Gauteng (National Assembly of South Africa constituency)

Gauteng (Zulu: eGoli; Xhosa: iRhawuti) is one of the nine multi-member constituencies of the National Assembly of South Africa, the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa, the national legislature of South Africa. The constituency was established as Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging in 1994 when the National Assembly was established by the Interim Constitution following the end of Apartheid. It was renamed Gauteng in 1999. It is conterminous with the province of Gauteng. The constituency currently elects 48 of the 400 members of the National Assembly using the closed party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 general election it had 6,381,220 registered electors.

Gauteng
eGoli
iRhawuti
Constituency
for the National Assembly of South Africa
Outline map
Location of Gauteng within South Africa
ProvinceGauteng
Population15,488,137 (2020)[1]
Electorate6,381,220 (2019)
Current constituency
Created1994
Seats
List
  • 48 (2014–present)
  • 47 (2009–2014)
  • 45 (2004–2009)
  • 46 (–2004)
Members of the National Assembly[2]
List

Electoral system

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Gauteng currently elects 48 of the 400 members of the National Assembly using the closed party-list proportional representation electoral system.[3][4] Constituency seats are allocated using the largest remainder method with a Droop quota.[5][6]

Election results

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Summary

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ElectionPan Africanist
Congress

PAC
United Democratic
Movement

UDM
African National
Congress

ANC
Democratic Alliance
DA/DP
New National Party
NNP/NP
African Christian
Democratic Party

ACDP
Inkatha Freedom
Party

IFP
Economic Freedom
Fighters

EFF
Freedom Front
Plus

VF+/VFFF/VV-FF
Votes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%Seats
202413,0130.33%07,8310.20%01,359,38234.55%171,071,87927.24%1329,4090.75%036,1420.92%1508,48412.92%697,2932.47%1
201910,8420.24%013,1600.29%02,413,97953.20%261,112,99024.53%1236,2490.80%045,8401.01%1613,70413.53%7175,1523.86%2
201411,0770.24%025,5410.56%02,522,01254.92%271,309,86228.52%1430,7610.67%037,7850.82%1471,07410.26%558,1221.27%1
200912,6710.29%017,3350.40%02,814,27764.76%31924,21121.27%1038,7380.89%064,1661.48%159,8031.38%1
200428,5240.81%035,4991.01%02,408,82168.74%32712,39520.33%925,8420.74%056,5201.61%192,5562.64%142,0001.20%1
199925,3950.69%079,5652.15%12,524,05068.14%32655,87917.71%8142,7383.85%243,3211.17%1131,2003.54%240,7811.10%0
199452,5571.25%2,486,93859.10%126,3683.00%1,160,59327.58%20,3290.48%173,9034.13%154,8783.68%

Detailed

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2024

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Results of the regional ballot for Gauteng in the 2024 general election held on 29 May 2024:

Party/CandidateVotes%Seats+/–
African National Congress1,359,38234.5517–9
Democratic Alliance1,071,87927.2413+1
Economic Freedom Fighters508,48412.926–1
uMkhonto weSizwe384,4839.775New
ActionSA159,6144.062New
Freedom Front Plus97,2932.471–1
Patriotic Alliance83,8042.131+1
Rise Mzansi40,3221.021New
Inkatha Freedom Party36,1420.9210
Build One South Africa34,8290.890New
African Christian Democratic Party29,4090.7500
Al Jama-ah17,0450.4300
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania13,0130.3300
African Transformation Movement11,6970.3000
#Hope4SA8,9550.230New
United Africans Transformation8,9320.230New
United Democratic Movement7,8310.2000
United Independent Movement6,2310.160New
Good5,7800.1500
Azanian People's Organisation4,6440.1200
Allied Movement for Change4,5240.110New
African Independent Congress3,8430.1000
Anele Mda (independent)3,7240.090New
Congress of the People3,6010.0900
African Heart Congress3,5940.090New
South African Rainbow Alliance2,7900.070New
African People's Convention2,5780.0700
South African Royal Kingdoms Organization2,1490.050New
Economic Liberators Forum South Africa1,8230.050New
Organic Humanity Movement1,7770.050New
Alliance of Citizens for Change1,5120.040New
National Freedom Party1,4100.0400
Africa Restoration Alliance1,3350.030New
Xiluva1,1720.030New
Conservatives in Action1,1240.030New
Louis Liebenberg (independent)1,1150.030New
Blessings Ramoba (independent)1,1080.030New
Sizwe Ummah Nation1,0720.030New
Africa Africans Reclaim1,0410.030New
All Citizens Party9610.020New
Citizans8080.020New
Able Leadership7270.020New
People's Movement for Change6020.020New
Free Democrats4890.0100
Total3,934,648100.0047–1
Valid votes3,934,64899.20
Invalid/blank votes31,8240.80
Total votes3,966,472100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,541,97860.63
Source: [7][8]

The following candidates were elected.[9][10]

NameParty
Zelna AbaderMK
Wendy AlexanderDA
Toby ChanceDA
Andrew de BlocqDA
Janho EngelbrechtDA
Makashule GanaRISE
Nonceba Gcaleka-MazibukoANC
Sixolisa GcilisheEFF
Ntokozo HlonyanaEFF
Haseenabanu IsmailDA
Liam JacobsDA
Dereleen JamesActionSA
Tebogo LetsieANC
Peace MabeANC
Thamsanqa MabhenaDA
Sello MaecoANC
Mokgaetji MafaganeMK
Thokozile MagagulaANC
Cristopher Nakampe MalematjaANC
Boyce ManeliANC
Mzwanele ManyiEFF
Sydwell MasilelaMK
Mzwandile MasinaANC
Oscar MathafaANC
Inathi MbiyoANC
Teliswa MgwebaANC
Moleboheng ModiseANC
Thapelo MogaleEFF
Stephen MooreDA
Angie MotshekgaANC
Luyolo MphithiDA
Mariam MuhammadMK
Tshilidzi MunyaiANC
Judith Nemadzinga-TshabalalaANC
Lerato NgobeniActionSA
Carl NiehausEFF
Wildri PeachDA
Jasmine PetersenPA
Leah PotgieterDA
Anthea RamolobengANC
Tumelo RamongaloDA
Crossby ShongweMK
Petros SitholeIFP
Sophie ThembekwayoEFF
Philip van StadenVF+
Kingsley WakelinDA
Pretty Xaba-NtshabaANC

2019

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Results of the national ballot for Gauteng in the 2019 general election held on 8 May 2019:

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
African National Congress2,413,97953.2026–1
Democratic Alliance1,112,99024.5312–2
Economic Freedom Fighters613,70413.537+2
Freedom Front Plus175,1523.862+1
Inkatha Freedom Party45,8401.0110
African Christian Democratic Party36,2490.8000
United Democratic Movement13,1600.2900
Congress of the People12,3580.2700
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania10,8420.2400
Good9,9830.220New
African Transformation Movement9,9480.220New
African Independent Congress9,7150.2100
Capitalist Party of South Africa7,5150.170New
Al Jama-ah7,0640.1600
Black First Land First7,0090.150New
Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party5,9030.130New
African Security Congress4,2250.090New
Azanian People's Organisation3,8420.0800
National Freedom Party3,5680.0800
African People's Convention3,1360.0700
African Covenant2,7820.060New
Front National2,7370.0600
Agang South Africa2,5790.0600
Afrikan Alliance of Social Democrats2,4860.050New
Women Forward2,2470.0500
Economic Emancipation Forum1,3980.030New
Alliance for Transformation for All1,3450.030New
Christian Political Movement1,2480.030New
Patriotic Alliance1,2060.0300
Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa1,1910.0300
African Content Movement1,1740.030New
Minority Front1,1540.0300
National People's Front1,0910.020New
African Democratic Change9920.020New
African Congress of Democrats9180.020New
African Renaissance Unity Party9000.020New
Democratic Liberal Congress8540.020New
Free Democrats7810.020New
Forum for Service Delivery7290.020New
International Revelation Congress6840.020New
Better Residents Association5650.0100
Land Party4520.010New
Power of Africans Unity4290.010New
South African National Congress of Traditional Authorities4190.010New
Compatriots of South Africa3610.010New
National People's Ambassadors1970.000New
People's Revolutionary Movement1630.000New
South African Maintenance and Estate Beneficiaries Association1380.000New
Total4,537,402100.0048
Valid votes4,537,40299.06
Invalid/blank votes42,8830.94
Total votes4,580,285100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,381,22071.78
Source: [11][12]

The following candidates were elected:[13] Heinrich April (ANC), Darren Bergman (DA), Ghaleb Cachalia (DA), Michéle Clarke (DA), Mathew Cuthbert (DA), Evert du Plessis (DA), Annah Gela (ANC), Melina Gomba (ANC), Madeleine Hicklin (DA), Gerhard Koornhof (ANC), Tebogo Letsie (ANC), James Lorimer (DA), Peace Mabe (ANC), Dorothy Mabiletsa (ANC), Cameron Mackenzie (DA), Thlologelo Malatji (ANC), Boyce Maneli (ANC), Lisa Mangcu (ANC), Bridget Masango (DA), Nomathemba Maseko-Jele (ANC), Robert Mashego (ANC), Oscar Mathafa (ANC), Simphiwe Mbatha (ANC), Teliswa Mgweba (ANC), Jacqueline Mofokeng (ANC), Stevens Mokgalapa (DA), Anastasia Motaung (ANC), Pebane Moteka (EFF), Jaco Mulder (VF+), Tshilidzi Munyai (ANC), Duma Nkosi (ANC), Nontando Nolutshungu (EFF), Hope Papo (ANC), Chana Pilane-Majake (ANC), Nazley Sharif (DA), Patrick Sindane (EFF), Petros Sithole (IFP), Primrose Sonti (EFF), Bernice Swarts (ANC), Sophie Thembekwayo (EFF), Maggie Tlou (ANC), Alfred Tseki (ANC), Judith Tshabalala (ANC), Mgcini Tshwaku (EFF), Belinda van Onselen (DA), Philip van Staden (VF+), Bafuze Yabo (ANC) and Yoliswa Yako (EFF).

2014

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Results of the 2014 general election held on 7 May 2014:[14][15][16]

PartyVotes%Seats
African National CongressANC2,522,01254.92%27
Democratic AllianceDA1,309,86228.52%14
Economic Freedom FightersEFF471,07410.26%5
Freedom Front PlusVF+58,1221.27%1
Inkatha Freedom PartyIFP37,7850.82%1
African Christian Democratic PartyACDP30,7610.67%0
United Democratic MovementUDM25,5410.56%0
Congress of the PeopleCOPE23,2030.51%0
Agang South AfricaAGANG SA22,4040.49%0
National Freedom PartyNFP22,4030.49%0
African Independent CongressAIC19,9430.43%0
Pan Africanist Congress of AzaniaPAC11,0770.24%0
Al Jama-ah7,5090.16%0
African People's ConventionAPC5,8440.13%0
Azanian People's OrganisationAZAPO5,2770.11%0
United Christian Democratic PartyUCDP3,6230.08%0
Ubuntu PartyUBUNTU2,9230.06%0
Minority FrontMF2,1440.05%0
Workers and Socialist PartyWASP1,8250.04%0
Front NationalFN1,7280.04%0
Patriotic AlliancePA1,4820.03%0
Keep It Straight and Simple PartyKISS1,1840.03%0
Bushbuckridge Residents AssociationBRA1,0430.02%0
First Nation Liberation AllianceFINLA8080.02%0
Kingdom Governance MovementKGM6990.02%0
Pan Africanist MovementPAM6810.01%0
Independent Civic Organisation of South AfricaICOSA6690.01%0
Peoples AlliancePAL3300.01%0
United CongressUNICO2630.01%0
Valid Votes4,592,219100.00%48
Rejected Votes46,7621.01%
Total Polled4,638,98176.50%
Registered Electors6,063,739

The following candidates were elected:[17] Patrick Atkinson (DA), Khumbuza Bavu (EFF), Roger William Tobias Chance (DA), Mamonare Patricia Chueu (ANC), Manuel de Freitas (DA), Joan Fubbs (ANC), Charles Danny Kekana (ANC), Ezekiel Kekana (ANC), Maesela David Kekana (ANC), Gerhard Koornhof (ANC), Mmamoloko Kubayi (ANC), Khanyisile Litchfield-Tshabalala (EFF), Xitlhangoma Mabasa (ANC), Peace Mabe (ANC), Gordon Mackay (DA), Patrick Maesela (ANC), Gratitude Magwanishe (ANC), Mmusi Maimane (DA), Lindiwe Maseko (ANC), Paul Mashatile (ANC), Amos Masondo (ANC), Alan Ross McLoughlin (DA), Richard Mdakane (ANC), Mmeli Julius Mdluli (EFF), Tsepo Mhlongo (DA), Velhelmina Pulani Mogotsi (ANC), Angie Molebatsi (ANC), Rebecca Getrude Mmamokgolo Monchusi (EFF), Storey Morutoa (ANC), Sej Motau (DA), Kenneth Mubu (DA), Jaco Mulder (VF+), Claudia Ndaba (ANC), Chana Pilane-Majake (ANC), Strike Michael Ralegoma (ANC), Deborah Dineo Raphuti (ANC), Marius Redelinghuys (DA), Hendrick Schmidt (DA), Petros Sithole (IFP), Vincent Smith (ANC), Elizabeth Thabethe (ANC), Sello Albert Tleane (ANC), Dikeledi Tsotetsi (ANC), Diliza Lucky Twala (EFF), Belinda van Onselen (DA), Des van Rooyen (ANC), Heinrich Cyril Volmink (DA) and Mike Waters (DA).

2009

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Results of the 2009 general election held on 22 April 2009:[18][19][20]

PartyVotes%Seats
African National CongressANC2,814,27764.76%31
Democratic AllianceDA924,21121.27%10
Congress of the PeopleCOPE337,9317.78%4
Inkatha Freedom PartyIFP64,1661.48%1
Freedom Front PlusVF+59,8031.38%1
African Christian Democratic PartyACDP38,7380.89%0
Independent DemocratsID25,0230.58%0
United Democratic MovementUDM17,3350.40%0
Pan Africanist Congress of AzaniaPAC12,6710.29%0
Azanian People's OrganisationAZAPO9,0370.21%0
United Christian Democratic PartyUCDP8,3220.19%0
African People's ConventionAPC6,4610.15%0
Al Jama-ah6,3920.15%0
Movement Democratic PartyMDP5,7770.13%0
Christian Democratic AllianceCDA2,7880.06%0
Minority FrontMF2,2600.05%0
Women ForwardWF1,4480.03%0
National Democratic ConventionNADECO1,4260.03%0
Great Kongress of South AfricaGKSA1,3840.03%0
Pan Africanist MovementPAM1,3570.03%0
New Vision PartyNVP1,0760.02%0
Keep It Straight and Simple PartyKISS8820.02%0
Alliance of Free DemocratsAFD8710.02%0
United Independent FrontUIF8460.02%0
South African Democratic CongressSADECO6760.02%0
A Party4550.01%0
Valid Votes4,345,613100.00%47
Rejected Votes46,0861.05%
Total Polled4,391,69979.06%
Registered Electors5,555,159

The following candidates were elected:[21] Obed Bapela (ANC), Loretta Bastardo-Ibanez (ANC), George Boinamo (DA), Fatima Chohan (ANC), Ian Davidson (DA), Bonginkosi Dhlamini (IFP), Anchen Dreyer (DA), Manuel de Freitas (DA), Joan Fubbs (ANC), Dion George (DA), Mondli Gungubele (ANC), Bertha Gxowa (ANC), Charles Danny Kekana (ANC), Julie Kilian (COPE), Junita Kloppers-Lourens (DA), Gerhard Koornhof (ANC), James Lorimer (DA), Xitlhangoma Mabaso (ANC), Nomopo Maggie Madlala (ANC), Mavis Magazi (ANC), Gratitude Magwanishe (ANC), Holmes Peter Maluleka (ANC), Frans Ting-Ting Masango (ANC), Maggie Maunye (ANC), Richard Mdakane (ANC), Natasha Michael (DA), Emmanuel Musawenkosi Mlambo (ANC), Andrew Mlangeni (ANC), Poppy Audrey Mocumi (ANC), Stevens Mokgalapa (DA), Oupa Monareng (ANC), Emmah More (DA), Storey Morutoa (ANC), Sej Motau (DA), Kenneth Mubu (DA), Winnie Ngwenya (ANC), Phumelele Ntshiqela (COPE), Doreen Nxumalo (ANC), Eric Nyekemba (ANC), Ian Ollis (DA), Hendrick Schmidt (DA), Greg Schneemann (ANC), Elliot Mshiyeni Sogoni (ANC), Willie Durand Spies (VF+), Butch Steyn (DA), Elizabeth Thabethe (ANC), Siphiwe Isaac Thusi (COPE), Dikeledi Tsotetsi (ANC), Ismail Vadi (ANC), Niekie van den Berg (DA), Manie van Dyk (DA), Ayanda Vanqa (ANC), Nolitha Yvonne Vukuza-Linda (COPE), Phindisile Pretty Xaba (ANC), Mike Waters (DA) and Marta Wenger (DA).

2004

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Results of the 2004 general election held on 14 April 2004:[22][23][24]

PartyVotes%Seats
African National CongressANC2,408,82168.74%32
Democratic AllianceDA712,39520.33%9
Inkatha Freedom PartyIFP92,5562.64%1
Independent DemocratsID60,5011.73%1
African Christian Democratic PartyACDP56,5201.61%1
Freedom Front PlusVF+42,0001.20%1
United Democratic MovementUDM35,4991.01%0
Pan Africanist Congress of AzaniaPAC28,5240.81%0
New National PartyNNP25,8420.74%0
United Christian Democratic PartyUCDP8,9640.26%0
Azanian People's OrganisationAZAPO7,9300.23%0
Christian Democratic PartyCDP5,6330.16%0
National ActionNA4,1530.12%0
United FrontUF3,8550.11%0
Peace and Justice CongressPJC3,1000.09%0
Socialist Party of AzaniaSOPA2,5340.07%0
Minority FrontMF1,6920.05%0
The Organisation PartyTOP1,1860.03%0
Keep It Straight and Simple PartyKISS1,1540.03%0
Employment Movement for South AfricaEMSA1,0290.03%0
New Labour Party4750.01%0
Valid Votes3,504,363100.00%45
Rejected Votes48,7351.37%
Total Polled3,553,09876.40%
Registered Electors4,650,594

The following candidates were elected:[25] Obed Bapela (ANC), Loretta Bastardo-Ibanez (ANC), Hendrietta Bogopane-Zulu (ANC), Ismail Mahomed Cachalia (ANC), Ian Davidson (DA), Bonginkosi Dhlamini (IFP), Joan Fubbs (ANC), Douglas Gibson (DA), Bertha Gxowa (ANC), Fatima Hajaig (ANC), Barbara Hogan (ANC), Dorothy Hounkpatin (ANC), Charles Danny Kekana (ANC), Joyce Kgoali (ANC), Leslie Bernardus Labuschagne (DA), Kgaogelo Lekgoro (ANC), Tony Leon (DA), Mavis Magazi (ANC), Dan Maluleke (DA), Holmes Peter Maluleka (ANC), Maggie Maunye (ANC), Lefokane Lydia Meshoe (ACDP), Andrew Mlangeni (ANC), Aubrey Mokoena (ANC), Jabu Moleketi (ANC), Oupa Monareng (ANC), Storey Morutoa (ANC), Jaco Mulder (VF+), Andries Nel (ANC), Doris Ngcengwane (ANC), Sisa James Njikelana (ANC), Richard Ntuli (DA), Doreen Nxumalo (ANC), Dorothy Mapula Ramodibe (ANC), Greg Schneemann (ANC), Janet Semple (DA), Dumisani Sithole (ANC), Vincent Smith (ANC), Themba Joseph Sono (ID), Raenette Taljaard (DA), Elizabeth Thabethe (ANC), Ismail Vadi (ANC), Manie van Dyk (DA), Lulama Xingwana (ANC) and Langa Zita (ANC).

1999

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Results of the 1999 general election held on 2 June 1999:[26][27]

PartyVotes%Seats
African National CongressANC2,524,05068.14%32
Democratic PartyDP655,87917.71%8
New National PartyNNP142,7383.85%2
Inkatha Freedom PartyIFP131,2003.54%2
United Democratic MovementUDM79,5652.15%1
African Christian Democratic PartyACDP43,3211.17%1
Freedom FrontVFFF40,7811.10%0
Federal AllianceFA31,3850.85%0
Pan Africanist Congress of AzaniaPAC25,3950.69%0
Afrikaner EenheidsbewegingAEB10,9180.29%0
United Christian Democratic PartyUCDP7,6180.21%0
Azanian People's OrganisationAZAPO5,2900.14%0
Government by the People Green PartyGPGP2,1790.06%0
Socialist Party of AzaniaSOPA1,7150.05%0
Minority FrontMF1,2710.03%0
Abolition of Income Tax and Usury PartyAITUP1,1440.03%0
Valid Votes3,704,449100.00%46
Rejected Votes40,5091.08%
Total Polled3,744,95890.15%
Registered Electors4,154,087

1994

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Results of the national ballot for Gauteng in the 1994 general election held between 26 and 29 April 1994:

PartyVotes%Seats
African National Congress2,486,93859.1026
National Party1,160,59327.5812
Inkatha Freedom Party173,9034.132
Freedom Front154,8783.682
Democratic Party126,3683.001
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania52,5571.250
African Christian Democratic Party20,3290.480
Africa Muslim Party7,4130.180
Federal Party6,8440.160
African Moderates Congress Party5,6350.130
Sport Organisation for Collective Contributions and Equal Rights2,9530.070
Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa2,4240.060
Women's Rights Peace Party1,8500.040
Minority Front1,5750.040
Keep It Straight and Simple Party1,1070.030
African Democratic Movement1,0620.030
Ximoko Progressive Party8280.020
Workers' List Party5540.010
Luso-South African Party4900.010
Total4,208,301100.0043
Valid votes4,208,30199.30
Invalid/blank votes29,6320.70
Total votes4,237,933100.00
Source: [28][29]

References

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  1. Statistical Release P0302 - Mid-year population estimates, 2020 (PDF). Pretoria, South Africa: Statistics South Africa. July 2020. p. 23. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  2. "Our People: Members of Parliament - All Members". Cape Town, South Africa: Parliament of South Africa. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
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  13. "General Notices: Electoral Commission – Notice 267 of 2019 - Electoral Act, 1998 (Act 73 of 1998) - Publication of Lists of Representatives in the National Assembly and Provincial Legislatures in Terms of Item 16 (4) of Schedule 1A of the Electoral Act, 1998, in Respect of the Elections Held on 08 May 2019" (PDF). Government Gazette of South Africa. Vol. 647, no. 42460. Pretoria, South Africa: Government of South Africa. 15 May 2019. pp. 5–15. ISSN 1682-5845. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
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  17. "General Notice: Notice 358 of 2014 - Electoral Commission – Electoral Act, 1998 (Act 73 of 1998) - Publication of Lists of Representatives in the National Assembly and Provincial Legislatures in Terms of Item 16 (4) of Schedule 1A of the Electoral Act, 1998, in Respect of the Elections Held on 07 May 2014" (PDF). Government Gazette of South Africa. Vol. 587, no. 37641. Pretoria, South Africa: Government of South Africa. 14 May 2014. pp. 4–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
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  19. "22 Apr 2009 National Election: Detailed Results - All Provinces" (PDF). Centurion, South Africa: Electoral Commission of South Africa. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  20. "22 Apr 2009 National Election: Seat Calculation - Seats Reports" (PDF). Centurion, South Africa: Electoral Commission of South Africa. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  21. "General Notice: Notice 408 of 2009 - Electoral Commission – List of Names of Representatives in the National Assembly and the Nine Provincial Legislatures in Respect of the Elections Held on 22 April 2009" (PDF). Government Gazette of South Africa. Vol. 526, no. 32184. Pretoria, South Africa: Government of South Africa. 28 April 2009. pp. 4–50. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  22. "Results Dashboard: Eastern Cape - National Assembly - 2004". Centurion, South Africa: Electoral Commission of South Africa. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
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