated from outside Europe. The largest share of the non-European population came from South America, accounting for 7.61% of the total population, followed by those from Africa (3.35%), Central America and the Caribbean (1.75%), Asia (1.25%), North America (0.35%), and Oceania (0.02%).[4] Among them, 7,243,561 individuals (14.6% of the total population) did not hold Spanish citizenship.[5] This places Spain as the 4th country in Europe in terms of immigrant population and the 7th worldwide.

During the early 21st century, the average year-on-year demographic growth set a new record with its 2003 peak variation of 2.1%, doubling the previous record reached in the 1960s when a mean year-on-year growth of 1% was experienced.[6] In 2005 alone, the immigrant population of Spain increased by 700,000 people.[7]

Spain accepted 478,990 new immigrant residents in just the first six months of 2022 alone. During these months, 220,443 people also emigrated from Spain, leaving a record-breaking net migration figure of 258,547.[8] More women than men chose to move to Spain during 2022; this is due to higher rates of emigration from Latin America.[8]

Population data

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As of 1 January 2026, the most recent data results show 10,004,581 or 20.3% of the total population were foreign-born.[9]

Previous data from the United Nations, there were 5,947,106 immigrants in Spain in early 2018, 12.8% of the population of Spain.[10] According to the Spanish government, there were 5.6 million foreign residents in Spain in 2010; independent estimates put the figure 14% of total population (Red Cross, World Disasters Report 2006). According to the official 2011 census data, almost 800,000 were Romanian, 774,000 were Moroccan, 317,000 were Ecuadorian, 312,000 were British and 250,000 were Colombian . Other important foreign communities are Bolivian (4.1%), German (3.4%), Italian (3.1%), Bulgarian (2.9%), Chinese (2.6%) and Argentine (2.5%). In 2005, a regularization programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people. Since 2000, Spain has experienced high population growth as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half of the replacement level.

Foreign nationality[2][11]
Year Population %
1981198,0420.52
1986241,9710.63
1991360,6550.91
1996542,3141.37
1998637,0851.60
1999748,9541.86
2000923,8792.28
20011,370,6573.33
20021,977,9464.73
20032,664,1686.24
20043,034,3267.02
20053,730,6108.46
20064,144,1669.27
20074,519,5549.9
20085,268,76211.4
20095,648,67112.1
20105,747,73412.2
20115,751,48712.2
20125,736,25812.1
20135,546,23811.8
20145,023,48710.7
20154,729,64410.1
20164,618,5819.9
20174,572,8079.8
20184,663,72610.0
20195,023,27910.7
20205,434,15311.5
20215,440,14811.5
20225,542,93211.7
20236,089,62012.7
20246,735,48713.8
20257,132,32414.4
Foreign-born nationals
Year[12] Population %
20022,334,0985.7
20032,984,0947.1
20043,547,6698.3
20054,107,2269.5
20064,637,97110.5
20075,200,06111.6
20085,878,91912.9
20096,225,51313.5
20106,280,06413.5
20116 282 20813.5
20126,294,95213.5
20136,165,63513.2
20145,952,77012.8
20155,883,89112.7
20165,913,16512.7
20176,014,70812.9
20186,207,50913.3
20196,549,30914.0
20207,014,75314.8
20217,254,79715.3
20227,468,11615.7
20238,204,20617.3
20248,838,23418.2
2025[13]9,825,26619.9
202610,004,58120.3

According to Eurostat, in 2010, there were 6.4 million foreign-born residents in Spain, corresponding to 14.0% of the total population. Of these, 4.1 million (8.9%) were born outside the EU and 2.3 million (5.1%) were born in another EU Member State.[14]

As of 2005 Spain had the second highest immigration rates within the EU, just after Cyprus, and the second highest absolute net migration in the World (after the USA).[15]

Over 920,000 immigrants arrived in Spain during 2007, in addition to 802,971 in 2006, 682,711 in 2005, and 645,844 in 2004.[16]

For nationalities outside of this category,[clarification needed] in order to stay in Spain for more than 3 months, a residence card, residence visa or work permit is required.[17]

Two distinct groups can be identified: those immigrants (mostly in working age) originating from countries mostly located in Eastern Europe, South America or Africa, with lower purchasing power than Spain, comprising most of the immigrating population, and those (of whom many are retired) originating from northern European or other western countries with a higher GDP per capita than Spain.[18]

Immigrants from Europe

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Immigrants from Europe make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Spain. The main countries of origin are Romania, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria.

The British authorities estimate that the real population of British citizens living in Spain is much bigger than Spanish official figures suggest, establishing them at about 1,000,000, about 800,000 being permanent residents.[19] Of these, according to the BBC and contrary to popular belief, only about 21.5% are over the age of 65.[20]

In fact, according to the Financial Times, Spain is the most favoured destination for West Europeans considering to move from their own country elsewhere in the EU.[21]

Social attitudes to immigration

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Unlike other countries in the EU, Spain has not recorded any relevant anti-immigration about until fairly recently.[22] According to some analysts, the causes behind this are multiple. Drawing from the experience of many Spaniards during the 1960s and then again in the beginning of the 21st century when the crisis struck the country, there may be also a collective understanding that hardships force people to seek work abroad.[22]

A January 2004 survey by Spanish newspaper El País showed that the "majority" of Spaniards believe immigration was too high.[23] Small parties, such as Movimiento Social Español, openly campaign using nationalist or anti-immigrant rhetoric as do other small far-right parties such as National Democracy (Spain) and España 2000. These parties have never won national or regional parliamentary seats. However, while the far-right political party Vox has gained headlines for favouring tough stance against immigration, commentators have suggested that this has not translated into electoral success for them.[24][25]

According to an October 2024 survey for the El País newspaper and Cadena SER radio station, 57% of Spaniards believe there is "too much" immigration to Spain.[26]

Immigration by country of origin

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Population by country of birth
(as of 1 January 2025)[27]
Country Population
Morocco1,165,955
Colombia978,041
Venezuela692,316
European Union Romania521,181
Ecuador468,751
Argentina450,883
Peru430,277
United Kingdom281,584
Cuba252,290
Honduras220,593
European Union France219,791
Ukraine209,592
China209,320
Dominican Republic207,135
Bolivia193,275
Brazil189,712
European Union Germany180,264
European Union Italy164,380
Paraguay162,633
Russia141,438
Pakistan135,696
Senegal109,523
Algeria103,935
European Union Bulgaria101,578
European Union Portugal96,773
Nicaragua93,905
Uruguay91,437
Mexico87,575
Chile82,165
United States76,180
India73,951
European Union Netherlands62,007
Philippines60,756
 Switzerland60,164
European Union Belgium56,924
European Union Poland56,656
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Countries with at least 10,000 people, immigrating each year.[28]
Country202220232024
Colombia Colombia 176,957 175,826 173,420
Morocco Morocco 116,344 126,969 136,413
Venezuela Venezuela 95,551 102,430 118,086
Peru Peru 68,621 70,659 73,237
Argentina Argentina 59,904 61,311 57,097
Cuba Cuba 28,917 32,733 38,179
Romania Romania 44,932 42,791 35,217
Ecuador Ecuador 24,331 29,693 33,101
Ukraine Ukraine 89,838 33,913 30,992
Honduras Honduras 34,840 32,882 29,867
Paraguay Paraguay 23,941 24,986 25,430
Brazil Brazil 23,856 23,804 24,486
Algeria Algeria 12,979 15,789 23,598
China China 14,029 20,028 23,584
Pakistan Pakistan 17,541 19,460 21,690
Senegal Senegal 11,820 11,791 21,000
United Kingdom United Kingdom 19,977 19,576 19,916
Italy Italy 23,048 20,899 19,735
Russia Russia 22,753 23,519 17,555
France France 15,630 15,449 15,892
Germany Germany 15,998 15,983 15,455
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 14,159 15,334 14,932
Nicaragua Nicaragua 16,603 14,226 12,916
Total1,258,8941,250,9911,288,562

Major immigration

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This chart shows the numbers and difference of foreign nationals in Spain after 2000. European Union member states are indicated with the EU flag in regional European sub-divisions. The number of Latin American immigrants decreased massively after 2009 mostly due to the naturalization of hundreds of thousands of these citizens who achieved the Spanish citizenship and therefore do not count as immigrants anymore on the official statistics.[29] See the chart from below from the "Naturalizations" paragraph for further information.

Origin 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020[30] Article
 Morocco 173,158 511,294 754,080 750,883 865,945 Moroccans in Spain
European Union Romania 6,410 317,366 831,235 752,268 667,378 Romanians in Spain
 Colombia 25,247 271,239 292,641 151,258 273,050 Colombians in Spain
 United Kingdom 99,017 227,187 387,677 283,243 262,885 British migration to Spain
European Union Italy 27,874 95,377 184,277 179,363 252,008 Italians in Spain
 China 19,191 87,731 158,244 191,638 232,807 Chinese people in Spain
 Venezuela 12,119 49,206 60,399 48,421 189,110 Venezuelans in Spain
 Ecuador 20,481 497,799 399,586 176,397 130,919 Ecuadorians in Spain
European Union Bulgaria 3,031 93,037 169,552 142,328 122,375 Bulgarians in Spain
 Honduras 1,293 7,017 27,363 43,283 121,963 -
 Ukraine 1,646 65,667 83,313 91,004 115,186 Ukrainians in Spain
European Union Germany 88,651 133,588 195,824 130,911 111,937 Germans in Spain
European Union France 46,375 77,791 123,870 99,598 108,275 French in Spain
 Peru 27,422 85,029 140,182 71,112 106,712 Peruvians in Spain
 Brazil 11,126 54,115 117,808 73,863 98,655 -
 Pakistan 4,195 31,913 56,877 77,695 97,705 Pakistanis in Spain
European Union Portugal 43,339 66,236 142,520 98,751 97,628 Portuguese in Spain
 Bolivia 2,117 97,947 213,169 126,375 92,630 Bolivians in Spain
 Argentina 23,351 152,975 132,249 75,313 89,029 Argentines in Spain
 Paraguay 711 16,295 85,687 69,451 87,045 Paraguayans in Spain
 Russia 5,199 36,319 49,820 68,387 82,788 Russians in Spain
 Senegal 7,526 29,608 61,970 61,798 76,973 -
 Dominican Republic 24,847 57,134 91,212 75,315 75,261 Dominicans in Spain
 Algeria 10,759 46,278 58,743 62,398 66,893 -
 Cuba 17,814 45,009 54,954 46,397 64,634 -
 Nicaragua 700 1,953 12,190 20,941 57,530 -
 India 6,807 17,558 32,947 36,724 54,387 Indians in Spain
European Union Poland 8,164 36,477 86,324 63,324 53,418 Poles in Spain
European Union Netherlands 21,763 33,845 53,983 45,844 46,891 -
 United States 15,720 25,831 25,771 30,183 40,712 Americans in Spain
TOTAL 923,879 3,730,610 5,747,734 4,729,644 5,036,878

Comparison with other countries from European Union

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According to Eurostat 47.3 million people lived in the European Union in 2010 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million).[14]

CountryTotal population (millions)Total Foreign-born (millions)%Born in other EU state (millions)%Born in a non EU state (millions)%
Germany81.8029.81212.03.3964.26.4157.8
France64.7167.19611.12.1183.35.0787.8
United Kingdom62.0087.01211.32.2453.64.7677.7
Spain45.9896.42214.02.3285.14.0948.9
Italy60.3434.7988.01.5922.63.2055.3
Netherlands16.5751.83211.10.4282.61.4048.5
Greece11.3051.25611.10.3152.80.9408.3
Sweden9.3401.33714.30.4775.10.8599.2
Austria8.3671.27615.20.5126.10.7649.1
Belgium10.6661.38012.90.6956.50.6856.4
Portugal10.6370.7937.50.1911.80.6025.7
Denmark5.5340.5009.00.1522.80.3486.3
EU 27501.09847.3489.415.9803.231.3686.3

Irregular migration

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The concept of an "irregular", "undocumented", or "illegal" migrant did not become meaningful in Spain's social imagination until the passing of the Ley de Extranjería in 1985, a year before Spain's entry into the European Communities.[31]

Even though the main paths for the entry of clandestine migration have traditionally been airports and land borders, the sea route has proven to have a "profound impact at the social level" owing to qualitative, rather than quantitative, reasons.[32]

Regarding the governance of the migration of Sub-Saharan people from Morocco (and Western Sahara) into Spain (which include crossings into the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, as well as a sea route to the Canary Islands), the Moroccan and Spanish authorities follow necropolitical forms of border control which are complemented with the favouring of the idea of "advancing borders" by reaching deals with origin or transit countries such as Guinea Conakry, Mali, Ivory Coast, and Gambia.[33]

On 9 October 2024, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez urged the European Parliament to speed up the implementation of the New Pact on Migration and Asylum to alleviate the migration crisis in the Canary Islands,[34] which had seen the illegal arrival of a record number of 46,843 migrants, mostly from Senegal, Mali and Morocco (up from 39,910 in 2023).[35] Sánchez tried to push through a law that would introduce mandatory distribution of migrants among Spanish regions in order to alleviate pressure in the Canary Islands.[36]

The Sánchez government planned to legalize around 900,000 undocumented migrants by 2027.[37]

Naturalizations

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From 2005 to 2024 alone, roughly 2.7 million foreigners were granted Spanish citizenship through naturalization.[38]

Since the end of the 20th century the number of foreigners who have obtained Spanish nationality has grown steadily, as Spain has been the EU country with the biggest number of approved naturalizations since 2010 until 2015. 1 out of 4 naturalizations made in the European Union in 2014 were belonging to Spain. Most of these naturalizations went to citizens coming from Latin America (which explains the massive decrease of these citizens counting as immigrants in Spain) mainly from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, although Morocco was amongst the top 3 as well.[39] After 4 years being the first, Spain dropped to the 3rd position in 2015 due to the stricter laws to naturalize citizens. Still, 114.351 foreigners became Spanish citizens in 2015, the majority being Latin Americans.[40]

New Spanish nationals by naturalization, 2005-2021[41][42][43]
Year
Naturalizations
2005 42,829
2006 62,339
2007 71,810
2008 84,170
2009 79,597
2010 123,721
2011 114,599
2012 115,557
2013 261,295
2014 205,880
2015 114,351
2016 150,944
2017 66,498
2018 90,774
2019 98,954
2020 126,266
2021 202,336
2022 181,581
2023 240,208
2024 252,476
2025 299,732[44]

Naturalisations by country

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The following table shows the number of naturalisations of Spanish residents by country of citizenship (among countries with more than 1,000 naturalisations of their citizens as Spaniards) from 2022 to 2025.[45]

People from Latin American countries, Portugal, Philippines, Andorra and Equatorial Guinea can be naturalised as Spanish citizens after 2 years of permanent residence, as per the Spanish nationality law, while for most other foreign-born residents, it is 10 years. That explains the higher rates of naturalisation per capita among the Latin American communities in Spain, in comparison with the Moroccan or the Romanian one.

Country 2025 2024 2023 2022
Morocco 42,114 42,910 54,027 55,463
Colombia 37,712 26,224 18,738 11,125
Venezuela 36,271 35,403 30,154 8,036
Honduras 20,745 15,574 11,189 5,778
Peru 15,920 10,480 8,489 5,152
Cuba 14,390 8,045 9,790 4,780
Ecuador 13,689 10,871 11,326 10,845
Argentina 11,291 8,558 7,208 3,792
Dominican Republic 9,915 9,452 10,275 8,100
Nicaragua 8,951 7,167 5,160 2,756
Bolivia 8,902 8,385 9,103 9,016
Romania 7,185 5,973 4,932 4,217
Paraguay 6,946 5,401 4,947 4,172
Brazil 6,657 5,312 5,759 3,831
Pakistan 6,495 6,395 6,829 6,400
Mexico 4,146 3,066 2,720 1,521
Senegal 3,354 2,648 2,712 2,438
Ukraine 2,867 2,588 2,603 3,206
Chile 2,795 2,213 2,020 1,380
Italy 2,745 1,864 1,395 1,214
Nigeria 2,214 2,281 2,398 2,855
India 2,114 2,125 2,450 2,414
Algeria 2,109 2,140 2,233 2,228
Uruguay 1,919 1,579 1,635 1,248
Philippines 1,592 1,294 877 1,132
Russia 1,576 2,588 2,246 1,733
Equatorial Guinea 1,309 1,045 874 849
Bangladesh 1,143 1,226 1,216 1,261
Portugal 1,131 812 643 555
Ghana 1,116 1,132 1,084 871
Bulgaria 1,062 925 764 925
France 955 1,039 425 247
TOTAL 299,732 252,476 240,208 181,581

Immigration detention

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This section is an excerpt from Immigration detention § Spain.[edit]

There are nine detention centers in Spain, known as CIEs (Centro de Internamiento de Extranjeros), run by the Ministry of the Interior, which can be found in the cities of Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Algeciras, Tarifa, Malaga, and in the islands of Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Tenerife.[46]

Expulsion paperwork can be initiated when a foreign person is in one of the following situations:[47]

  1. Lacking documentation in Spanish territory.
  2. Working without a work permit, even if they have a valid resident permit.
  3. Be involved in activities that violate public order or interior or exterior state security or any activity contrary to Spanish interests or that could put in danger Spain's relations with other countries.
  4. Be convicted inside or outside of Spain of a crime punishable by incarceration for greater than one year.
  5. Hiding or falsifying their situation from the Ministry of the Interior.
  6. Lacking a legal livelihood or taking part in illegal activity.

Various civil organizations (e.g. APDHA, SOS Racismo, and Andalucía Acoge) have appealed to the Supreme Court of Spain, declaring the regulations behind the CIEs null and void for violating several human rights.[48]

Crime rates

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This section is an excerpt from Immigration and crime § Spain.[edit]

A 2008 study finds that the rates of crimes committed by immigrants are substantially higher than nationals.[49] The study finds that "the arrival of immigrants has resulted in a lack of progress in the reduction of offences against property and in a minor increase in the number of offences against Collective Security (i.e. drugs and trafficking). In the case of nationals, their contribution to the increase in the crime rate is primarily concentrated in offences against persons."[49] By controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors, the gap between immigrants and natives is reduced but not fully. The authors also find "that a higher proportions of American, non-UE European, and African immigrants tend to widen the crime differential, the effect being larger for the latter ones".[49] The same paper provides supports for the notion that labour market conditions impact the relationship between crime and immigration. Cultural differences were also statistically detected.[49] This study has been criticized for not using strong instruments for identifying causality: the "instruments (lagged values of the covariates and measures of the service share of GDP in a province) are not convincing in dealing with the endogeneity of migrant location choice."[50] Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE) published a study that analyzes records in the Register of Convicted in 2008. The data show that immigrants are overrepresented in the crime statistics: 70% of all crimes were committed by Spaniards and 30% by foreigners.[51] Foreigners make up 15% of the population.[51]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "Continuous Population Statistics (CPS). January 1st 2026. Provisional data". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  2. 1 2 "Población residente por fecha, sexo, grupo de edad y país de nacimiento(56937)". INE (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 January 2026.
  3. ↑ "Continuous Population Statistics (CPS). January 1st 2026. Provisional data". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  4. ↑ "Población residente por fecha, sexo, grupo de edad y país de nacimiento(56937)". INE (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 August 2025.
  5. ↑ "INEbase / Demografía y población /Cifras de población y Censos demográficos /Estadística continua de población / Últimos datos". INE (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 August 2025.
  6. ↑ "Official report on Spanish recent Macroeconomics, including data and comments on immigration" (PDF). La Moncloa: 13–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  7. ↑ "Evolution of the foreign population in Spain since 1998". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  8. 1 2 Betty Henderson (26 January 2023). "Immigration resumes to pre-pandemic levels in Spain with more women immigrants than men". EuroWeekly News. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  9. ↑ "Continuous Population Statistics (CPS). January 1st 2026. Provisional data". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  10. ↑ "España - Inmigración 2019". Datosmacro.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  11. ↑ Fuente: para los años 1981, 1986 y 1991, los datos se refieren tan sólo a extranjeros con permiso de residencia a 31 de diciembre y proceden del Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, citado en [permanent dead link] (tomando, para el porcentaje de 1986, la población española de hecho según la estimación intercensal del INE para el 1 de julio ). Para los datos de 1996 y posteriores, todos los datos proceden del INE
  12. ↑ "INE. Población residente por fecha, sexo, grupo de edad y país de nacimiento". ine.es. Retrieved 11 February 2026.
  13. ↑ ine.es: Estadística Continua de Población (ECP). 1 de octubre de 2025. Datos provisionales
  14. 1 2 6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Eurostat, Katya VASILEVA, 34/2011.
  15. ↑ Eurostat – Population in Europe in 2005 Archived August 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-11-14.
  16. ↑ Kern, Soeren (13 May 2009), "Immigration Policy a Casualty of Unemployment in Spain", World Politics Review, archived from the original on 1 June 2020, retrieved 29 June 2009
  17. ↑ Zelmenis, Artis (11 September 2013), "Spanish Immigration Policy", Baltic Legal, archived from the original on 31 October 2013, retrieved 16 September 2013
  18. ↑ Membrado, Joan Carles (21 May 2014). "Pensioners' Coast. Migration of Elderly North Europeans to the Costa Blanca". Mètode (in Catalan) (81). University of Valencia. doi:10.7203/metode.81.3111. hdl:10550/50912. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  19. ↑ Archived 15 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine Archived 8 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine Archived 4 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine Archived 20 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine "British Immigrants Swamping Spanish Villages?". Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2011. Archived 4 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine Archived 4 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine Archived 4 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ Special Reports | Brits Abroad Archived 15 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. Retrieved on 2011-11-14.
  21. ↑ News.bg – Europeans Favour Spain for Expat Jobs Archived 10 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. International.ibox.bg. Retrieved on 2011-11-14.
  22. 1 2 Buck, Tobias (17 January 2017). "No right turn for Spanish politics". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  23. ↑ "Immigration time-bomb". Expatica. 23 June 2004. Archived from the original on 28 May 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  24. ↑ "Vox party puts 'menace' of migrant children at centre of election drive". The Guardian. 10 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  25. ↑ Adler, Katya (4 June 2025). "How Denmark's left (not the far right) got tough on immigration". BBC News. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  26. ↑ "Spain to legalise about 300,000 undocumented immigrants per year". Reuters. 19 November 2024.
  27. ↑ "Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from the original on 14 February 2026. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  28. ↑ Immigration flow from abroad by year, sex and age
  29. ↑ "Uno de cada cuatro extranjeros que obtuvieron la nacionalidad en la UE en 2014 la lograron en España". 13 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  30. ↑ "Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año". Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  31. ↑ Inglada Galiana, Elena; Sastre Centeno, José Manuel; Miguel Bilbao, Maria Cristina de (2019). "La inmigración irregular en España y Europa: situación y perspectiva" [Illegal immigration in Spain and Europe: Situation and outlook]. Revista Galega de Economia. 28 (1): 121–122. doi:10.15304/rge.28.1.6143. ISSN 2255-5951. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  32. ↑ Inglada Galiana, Sastre Centeno & Miguel Bilbao 2019, p. 125.
  33. ↑ Fernández Labayen, Miguel; Gutiérrez, Irene (2022). "Physical, affective and symbolic immobility in the videos made by Sub-Saharan migrants at the EU external borders in Northern Africa". In Trandafoiu, Ruxandra (ed.). Border Crossings and Mobilities on Screen. Routledge. pp. 28–29, 34. doi:10.4324/9781003127703. ISBN 9781003127703. S2CID 248337838.
  34. ↑ "Sánchez to seek urgent fix for Canary Islands migration crisis". Euractiv. 10 January 2024.
  35. ↑ "Spain's Canary Islands received record 46,843 migrants in 2024: ministry". France 24. 2 January 2025.
  36. ↑ "Spanish leader Sanchez meets with Canary Islands leader as migrant arrivals soar". Euronews. 23 August 2024.
  37. ↑ "Spain to grant residency and work permits to around 300,000 undocumented migrants per year". Euronews. 4 November 2024.
  38. ↑ "Estadística de adquisiciones de nacionalidad española de residentes. Año 2022". INE. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  39. ↑ Martínez, Silvia (13 June 2016). "Uno de cada cuatro extranjeros que obtuvieron la nacionalidad en la UE en 2014 la lograron en España". El Periódico (in Spanish). Grupo Zeta. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  40. ↑ "España fue el tercer país de la UE que más extranjeros nacionalizó en 2015, según Eurostat". Europa Press (in Spanish). 23 April 2017. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  41. ↑ "Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  42. ↑ "Adquisiciones de nacionalidad por sexo y nacionalidad previa(15071)". INE. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  43. ↑ "Estadística de adquisiciones de nacionalidad española de residentes". INE. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  44. ↑ L'Opinion (29 May 2026). "Naturalisations en Espagne en 2025 : les Marocains en tête avec plus de 42.000 bénéficiaires". L'Opinion (in French). Retrieved 31 May 2026.
  45. ↑ "Adquisiciones de nacionalidad por sexo y nacionalidad previa(15071)". INE (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 June 2026.
  46. ↑ Devlin, Cloe, translator. 2011. "Report on immigration detention centers in Spain for Migreurop" [Executive summary]. Asociación Pro Derechos Humanos de Andalucía.
  47. ↑ "Ley Orgánica 7/1985, de 1 de julio, sobre derechos y libertades de los extranjeros en España" [Organic Law 7/1985, of July 1, on the rights and freedoms of foreigners in Spain] (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). No. 158. 3 July 1985. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  48. ↑ APDHA (2014). "Andalucía Acoge junto a SOS Racismo y APDHA recurren ante el Tribunal Supremo el Reglamento de los Centro de Internamiento de Extranjeros" [Andalucía Acoge, SOS Racismo and APDHA appeal CIE regulations to the Supreme Court] (Press release). Asociación Pro Derechos Humanos de Andalucía. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Alonso, Cesar; Garoupa, Nuno; Perera, Marcelo; Vazquez, Pablo (1 January 2008). "Immigration and Crime in Spain, 1999–2006". Working Papers. FEDEA. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  50. ↑ Bell, Brian; Machin, Stephen (2013). "Immigration and crime". In Amelie F. Constant; Klaus F. Zimmermann (eds.). International Handbook on the Economics of Migration. Economics 2013. pp. 353–372. doi:10.4337/9781782546078.00028. ISBN 978-1-78254-607-8.
  51. 1 2 "El 70% de la delincuencia es perpetrada por españoles según el INE". tercerainformacion.es. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
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