Wikipedia

Hsu Yun-chi

Hsu Yun-chi (Chinese: 許雲基; 16 July 1924 – 2025) was a Taiwanese nuclear physicist from Taichung, Taiwan.[3][4]: 34  After graduating from Taichung First Senior High School, Hsu studied at Kochi High School in Japan and then at the Faculty of Engineering of Kyoto Imperial University. After the war, he transferred to the Department of Electrical Engineering at National Taiwan University and graduated from that department.[5][6]: 161 

Hsu Yun-chi
許雲基
Hsu Yun-chi in 2016
Born(1924-07-16)July 16, 1924
Waipu Village, Dajia District, Taichū Prefecture, Taiwan under Japanese rule
Died2025
Alma materTaichung First Senior High School, Kyoto Imperial University, National Taiwan University
Known forCompleting, with Dai Yungui and others, the first artificial nuclear disintegration experiment in Taiwan and in post-war Asia
Awards1992 Special Contribution Award of the Physical Society of the Republic of China[1]
Scientific career
FieldsNuclear physics
InstitutionsDepartment of Physics, National Taiwan University
Notable students
Lin Qingliang[2]: 15 

In 1947, Hsu became an assistant in the Department of Physics, National Taiwan University. Together with Dai Yungui, Ota Yoritsune and others, he helped reconstruct the Cockcroft–Walton generator built at NTU by the team of Bunsaku Arakatsu, which had previously completed the world's second artificial nuclear disintegration experiment. In 1948, the group successfully completed the first artificial nuclear disintegration experiment in Taiwan and in post-war Asia. He later took over the nuclear physics laboratory led by Ota Yoritsune,[7] and led Taiwanese technicians in repeatedly improving the laboratory's equipment,[6]: 166  making it one of Asia's most advanced nuclear laboratories in the 1960s.[2]: 4 [8]: 99–100  Hsu was promoted from assistant to lecturer, associate professor and professor, and became chair of the NTU Department of Physics in 1962.[9] He retired from the NTU Department of Physics in 1985 and became professor emeritus in 1989.[2]: 15, 21 [6]: 180  Beginning in 2005, he led the reconstruction of the nuclear physics laboratory into the NTU Museum of Physics.[10][11][12]: 151 

Life

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Early life

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Hsu Yun-chi was born in 1924 in Waipu Village, Dajia District, Taichū Prefecture, Taiwan under Japanese rule.[a][3] After graduating from Taichung Prefectural First Middle School[5]—today Taichung First Senior High School[7]—he went to Japan to study at Kochi High School.[5][13] After graduating, he was admitted to the Faculty of Engineering of Kyoto Imperial University.[5] While studying there, he attended courses taught by Bunsaku Arakatsu and learned that Kiichi Kimura and others in the university's atomic nucleus laboratory were conducting nuclear experiments.[6]: 161 

After World War II, Hsu transferred from the Department of Electrical Engineering at Kyoto Imperial University to the Department of Electrical Engineering at NTU,[5][7] graduating in the summer of 1947.[3][5] Shortly before graduation, Zhang Tiaoxu, an assistant in the Department of Chemistry and Hsu's classmate at Taichung First Senior High School, recommended him to the nuclear disintegration experimental group of the Department of Physics, National Taiwan University.[5] Associate professor Ota Yoritsune hoped that Hsu would report for duty the day after graduation.[14]: 914  Hsu, however, first returned to his family home in Dajia for a period of rest and did not return to Taipei until late September, formally beginning work in the NTU Department of Physics in October.[3][7][15]: 157  For this, Hsu received a severe reprimand.[14]: 914  According to Xu Zhongping, Hsu Yun-chi was gentle and modest, and often unconsciously covered his mouth with one hand while speaking, a habit he retained into old age.[14]: 914 

Career at the NTU Department of Physics

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The Cockcroft–Walton linear particle accelerator now displayed at the NTU Museum of Physics.
Members of the NTU Department of Physics nuclear laboratory: Xu Dongtang, Zhou Muchun, Hsu Yun-chi, Liu Yuanzhong, Lin Songyun and Xu Yuchuan.

After Hsu reported to Ota Yoritsune in October 1947 and became an assistant in the department, Ota arranged for him to live in a red-brick house behind the meteorological building. Hsu first repaired the department's Geiger counter and then began learning vacuum techniques.[7][15]: 157 [16]: 53 [17]: 8, 10 

Hsu then followed Dai Yungui and Ota Yoritsune, working with Kawada Suekichi and Taiwanese technicians including Xu Yuchuan, Zhou Mucun and Lin Songyun, to reassemble the Cockcroft–Walton generator made at NTU by Arakatsu's team, which had completed the world's second artificial nuclear disintegration experiment.[b][2]: 21 [12][16]: 53 

To obtain sufficient experimental materials, they borrowed from the better-supplied Department of Chemistry and obtained discarded vacuum tubes, large shell casings and other items from the Broadcasting Corporation of China and Taiwan Power Company.[14]: 914 

The accelerator reconstruction project began in October 1946.[17]: 8  On 13 May 1948 at 8:35 p.m., the team used high-speed protons to strike lithium, splitting it into two alpha particles and completing the first artificial nuclear disintegration experiment in Taiwan and post-war Asia.[2]: 4 [4]: 24 [6]: 161–162 [8]: 99 [11][16]: 53 [17]: 6  On 20 June of the same year, they repeated the experiment and confirmed the reproducibility of the results.[16]: 53 [17]: 6 

To keep pace with the work, Hsu left his newly married wife at his family home in Dajia and often slept overnight in the laboratory with Ota Yoritsune, Xu Yuchuan and Lin Songyun, continuing work after waking.[3][8]: 100  The accelerator is now displayed by National Taiwan University in the NTU Museum of Physics, the former nuclear laboratory of the physics chair.[11] Recalling the construction of the accelerator, Hsu said, “Hey! How did we have so much energy back then?”[8]: 100  When asked whether they feared electric leakage and radiation from the accelerator, he replied:

We were terribly afraid, but it seems we did not die. When the first experiment succeeded in striking lithium atoms, we watched with our eyes. When the rays came out, we were so excited that we used no shielding at all. But everyone lived into their seventies or eighties, and it seems nothing happened.[8]: 100 

In 1949, after Ota Yoritsune was affected by the February 28 incident and repatriated to Japan by the Government of the Republic of China,[6]: 164  Hsu took over Ota's laboratory.[7] He then led Taiwanese technicians in repeatedly improving the nuclear physics laboratory.[6]: 166  First, his team built a Wilson cloud chamber to observe alpha particle tracks, improving on Ota's earlier apparatus, which could observe but not record the tracks.[6]: 167  They then modified the accelerator to produce high-energy neutrons and raise the level of nuclear reactions. Using helium-4 reactions, they produced 14.1 MeV high-energy neutrons to study induced nuclear reactions.[7] Hsu's team also converted the accelerator's ion source into an RF antenna ion source, and later thoroughly rebuilt the accelerator into a heavy ion accelerator for ion sputtering experiments.[6]: 167  In addition, the research team used a mercury rectifier tube made from a Pyrex beaker and discarded high-power vacuum-tube electrodes from the Broadcasting Corporation of China to produce heavy water. After about a year of effort, they successfully produced 98% heavy water.[7]

On 1 March 1954, the United States tested a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll, causing serious radioactive contamination in nearby waters. Contaminated fish from the area were transported back to Taiwan. The Taiwan Provincial Fishermen's Association, now the National Fishermen's Association, Republic of China, brought the fish to the lobby of NTU Building No. 2, where they were tested for radioactivity using a Geiger counter made by Xu's team.[4]

In the 1960s, Hsu's team began making carbon-14 detectors,[6]: 169  mainly to understand the influence of post-war atmospheric nuclear testing on radioactivity in Taiwanese rice. They found that the radiocarbon content of Taiwanese trees was higher than that of European trees.[7] At the time, the team used radiocarbon dating to assist the NTU Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, now the Department of Anthropology, with artifact identification and the Department of Geology with fossil and stratigraphic research.[7][10][18]: 3–4  The team was the only group in Taiwan with this technology at the time.[3] The dating of the Changbin culture site was completed during this period by the team led by Hsu.[6]: 169 [10] They also hoped to use the technique to measure changes in cosmic rays.[18]: 3–4 

The research by Hsu's team made the NTU Department of Physics nuclear laboratory one of Asia's most advanced nuclear laboratories in the 1960s, and the team published nearly thirty papers.[2]: 4 [8]: 99–100  In 1961, Hsu, then an associate professor, received funding from the International Atomic Energy Agency to conduct a two-year research project at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute in Tokai, Ibaraki.[6]: 168 [19]: 8  During his career at the NTU Department of Physics, Hsu advanced through publications from assistant to lecturer, associate professor and professor, and became department chair in October 1962.[9] In 1965, when Taiwan's National Science Council established a Physics Research Center, Hsu and Wolfgang Kroll became chair professors representing the NTU Department of Physics at the center.[6]: 167 

Later years

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The Taihoku Imperial University physics and chemistry classroom building, completed on 3 May 1931.[20] It houses the NTU Museum of Physics, formerly the nuclear laboratory.

Hsu retired from the NTU Department of Physics in 1985 and, in 1989, became professor emeritus together with Wolfgang Kroll.[2]: 15, 21 [6]: 180  After his retirement, the accelerator was dismantled because of a lack of space in the nuclear physics laboratory. Technicians Lin Songyun and Xu Yuchuan, unwilling to abandon it, hid its parts in various places for nearly twenty years.[11][12]: 151  The two even stored the parts in warehouses, basements and bathroom ceilings.[8]: 100–101 [10]

In 2004, the NTU Department of Physics decided to reconstruct the accelerator. Beginning in 2005, Hsu, together with Lin Songyun and Xu Yuchuan, led the reconstruction of the nuclear physics laboratory into the NTU Museum of Physics, which officially opened on 21 November that year.[10][11][12]: 151  The reconstruction process was made into the documentary Breaking Through the Atomic Nucleus.[2]: 9, 21  Hsu summarized his thirty-eight-year teaching career by saying: “It was a very difficult era, but everyone was very serious.”[7]

Works

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  • A Study of the Ionosphere, 1948.[21]
  • “Neutron Total Cross Section of Arsenic at 14 MeV”, 1963.[22]
  • “Counting Efficiency of Nuclear Multiplate Camera”, 1963.[23]
  • “Neutron Total Cross Section of Praseodymium at 14 MeV”, 1963.[24]
  • “Radiocarbon Concentration in Taiwan Wood”, 1964.[25]
  • “Low Background Counter for Carbon-14 Dating”, 1965.[26]
  • “Energy and Angular Distribution of Alpha-Particles in the Ar40(n,α)S37 Reaction at 14.1 MeV”, 1965.[27]
  • “Carbon-14 Dating. I”, 1965.[28]
  • “Measurement of Radiocarbon Content in Rice”, 1966.[29]
  • “Energy and Angular Distribution of Alpha Particles in the 14N(n,0)11B Reaction at 14.1 MeV”, 1968.[30]
  • “Wilson Cloud Chamber for the Study of the (n, α) Reaction”, 1968.[31]
  • “12C(n,α)9Be Reaction at 14.1 MeV”, 1969.[32]
  • “20Ne(n, α)17O Reaction Induced by 14.1 MeV Neutrons”, 1972.[33]
  • “40Ca(n, α)37Ar Reaction at 14.1 MeV”, 1973.[34]
  • “DWBA Analysis of the 12C(n, α0)9Be Reaction at 14.1 MeV”, 1974.[35]
  • “Counter Telescope for Studying 14 MeV Neutron-Induced Reactions”, 1975.[36]
  • “Surface Treatment of the Al Cold Cathode for He-Ne Laser”, 1975.[37]
  • “Investigation of the 32S(n, α)29Si Reaction at 14.1 MeV”, 1976.[38]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Now Waipu District, Taichung.
  2. ↑ For details of this event, see Bunsaku Arakatsu.

References

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  1. ↑ James M. Nester (February 2015). "Introduction to the 2014 Special Contribution Award Recipient of the Physical Society" (PDF). Physics Bimonthly (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 37 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 136–137. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Digital Archive Project for the History of Physics in Taiwan" (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Science Council of the Executive Yuan. 29 March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zhou Hua (13 February 2014). "Dialogue Spring Travel: The 92-Year-Old Taiwanese Physicist Hsu Yuin-Chi — Green Hills Remain, While Several Sunsets Pass" (in Chinese (China)). China Aviation Tourism Network. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 Zheng Bokun (February 1999). "The Early NTU Nuclear Physics Laboratory Revisited". Physics Bimonthly (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 29 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 23–35. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Hsu Yun-chi — National Cultural Memory Bank". National Museum of Taiwan History. Retrieved 8 December 2025.; Li Kaiyang. "Hsu Yun-chi". Ministry of Culture, Republic of China. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Zhang Xingzhen (31 July 2003). The Transformation of Knowledge Communities in Taiwan: From the Physics Chairs of Taihoku Imperial University to the Department of Physics of National Taiwan University (Thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. 20. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Lin Xiayu (1 May 2006). "Carbon-14 Isotope Dating". NTU Alumni Bimonthly (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (45). National Taiwan University. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.; "NTU Alumni Bimonthly". NTU Alumni Association. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zhang Xingzhen (July 2005). "Days Walking with the Atomic Grandfathers: Notes on Filming the Restoration Documentary of the NTU Nuclear Laboratory" (PDF). New Living Water Bimonthly (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (1). General Association of Chinese Culture: 98–101. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  9. 1 2 "Past Chairs of the NTU Department of Physics" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Department of Physics, National Taiwan University. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "NTU Museum of Physics: Nuclear Physics — People and History" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). NTU Museum of Physics. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "Nuclear Physics Laboratory" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). NTU Museum of Physics. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Liu Ziming; Yang Songhan; Cai Mingda; Liu Jianfu (April 2010). Hi! NTU: Decoding 82 Keys to National Taiwan University (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: National Taiwan University Press. ISBN 978-986-02-2869-4. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  13. ↑ "Photograph of NTU Physics Professor Hsu Yun-chi During His High School Studies — National Cultural Memory Bank". National Museum of Taiwan History. Retrieved 8 December 2025.; Li Kaiyang. "Photograph of NTU Physics Professor Hsu Yun-chi During His High School Studies". Ministry of Culture, Republic of China. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Xu Zhongping (December 1993). "Hsu Yun-chi and Taiwan's First Nuclear Disintegration Experiment". Science Monthly (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 24 (12). Science Monthly Magazine: 913–917."1993 Vol. 24 No. 12, Issue 288 — Science Monthly Fifty-Year Collection". NTU Science Education Center. Archived from the original on 8 September 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
  15. 1 2 Liu Guangding (2010). "The First Nuclear Reaction Completed in China". Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology (in Chinese (China)). 31 (2). Beijing: China Association for Science and Technology: 153–164. ISSN 1673-1441. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Liu Guangding (March 2009). "Historical Facts Revisited: The First Nuclear Fission Experiment Completed by National Taiwan University Sixty Years Ago" (PDF). Newsletter for the History of Science (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Liu Guangding (December 2006). "A Preliminary Study of Nuclear Science in China, 1945–1948". Journal of the Chinese Society for the History of Science and Technology (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (10): 7–10. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.; Liu Guangding (December 2006). "A Preliminary Study of Nuclear Science in China, 1945–1948" (pdf). Journal of the Chinese Society for the History of Science and Technology (in Chinese) (10). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2024.: 6–17 ; Liu Guangding (December 2006). "A Preliminary Study on the Nuclear Science in China, 1945–48". Airiti Library. Retrieved 6 December 2025.: 6–14 
  18. 1 2 "Overview of Research and Development in the NTU Department of Physics" (PDF). Spacetime (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (5). NTU Department of Physics Student Association: 1–6. 1967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  19. ↑ Chen Zhenghong; Liu Zhenchen (September 1991). "A Brief History of Research and Development in the NTU Department of Physics". Spacetime (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (26). NTU Department of Physics Student Association: 6–13. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  20. ↑ "Chronicle of National Taiwan University History" (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). NTU History Gallery. 13 November 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  21. ↑ Hsu Yun-chi (1948). A Study of the Ionosphere (Thesis). Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  22. ↑ Hsu Yun-chi; Huang Jiayu; Zheng Bokun; Dai Yungui (1 April 1963). "Neutron Total Cross Section of Arsenic at 14 Mev". Chinese Journal of Physics. 1 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 1–5. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  23. ↑ Huang Jiayu; Huang Zhenlin; Hsu Yun-chi; Dai Yungui (1 October 1963). "Counting Efficiency of Nuclear Multiplate Camera". Chinese Journal of Physics. 1 (2). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 33–38. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  24. ↑ Hsu Yun-chi; Huang Jiayu; Dai Yungui (1 October 1963). "Neutron Total Cross Section of Praseodymium at 14 Mev". Chinese Journal of Physics. 1 (2). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 39–41. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  25. ↑ Lu Shizong; Dai Yungui; Hsu Yun-chi (1 April 1964). "Radiocarbon Concentration in Taiwan Wood". Chinese Journal of Physics. 2 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 1–5. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  26. ↑ Hsu Yun-chi; Huang Jiayu; Lin Songyun; Xu Yuchuan; Zhou Muchun; Lu Shizong; Dai Yungui (1 April 1965). "Low Background Counter for Carbon-14 Dating". Chinese Journal of Physics. 3 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 1–9. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  27. ↑ Hsu Yun-chi; Huang Jiayu; Huang Chaoyang; Lin Songyun (1 October 1965). "Energy and Angular Distribution of Alpha-Particles in the Ar40(n,α)S37 Reaction at 14.1 Mev". Chinese Journal of Physics. 3 (2). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 90–97. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  28. ↑ Hsu Yun-chi; Huang Jiayu; Xu Yuchuan (1 October 1965). "Carbon-14 Dating. I". Chinese Journal of Physics. 3 (2). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 120–122. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  29. ↑ Hsu Yun-chi; Lu Shizong; Dai Yungui (1 April 1966). "Measurement of Radiocarbon Content in Rice". Chinese Journal of Physics. 4 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 35–37. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  30. ↑ Hsu Yun-chi; Huang Jiayu; Zhang Jingqing (1 April 1968). "Energy and Angular Distribution of Alpha Particles in the 14N(n, 0)11B Reaction at 14.1 MeV". Chinese Journal of Physics. 6 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 1–6. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  31. ↑ Hsu Yun-chi; Huang Jiayu; Lin Songyun; Zhou Muchun; Xu Yuchuan (1 October 1968). "Wilson Cloud Chamber for the Study of the (n, α) Reaction". Chinese Journal of Physics. 6 (2). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 119–122. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  32. ↑ Hsu Yun-chi; Huang Jiayu; Lin Songyun; Xu Yuchuan; Zhou Muchun (1 April 1969). "12C(n,α)^9Be Reaction at 14.1 MeV". Chinese Journal of Physics. 7 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 1–6. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  33. ↑ Lin Songyun; Xu Yuchuan; Zhou Muchun; Huang Jiayu; Huang Zhenlin; Hsu Yun-chi (1 October 1972). "20Ne(n, α)17O Reaction Induced by 14.1 MeV Neutrons". Chinese Journal of Physics. 10 (2). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 69–75. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  34. ↑ Peng Zhongchao; Lin Songyun; Zhou Muchun; Xu Yuchuan; Huang Zhenlin; Hsu Yun-chi (1 October 1973). "40Ca(n, α)37Ar Reaction at 14.1 MeV". Chinese Journal of Physics. 11 (2). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 119–129. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  35. ↑ Peng Zhongchao; Huang Zhenlin; Hsu Yun-chi (1 April 1974). "DWBA Analysis of the 12C (n, α0)^9 Be Reaction at 14.1 MeV". Chinese Journal of Physics. 12 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 52. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  36. ↑ Peng Zhongchao; Lin Songyun; Xu Yuchuan; Hsu Yun-chi (1 April 1975). "Counter Telescope for Studying 14 MeV Neutron-induced Reactions". Chinese Journal of Physics. 13 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 26–33. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  37. ↑ Peng Zhongchao; Xu Yuchuan; Lin Songyun; Zhou Muchun; Cui Boquan; Hsu Yun-chi (1 April 1975). "Surface Treatment of the Al Cold Cathode for He-Ne Laser". Chinese Journal of Physics. 13 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 127–129. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  38. ↑ Peng Zhongchao; Lin Songyun; Zhou Muchun; Xu Yuchuan; Huang Zhenlin; Hsu Yun-chi (1 April 1976). "Investigation of the 32S(n, α)29Si Reaction at 14.1 MeV". Chinese Journal of Physics. 14 (1). Physical Society of the Republic of China: 62–66. doi:10.6122/CJP. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
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