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LungVax is an experimental preventive cancer vaccine being developed to reduce the risk of lung cancer in people at high risk of the disease. It has been described by its developers as the first vaccine specifically designed to prevent lung cancer by training the immune system to recognise and eliminate abnormal lung cells before they become malignant. The programme is being led by researchers at the University of Oxford and University College London (UCL), with involvement from the Francis Crick Institute.[1][2]
In November 2025, Cancer Research UK announced funding of up to £2.06 million, supported by the CRIS Cancer Foundation, for a four-year phase I clinical trial of LungVax. The trial was reported to be expected to begin in summer 2026, subject to regulatory approval.[1][2]
Background
editLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United Kingdom and is often diagnosed at a late stage, contributing to poor long-term survival. According to the project’s public announcements, LungVax was conceived as a preventive approach for individuals considered to be at elevated risk of developing lung cancer, including people with a history of smoking and some individuals previously treated for early-stage disease.[3]
The scientific rationale for LungVax arose in part from findings from the TRACERx lung cancer research programme, which studied how lung tumours evolve over time and identified early genomic changes associated with disease development.[4][5] Researchers involved in LungVax used these insights to select antigens that might allow the immune system to detect abnormal cells before invasive cancer emerges.[2]
Mechanism
editLungVax uses vaccine technology reported to be similar to that used in the Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine platform. According to research announcements, the vaccine delivers genetic instructions that enable the immune system to identify neoantigens and related tumour-associated antigens present on abnormal lung cells. These antigens arise from cancer-associated mutations and may appear on cells during the earliest stages of carcinogenesis.[1] [2]
The intended goal of the vaccine is not to treat established advanced cancer (as in existing therapeutic vaccines), but rather to stimulate an immune response capable of destroying abnormal or pre-cancerous lung cells before they progress to clinically detectable cancer. This distinguishes LungVax from therapeutic cancer vaccines designed for use after diagnosis. [3]
Development
editLungVax has been developed by scientists from the University of Oxford, UCL, and the Francis Crick Institute. Before entry into clinical testing, the developers reported that laboratory studies showed the vaccine could trigger an immune response against relevant antigens. Earlier funding was used to support preclinical development and initial manufacturing work, including production at the Oxford Clinical BioManufacturing Facility.[2]
Clinical trial
editThe first-in-human study of LungVax is a phase I trial designed to evaluate dosing and safety in people at high risk of lung cancer. According to UCL and Cancer Research UK, the trial is expected initially to enrol a small group of participants, including people who have had early-stage lung cancer successfully treated but remain at risk of recurrence, as well as some individuals participating in NHS England targeted lung cancer screening or lung health check programmes.[1][2]
Researchers have stated that, if phase I results are favourable, LungVax could later be evaluated in larger studies involving broader populations at heightened risk of lung cancer. Public descriptions of the programme have suggested that such groups could include adults aged 55–74 who are current or former smokers and are eligible for targeted screening in parts of the United Kingdom.[2]
As of June 2026, LungVax remains an experimental vaccine candidate, and its safety and effectiveness have not yet been established in late-stage clinical trials. [1][2]
Patent
editA patent application titled “Treatment and prevention of lung cancer” was published as WO2025149656A1 on 17 July 2025.[6] The application describes an immunogenic composition comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding multiple antigens associated with mutations in at least two genes selected from TP53, KRAS, and EGFR. Public patent records list Kevin Litchfield (UCL), Benjamin Simpson (UCL), Charles Swanton (Francis Crick Institute), Mariam Jamal-Hanjani (UCL), Timothy Elliott (University of Oxford), and Sarah Blagden (University of Oxford) as inventors, and University College London, the University of Oxford, and Cancer Research Technology Ltd as applicants or assignees. The patent filing has been cited as intellectual-property protection for aspects of the vaccine concept and related immunogenic compositions intended for the treatment or prevention of lung cancer and its relapse.[6]
Significance
editLungVax has been presented by its developers and supporting institutions as part of a broader shift toward cancer prevention through immunisation, particularly for cancers associated with known genomic alterations. Commentators have contrasted it with traditional preventive cancer vaccines such as the HPV vaccine, which works by preventing viral infection, whereas LungVax is intended to target abnormal host cells that may later form cancer.[2] [3]
Researchers involved in the project have emphasised that a preventive vaccine would not replace smoking cessation, which remains the most effective way to reduce lung cancer risk, but could potentially become an additional preventive strategy for selected high-risk groups if clinical trials are successful.[2][3]
References
edit- 1 2 3 4 5 UCL (2025-11-20). "World's first trial of lung cancer vaccine launched". UCL News. Retrieved 2026-06-17.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Iman, Amal (2025-11-17). "The world's first trial of a vaccine to prevent lung cancer". Cancer Research UK - Cancer News. Retrieved 2026-06-17.
- 1 2 3 4 "World's first trial of lung cancer vaccine launched". UCLH Biomedical Research Centre. 2025-11-27. Retrieved 2026-06-17.
- ↑ www.ctc.ucl.ac.uk https://www.ctc.ucl.ac.uk/TrialDetails.aspx?Trial=102. Retrieved 2026-06-17.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Al Bakir, Maise; Huebner, Ariana; Martínez-Ruiz, Carlos; Grigoriadis, Kristiana; Watkins, Thomas B. K.; Pich, Oriol; Moore, David A.; Veeriah, Selvaraju; Ward, Sophia; Laycock, Joanne; Johnson, Diana; Rowan, Andrew; Razaq, Maryam; Akther, Mita; Naceur-Lombardelli, Cristina (April 2023). "The evolution of non-small cell lung cancer metastases in TRACERx". Nature. 616 (7957): 534–542. Bibcode:2023Natur.616..534A. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05729-x. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10115651. PMID 37046095.
- 1 2 WO2025149656A1, LITCHFIELD, Kevin; SIMPSON, Benjamin & Swanton, Charles et al., "Treatment and prevention of lung cancer", issued 2025-07-17
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