Wikipedia

Guided democracy

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Guided democracy, also called directed democracy[1] and managed democracy,[2][3] is a term used historically for some hybrid regimes that were or are formally democratic governments that function as de facto authoritarian governments.[4] Guided democracies are legitimized by elections, but these elections do not change the state's policies, motives, and goals.[5] In a guided democracy, the government controls elections so that citizens appear to exercise democratic rights without truly changing public policy. The state's continuous use of propaganda techniques prevents the electorate from having a significant impact on policy.[5]

The term "guided democracy" was used by Pakistani president Ayub Khan in the 1960s,[1] by historians to refer to the Sanacja regime of Poland from 1926 to 1939,[6][7] and was an official name for Indonesian democracy under the Sukarno presidency in the early 1960s.[8]

Examples

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Poland under Sanacja

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The Sanacja regime that governed interwar Poland from 1926 to 1939[9] is considered an example of guided democracy, during both its first phase from 1926 to 1930,[6] as well as the final 1930–1939 phase.[7] The regime retained much of the structures and institutions of Polish parliamentary democracy, even though Józef Piłsudski exercised such large influence on the government that he "assumed some of the postures of a dictator".[9][6] The 1935 April Constitution of Poland implemented by Sanacja centralized most state power in the hands of President, but the Polish guided democracy nevertheless stayed pluralistic, even if authoritarian.[7] The opposition sat in the parliament and local governments, and political parties were allowed to function legally.[9]

Polish historian Andrzej Chojnowski [pl] notes that elections under Piłsudski's regime were still organised along the principles of parliamentary democracy,[9] and the Sanacja regime was genuinely popular as the opposition parties were blamed for failing to prevent the Great Depression.[10] Writing about late Sanacja, Antony Polonsky stated that even after 1930, "parties survived, the press was fairly free, criticism was allowed", thus maintaining the system of guided democracy.[11] While the actions of the opposition were hampered, repressions were rare and only two parties were banned: Camp of Great Poland and National Radical Camp.[9][12]

Indonesia under Sukarno

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After World War II, the term "guided democracy" was used in Indonesia for the approach to government under the Sukarno administration from 1959 to 1966.[8]

Russia under Putin

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The term "managed democracy" has been used to describe the political system of Russia under Vladimir Putin by former Putin advisor Gleb Pavlovsky,[13] by media,[14][15] and by Russian intellectual Marat Gelman.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 Sultana, Tasneem (4 January 2012). "The Evolution of Democracy through the Ages: Focus on the European Experience" (PDF). Journal of European Studies. 28: 38. Archived from the original on 20 March 2026. [Guided democracy] is also called Directed Democracy.
  2. ↑ E. Akıllı, H. Tabak, O. Tufekci, A. Chiriatti. (2017). Eurasian Politics and Society: Issues and Challenges. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443891820, 1443891827. p. 158.
  3. ↑ Rohmann, Chris (2000). A World of Ideas: The Dictionary of Important Ideas and Thinkers. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-43706-8.
  4. ↑ Vanbergen, Graham (March 28, 2024). "Democracy: The Political Assault On Civil Society". The Economic Times. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  5. 1 2 Wolin, Sheldon S. (2008). Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-691-13566-3.
  6. 1 2 3 Plach, Eva (2006). The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural Politics in Piłsudski's Poland, 1926–1935 (PDF). pp. 13–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-12. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 di Gregorio, Angela (2021). "European and Polish constitutionalism in the aftermath of WW1". DPCE Online. 48 (3): 31. doi:10.57660/dpceonline.2021.1388. ISSN 2037-6677.
  8. 1 2 Lindsey, Tim (2021-08-20). "Soeharto: the giant of modern Indonesia who left a legacy of violence and corruption". The Conversation. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Chojnowski, Andrzej (2009). Rządy pomajowe. Muzeum Historii Polski. ISBN 978-83-11-11629-0. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl". Wiadomosci.polska.pl. Archived from the original on January 18, 2007. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
  11. ↑ Polonsky, Antony (1972). Politics in Independent Poland 1921-1939: The Crisis of Constitutional Government. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827182-6.
  12. ↑ Andrzej Friszke, Henryk Samsonowicz (2010). "Józef Piłsudski". KSAP XX LAT (PDF). pp. 349–379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-07. Retrieved 2018-10-07.
  13. ↑ Weir, Fred (October 1, 2003). "Kremlin lobs another shot at marketplace of ideas". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
  14. ↑ Sauer, Pjotr (2023-12-08). "Vladimir Putin to run for Russian president again in March 2024". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
  15. ↑ Shukla, Sebastian; Chernova, Anna; Sebastian, Clare; Picheta, Rob (2024-02-08). "Russian anti-war election candidate barred from running against Putin". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
  16. ↑ "Managed Democracy". The Moscow Times. July 8, 2005. Archived from the original on 28 May 2006.
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