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Gift of perseverance

The Gift of perseverance is a doctrine developed by Augustine of Hippo, according to which perseverance in the Christian faith is a distinct gift granted by God. Although this gift ensures final salvation for those who receive it, Augustine maintains that individuals cannot know whether they have been granted it. Consequently, even baptized and regenerated Christians may ultimately be lost if they lack this gift.

Philosophical influences and origins

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Before his conversion to Christianity in 387, Augustine of Hippo (354–430), adhered to three deterministic philosophies: Stoicism, Neoplatonism and Manichaeism.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] After his conversion, he taught traditional Christian theology against forms of theological determinism until 412.[9][3][5]

During his conflict with the Pelagians, however Augustine seemed to reintroduce certain Manichean principles into his thought,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] a shift notably influenced by the controversy over infant baptism.[18] His early exposure to Stoicism, with its emphasis on meticulous divine predeterminism, also shaped his views.[19] According to Manichean doctrine, unborn and unbaptized infants were condemned to hell due to their physical bodies.[20] Augustine asserted that God predetermined parents to seek baptism for their newborns, linking water baptism to regeneration,[21] and ultimately predetermining which infants are damned and which are justified.[22]

Augustine had to explain why some baptized individuals continued in the faith while others fell away and lived immoral lives. He formulates the problem by linking perseverance to predestination:

"Therefore, of two infants, equally bound by original sin, why the one is taken and the other left; and of two wicked men of already mature years, why this one should be so called as to follow Him that calleth, while that one is either not called at all, or is not called in such a manner – the judgments of God are unsearchable. But of two pious men, why to the one should be given perseverance unto the end, and to the other it should not be given, God’s judgments are even more unsearchable. Yet to believers it ought to be a most certain fact that the former is of the predestinated, the latter is not."[23]

Theological formulation

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Augustine taught that among those regenerated through baptism, some receive an additional gift of perseverance (donum perseverantiae) enabling them to maintain their faith and preventing them from falling away.[24][25][26] Augustine developed this doctrine of perseverance in De correptione et gratia (c. 426–427).[27] There, he wrote:

"To the saints predestinated to the kingdom of God by God’s grace, the aid of perseverance that is given is not such as the former, but such that to them perseverance itself is bestowed; not only so that without that gift they cannot persevere, but, moreover, so that by means of this gift they cannot help persevering. For not only did He say, “Without me ye can do nothing,” but He also said, “Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you, and ordained you that ye should go and bring forth fruit, and that your fruit should remain.” By which words He showed that He had given them not only righteousness, but perseverance therein."[28]

Without this second gift, a baptized Christian with the Holy Spirit would not persevere and ultimately would not be saved.[29][30] While this doctrine theoretically gives security to the elect who receive the gift of perseverance, individuals cannot ascertain whether they have received it.[31][32][4][33] Moreover, Augustine believed that this gift can be sought and received through prayer.[30]

Historical reception and influences

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Augustine himself believed that Cyprian held a similar view of perseverance being a work of God, thereby foreshadowing the Augustinian view.[34] Hilary of Galeata (476–558) expressed concern that many Christians resisted Augustine's radical view of perseverance. Hilary complained, "[T]hey do not want this perseverance to be preached if it means that it can neither be merited by prayer nor lost by rebellion".[35][36]

The Augustinian view also influenced the development of the Calvinist doctrine of perseverance of the saints.[37] In response to later developments toward an “eternal security” interpretation within Calvinist theology, the Council of Trent (1545–1563) explicitly condemned the idea that anyone could claim to have received the “gift of perseverance”.[38][39]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ↑ McCann 2009, pp. 274–277.
  2. ↑ Oort 2006, pp. 709–723.
  3. 1 2 O'Donnell 2005, pp. 45, 48.
  4. 1 2 Christie-Murray 1989, p. 89.
  5. 1 2 Chadwick 1986, p. 14.
  6. ↑ Adam 1968, pp. 1–25.
  7. ↑ Latourette 1945, p. 332. "The young Augustine for a time had fellowship with it [Manichaeanism). It seems to have left a permanent impression upon him."
  8. ↑ Newman 1904, p. 361.
  9. ↑ Wilson 2018, pp. 41–94.
  10. ↑ Wilson 2018, pp. 286–293.
  11. ↑ Oort 2010, p. 520.
  12. ↑ Hanegraaf 2005, pp. 757–765, ch. Manichaeism.
  13. ↑ Bonner 1999, pp. 227–243, ch. Augustine, the Bible and the Pelagians.
  14. ↑ Schaff 1997, pp. 789, 835.
  15. ↑ Chadwick 1993, p. 232-233.
  16. ↑ Strong & McClintock 1880.
  17. ↑ Mozley 1855, p. 149. "When St. Augustine is charged by Pelagius with fatalism, he does not disown the certainty and necessity, but only the popular superstitions and impieties of that system."
  18. ↑ Haight 1974, p. 30. "Infant baptism tended to be regarded as an initiation into the kingdom of God and the effects of Original Sin as mediated by society. Only adult baptism included the remission of sin. Augustine denied this traditional view: Man's nature is fundamentally disordered because of inherited sin and this involved personal guilt so that an unbaptized infant could not be save."
  19. ↑ Chadwick 1965.
  20. ↑ Cross 2005, p. 701.
  21. ↑ Augustine 1994, pp. 184, 196, Sermons III/8, Sermon 294.
  22. ↑ Wilson 2017, p. 40.
  23. ↑ Augustine 1887, Of the Gift of Perseverance, ch. 21.
  24. ↑ Wilson 2018, pp. 150, 160–162, 185–189.
  25. ↑ Hägglund 2007, pp. 139–140.
  26. ↑ Burnell 2005, pp. 85–86.
  27. ↑ Wilson 2018, pp. 184–189, 305.
  28. ↑ Augustine 1887, On Rebuke and Grace, ch. 34.
  29. ↑ James 1998, p. 101.
  30. 1 2 Hwang 2009, p. 131.
  31. ↑ Cary 2008, p. 117.
  32. ↑ Davis 1991, p. 213.
  33. ↑ Newman 1904, p. 317.
  34. ↑ Komline 2019, p. 318.
  35. ↑ Augustine 1994, pp. 97–98, Letter 226.4.
  36. ↑ Augustine 1994, De dono perseverantiae 10.
  37. ↑ McMahon 2013, p. 8.
  38. ↑ Routledge 1851, Session 6, ch. 16., Cannon 16. "If any one shall say, that he will for certain, of an absolute and infallible certainty, have that great gift of perseverance unto the end, unless that he have learnt this by a special revelation; let him be anathema."
  39. ↑ Davis 1991, pp. 218–219.

Sources

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  • Adam, Alfred (1968). Das Fortwirken des Manichäismus bei Augustin (in German). Gütersloh: Mohn.
  • Augustine (1887). Schaff, Philip (ed.). Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers - First Series. Vol. 5. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
  • Augustine (1994). The Works of Saint Augustine: A New Translation for the 21st Century. Translated by Hill, Edmund. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press.
  • Bonner, Gerald (1999). Bright, Pamela (ed.). Augustine and the Bible. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
  • Burnell, Peter (2005). The Augustinian Person. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Cary, Phillip (2008). Inner Grace: Augustine in the Traditions of Plato and Paul. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533648-1.
  • Chadwick, Henry (1965). "Justin Martyr's Defence of Christianity". Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. 47 (2): 275–297. doi:10.7227/BJRL.47.2.3.
  • Chadwick, Henry (1986). Augustine: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Chadwick, Henry (1993). The Early Church. London: Penguin books.
  • Christie-Murray, David (1989). A history of heresy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cross, F. L. (2005). The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Davis, John Jefferson (1991). "The Perseverance of the Saints: A History of the Doctrine" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 34 (2).
  • Hägglund, Bengt (2007) [1968]. Teologins historia [History of Theology] (4 ed.). St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. ISBN 978-0758613486.
  • Haight, Roger D. (1974). "Notes on the Pelagian Controversy". Philippine Studies. 22 (1): 26–48. doi:10.13185/2244-1638.1913. JSTOR 426345413.
  • Hanegraaf, Wouter J., ed. (2005). Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill.
  • Hwang, Alexander Y. (2009). Intrepid Lover of Perfect Grace: The Life and Thought of Prosper of Aquitaine. Washington, D.C.: CUA Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1670-6.
  • James, Frank A. III (1998). Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer. Oxford: Clarendon.
  • Komline, Han-luen Kantzer (2019). Augustine on the Will: A Theological Account. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-094882-5.
  • Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1945). A History of the Expansion of Christianity. New York: Harper & Bros. OCLC 277266105.
  • McCann, Christine (2009). "The Influence of Manichaeism on Augustine of Hippo as a Spiritual Mentor". Cistercian Studies Quarterly. 44 (3): 255–277.
  • McMahon, C. Matthew (2013). Augustine's Calvinism: The Doctrines of Grace in Augustine's Writings. Coconut Creek, FL: Puritan Publications. ISBN 978-1-937466-83-1.
  • Mozley, James Bowling (1855). A Treatise on the Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination. London: J. Murray.
  • Newman, Albert Henry (1904). Manual of Church History. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society.
  • O'Donnell, James (2005). Augustine: A New Biography. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
  • Oort, Johannes van (2006). "Augustine and Manichaeism: New Discoveries, New Perspectives". Verbum et Ecclesia. 27 (2): 710–728. doi:10.4102/VE.V27I2.172. hdl:2263/2551. S2CID 170573550.
  • Oort, Johannes (2010). "Manichaean Christians in Augustine's Life and Work". History and Religious Culture. 90.
  • Routledge, George, ed. (1851). Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent. Translated by Buckley, Theodore Alois. London: George Routledge And Co.
  • Schaff, Philip (1997). History of the Christian Church. Vol. 3. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems.
  • Strong, James; McClintock, John (1880). "Augustine". The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. New York: Haper and Brothers.
  • Wilson, Kenneth (2017). "A theological and Historical Investigation". In Chay, Fred (ed.). A Defense of Free Grace Theology: With Respect to Saving Faith, Perseverance, and Assurance. The Woodlands, TX: Grace Theology Press. ISBN 978-0-9981385-4-1.
  • Wilson, Kenneth (2018). Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will: A Comprehensive Methodology". Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
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