Draft:Geography of New Hampshire

Geography of New Hampshire

A view of New Hampshire from outer space, as seen from International Space Station
Continent	North America
Region	Northeast United States New England
Coordinates	43.5°N 71.4°W / 43.5; -71.4
Area
• Total	9,349 sq mi (24,210 km2)
• Land	95.8%
• Water	4.2%
Borders	Quebec Maine Vermont Massachusetts
Highest point	Mount Washington, 5,343 feet (1,629 m)
Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean, sea level
Longest river	Connecticut River
Largest lake	Lake Winnipesaukee
Climate	temperate
Terrain	Mountainous regions, heavily forested areas, and coastal lowlands
Natural resources	granite, sand, gravel, lumber

The U.S. state of New Hampshire is located within the New England region of the Northeastern United States. Bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, as well as Maine and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north, its boundaries extend eastward from the Connecticut River to the Atlantic Ocean. Measuring roughly 70 miles (113 km) east-west, and 190 miles (306 km) north-south, with a total area of 9,304 square miles (24,097 km²), it is the seventh-smallest state. It is nicknamed "The White Mountain State" and "The Granite State", referring to, respectively, the White Mountain National Forest, containing thousands of acres of forest land, and its notable abundance of granite quarries within the White Mountains subrange of the northern Appalachians. New Hampshire has a varied landscape ranging from coastal lowlands to mountain chains, wherein numerous ultra-prominent mountains lie; among them is Mount Washington, the highest peak in the Northeastern United States and the most prominent mountain east of the Mississippi River.

New Hampshire lies about 44°N 71.5°W / 44; -71.5, on the northeastern edge of the Atlantic continental shelf of North America; its southwestern boundary roughly runs along 42°40′N longitude from the junction with Massachusetts and Vermont, and its northern border with Canada partially follows the 45°N. The state is demarcated by seven distinct geographical regions: the Great North Woods Region, White Mountains, Lakes Region, Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee Region, Seacoast Region, Merrimack Valley, and the Monadnock Region to the southwest. It is estimated to have a population of about 1,377,529 as of 2020, making it the fourth most populous state in New England. Manchester is New Hampshire's most populous city and the tenth-most populous city in New England with 115,644 people, making up part of the region's Greater Boston metropolitan area. The state capital is Concord, within the Merrimack River watershed of south-central New Hampshire. The state's main geographical features include largely mountainous and heavily forested terrain, containing the highest percentage of timberland area in the United States.

The second-most forested U.S. state with 84.32% coverage, New Hampshire has a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome and is dominated by northern hardwoods of the New England-Acadian forests. The state's 18 mile (29 km) long coastline along the Gulf of Maine within the Atlantic Ocean makes it the shortest ocean coastline of any state. New Hampshire is generally divided into three distinct topographical regions: Coastal Lowlands, Eastern New England Uplands, and the White Mountains, in which roughly 500 species of animal and plant wildlife are sustained.

New Hampshire consists of 221 towns, 10 counties, 13 cities, and 22 unincorporated areas, and a total of 234 municipalities. The state's climate experiences wide variations in temperature both daily and seasonally, largely due to depressions in topography, varying land elevations, and proximity t o the ocean. However, New Hampshire is generally classified as containing a cool-temperate climate, with its favorable conditions for outdoor recreation, such as skiing, attracting roughly 14.3 million visitors annually and generating an average of $7.3 billion in total spending.

Geological overview

Main articles: Geology of New Hampshire and Paleontology in New Hampshire

Glacial river island on the Androscoggin

The geological structure of New Hampshire, like the rest of New England, developed during the Late Proterozoic to Devonian age. The first development of rock is believed to have occurred nearly four hundred million years ago with the formation of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Fossil evidence reveals the state was once inhabited by various crinoids and brachiopods dating back roughly three hundred and fifty million years during the early Paleozoic Era, with earlier sediments indicating that New Hampshire was once covered completely by a shallow body of water. Portions of the crust would continue to deposit additional layers of seafloor sediments as portions collapsed into the ocean during repeating undulations over rate of a few inches a century. These sediments eventually cemented together, forming solid sedimentary rocks. Igneous rocks largely developed in the western portion of the state beginning in mid-Paleozoic era. During the Mississippian Period of the late Paleozoic, large deposits of igneous rocks formed ringed areas of syenite rocks, producing significant ring dike formations.

These circular patterns can be seen in the Ossipee Mountains, wherein a ring of syenite stretches 8.5 miles in diameter, forming the only complete ring dike in the world. New Hampshire likely underwent long periods of erosion during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras, with the state's landscaping transforming from a mountainous terrain to lowlands as weathering processes resulted in rock surface decay and the removal of residual soils. The White Mountains to the north were far separated from forming streams and were therefore able to survive this erosion process as monadnocks. By the Cenozoic, New Hampshire consisted of mostly hilly terrain formed by compressed glacial till in the southwest. Several of the state's largest rivers, such as the Connecticut, derived from the deep glacial lakes that formed from the retreating glaciers of the Last Glacial Period. In paleontology, New Hampshire is widely notable for a rarity of fossils, largely due to the state's highly metamorphic geology. The continued erosion during the Mesozoic and the early to mid Cenozoic are believed to have left no fossil records from that time.

Physical geography

Area

New Hampshire is among the 16 contiguous U.S. states that shares an international land border, containing a 58 mile (93 km) long border with Canada; it shares the second-shortest border between Canada and the United States, after Michigan. It is part of the Northern Tier within the Northern United States, being among the northernmost contiguous states by latitude. It is one of the three U.S. states that shares the semi-enclosed Gulf of Maine, making up its entire coastline as part of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. New Hampshire has a total area of 9,350 square miles (24,216 km²), comprising 9,027 square miles (23,380 km²) of land and 277 square miles (717 km²) of inland water. The state's borders, forming roughly the shape of a right triangle, measures about 190 miles from its northern extremity to the southernmost town of Pelham. Within its boundaries, New Hampshire's longest width measures about 100 miles (161 km), extending from West Chesterfield to the outer islands of the Isles of Shoals. On the mainland, the maximum extent of its width is roughly 93 miles (150 km), a distance between West Chesterfield to the easternmost projections of Rye. The state's boundary with lower Canada, as established by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, extends a total length of about 60 miles (96.6 km), which designates, in relevant part:

A topographical and political map of New Hampshire and Vermont, from Collier's New Encyclopedia (left), where the two states are partitioned by the Connecticut River, and a topographical relief map of New Hampshire (right)

to the head of Hall’s Stream; thence, down the middle of said stream, till the line thus run intersects the old line of boundary surveyed and marked by Valentine and Collins previously to the year 1774, as the forty‑fifth degree of north latitude

— The Webster-Ashburton Treaty, Article II

Or as A Guide to the Granite State (1938) posits:

Commencing at the 'Crown Monument,' so called, at the intersection of the New Hampshire, Maine, and Province of Quebec boundaries, . . . thence by an irregular line along the divide to, the head of Halls Stream and down the middle of that stream to ... the 45th parallel of latitude.

From the Vermont–Massachusetts–New Hampshire tripoint in the southwest, New Hampshire’s southern border runs approximately 70 miles (113 km) eastward along the 42°40′N parallel at which it is bounded southeast by Essex County, Massachusetts, and the Atlantic. There the historic seaport of Portsmouth, one of the largest port cities of the Gulf of Maine, lies within the state's southeast along the Piscataqua River. It is part of the Greater Boston metropolitan region, which extends into Southern New Hampshire as part of the Rockingham County–Strafford County, NH Metro Division, Laconia, NH µSA, Concord, NH µSA, and Manchester–Nashua, NH MSA. Concord, the state's capital, lies entirely within the drainage basin of the Merrimack River, which runs from northwest to southeast through the city. Pittsburg, a town in Coös County, is the northernmost town in New Hampshire and the largest town by area in New England.

Mountains

Mount Washington

Mount Jefferson

Main article: List of mountains of New Hampshire

About of a quarter of New Hampshire is covered by mountains, a majority of which lie to the north within the White Mountains, a physiographic section of the larger New England province. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Highlands, one of eight government-defined physiographic divisions of the contiguous United States, which merge with the Appalachian Uplands in Canada to form the greater Appalachian Mountains. There are 48 peaks within the White Mountains of New Hampshire—the most notable of which are listed from highest to lowest elevation—Mount Washington, Mount Adams, Mount Jefferson, Mount Sam Adams, Mount Clay, Boott Spur, Mount Quincy Adams, Mount Monroe, Mount Madison, Mount Abigail Adams, Mount Adams "5", Mount Lafayette, Mount Lincoln, Mount Franklin, South Twin Mountain, Carter Dome, Mount Moosilauke, Mount Eisenhower, Little Haystack Mountain, North Twin Mountain, Mount Carrigain, Mount Bond, Gulf Peak, and Mount Hight.

The White Mountains are the most rugged terrain in New England, and are a notable site for New Hampshire's winter tourism industry, attracting numerous visitors from the nearby cities of Boston, New York City, and Montreal to the various sites of major alpine ski resorts. They comprise of the Franconia Range, Sandwich Range, Carter-Moriah Range, the Kinsman Range, and the Mahoosuc Range, all of which are in New Hampshire. Mount Washington is the highest peak in New Hampshire and the Northeastern United States, with an elevation of 6,288.2 ft (1,916.6 m), and the mountain with the greatest topographic prominence east of the Mississippi River. The mountain is located in the Presidential Range, which contains the highest peaks of the White Mountains and is home of one of the highest winds recorded on the surface of the Earth at 231 mph (372 km/h). Due to its high wind speeds and unpredictable weather, the range is contains some of the deadliest mountains in the continental United States, with 176 known fatalities and missing persons having been recorded. With several of its peaks reaching high enough altitude, the White Mountains contains an Alpine tundra, with a system of alpine huts (modeled after those used in the Alps) being used by hikers.

New Hampshire contains 160.9 miles (258.9 km) of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. To the south, the trail begins near Lebanon and Hanover near the Connecticut River crossing, before passing over Moose Mountain, Smarts Mountain, and Mount Moosilauke to enter the White Mountains of the southwest. In the Presidential Range, the Appalachian Trail passes over the summits of 15 of the White Mountain's 48 four-thousand footers. The White Mountains Four Thousand Footers List was instituted by the Appalachian Mountain Club, all of which are in the White Mountain National Forest and owned by the United States Forest Service (except Mount Washington, Mount Moosilauke and Cannon Mountain). The Mount Washington Cog Railway is the world's first mountain-climbing rack-and-pinion railway, which ascends 3 miles (5 km) along the trail up Mount Washington's western slope. The track eventually passes through the Jefferson Notch, a mountain pass between between Mount Jefferson and Mount Dartmouth in the Presidential Range. The Old Man of the Mountain, a series of five granite cliff ledges on Cannon Mountain in the Franconia Notch. It collapsed on May 3, 2003.

The second-highest range of peaks in New Hampshire is the Franconia Range, with its highest summit being Mount Lafayette at 5,249 feet (1,600 m). The range consists of the third largest connected area of alpine tundra in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, after the Presidential Range and Katahdin massif in Maine, respectively. The Franconia Range contains the Franconia Ridge, a nine-mile ridge, is a notable site for hiking in the region. To its east, the Franconia Notch intersects Cannon Mountain to the west and Mount Lafayette to the east and lies principally within Franconia Notch State Park.

Rivers

Main article: List of rivers of New Hampshire

New Hampshire has a total of 10,874 miles of rivers and streams. The Connecticut River is the state's largest river and serves as a natural border between Vermont. The river is 410 miles long, flowing 255 miles through New Hampshire, before entering Massachusetts. All New Hampshire major rivers ultimately flow to the Atlantic Ocean, of which include the Androscoggin River, and its leading tributaries, the Wild River, and the Peabody River, as well as the Magalloway River, Saco River, Merrimack River, Magalloway River, Dead Diamond River, Swift Diamond River, Ossipee River, Pine River, Bearcamp River, Bellamy River, and the Exeter River.

Hampton Falls River

Baker River

The Merrimack River is the second largest river in New Hampshire and the fourth largest river basin in New England, with its watershed covering 5,010 square miles (12,980 km²) of both New Hampshire and Massachusetts' land area. The Piscataqua River, at 12-mile-long (19 km) in length from its headwaters, provides the boundary between New Hampshire and Maine. It's drainage basin, at approximately 1,495 square miles (3,870 km²), includes the sub watersheds of the Great Works River, as well as several rivers flowing into Great Bay.

The Great Bay is a tidal estuary, occupying roughly 6,000 acres (24 km²) of Strafford and Rockingham counties. The river's primary tributaries include Salmon Falls River and Cochecho River, meanwhile it eventually proceeds to the Atlantic Ocean through Portsmouth Harbor, near the site of a notable border dispute between the states of New Hampshire and Maine. New Hampshire's rivers serve as a notable destination for anglers and recreational fishing. Notable rivers within the state's White Mountain region, such as the Swift, Saco, Ellis, and Wildcat Rivers, are known for their abundance of various trout species.

Islands

Main article: List of islands of New Hampshire

New Hampshire contains several islands, a majority of which are inland; approximately 365 islands are located within Lake Winnipesaukee alone. The state shares a portion of the Isle of Shoals with Maine, a group of small offshore islands and tidal ledges situated roughly 6 miles (10 km) off the east coast of the United States. They are the site of a research facility, private homes, and a hotel, all of which are located on Star Island; at 38 acres, it is the largest of the four islands that are located in New Hampshire and the second largest overall, after Appledore Island in Maine. Towards the southern end of the isles lies White Island and Seavey Island, which are connected by a land bridge during low tide.

Both White Island and Seavey Island are within the borders of the town of Rye in Rockingham County. White Island consists of the operational Isles of Shoals Light, one of two on the New Hampshire coast, and is protected by the state as White Island State Historic Site. The island is also the site of a coastal weather station, monitoring Nor'easter weather conditions and coastal storms during the winter. Within the border's of New Hampshire, Lundging Island and Anderson Ledge are now privately owned, however, they were once the site of a trading post for codfish during early settlement. The largest island in New Hampshire by land area is Long Island on Lake Winnipesaukee, spanning approximately 1,186 acres in land area. It includes the historic summer estate of Windermere in the town of Moultonborough, New Hampshire, located on the islands southern tip. The estate was listed as a U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Bear Island is the second largest of the islands of Lake Winnipesaukee, contains around 200 residences along the shorelines. Three miles (5 km) in length with about 8.5 miles (13.7 km) of shoreline, the island located east of the town of Meredith Village. Governors Island, within the town of Gilford, contains an area of 504 acres (204 ha), of which is largely wooded and residential. Three miles from the lakeside town of Center Harbor, Three Mile Island is used as a full-service camp during the summer and owned by the Appalachian Mountain Club. Rattlesnake Island is the highest island on Lake Winnipesaukee by elevation, at 874 feet (266 m) high on island's summit - rising 370 feet (110 m) above the mean lake level.

Lakes

Main article: List of lakes of New Hampshire

New Hampshire encompasses approximately 1,300 lakes and ponds, collectively covering about 280 square miles of the state's area; these include freshwater bodies ranging from small, high-elevation ponds to expansive, lowland lakes. The state's largest lake is Lake Winnipesaukee, spanning approximately 72 square miles (44,586 acres) with over 250 islands and about 178 miles of shoreline. Located in Belknap and Carroll counties, it features over 250 islands. With a maximum depth exceeding 180 feet (55 m), the lake’s waters exit through the Winnipesaukee River, contributing to the Merrimack River watershed. Other significant lakes include Squam Lake (6,790.7 acres), Newfound Lake (4,450.7 acres), Lake Sunapee (4,136.2 acres), and Ossipee Lake (3,245.3 acres).

Topography

Making up roughly one-third of the northeastern extent of the Atlantic mountain system, New Hampshire is characterized by a distinctly mountainous terrain, with numerous highland regions being among its predominant features. Along the eastern edge of the Connecticut River basin, a continuous mountain ridge extends the length of the state, separating it from the terrain to the east in Vermont where the land remains comparatively low. Outside the foothills of the White Mountains, nearly three-quarters of the state’s area rises no more than five hundred feet above sea level. The White Mountains occupy nearly all the territory east of the western ridge to the Maine boundary, extending roughly 33 miles (53 km) from north to south. This region is heavily wooded, rugged, and sparsely inhabited. As further detailed in Cranmore Wallace's A Geography of New Hampshire (1829), within 25 miles (40 km) inland from the state's coastal region, the landscape is mostly flat, interrupted occasionally by rolling hills and shallow valleys. Farther west beyond this area, the land grows increasingly rugged, with rocky ground and irregular elevations becoming common deeper into the state's interior. Along the banks of the Connecticut and Merrimack Rivers lie fertile intervals of low-lying country, which are subjected to periodic flooding. Broad, fertile floodplains are created when these rivers rise, leaving behind deposits of nutrient-rich sediment, and it is in these low-lying tracts where the land is most easy to cultivate and yields abundant harvests. A series of deep transverse valleys marks the division between the central White Mountains and a triangular upland region lying between the Androscoggin and Connecticut rivers. Beyond these areas, a third mountainous district appears in mid-Coös County, and a fourth forms the elevated terrain along the northern frontier.

North Country

As Charles Henry Hitchcock observes in The Geology of New Hampshire (1874), the state’s landscape may be more precisely divided into six principal topographical districts, "which suggest themselves most naturally” upon examination of the terrain. These include the hydrographic basin of the Connecticut River, departing from the main valley at Barnet, Vermont, and extending up towards the headwaters of Passumpsic River; the "hilly district" encompassing the greater portions of Coös County and Essex County, Massachusetts; the "White Mountain area"; the "Winnipiscogee Lake basin"; the Merrimack River basin, which wedges into the White Mountain region; and the Atlantic slope in Strafford and Rockingham counties.

The far northern region of New Hampshire, within the uppermost reaches of the Great North Woods Region (or the North Country), is largely covered by dense forests, and its topography is characterized by rolling ridges that occasionally rise to mountainous elevations. Near the border with Quebec are the headwaters of the Connecticut River, where the land consists of a series of minor waterbodies known as the Connecticut Lakes; in the northeastern corner of the state, one among these small lakes forms the principle source of the Magalloway River. It is here, along the watershed that separates the headwaters of the Connecticut River and Magalloway River from those flowing into the St. Lawrence River, where boundary between New Hampshire and Quebec runs, tracing an irregular, elevated ridgeline with varying summits, gaps, and plateaus. From its source at Fourth Connecticut Lake in Pittsburg, New Hampshire near the international boundary, the Upper Connecticut River flows through the remaining Connecticut Lakes and Lake Francis for approximately 14 miles (23 km) before broadening and forming much of the border between New Hampshire and Vermont. As it continues southward toward Massachusetts, the river descends more than 2,480 feet (760 m), reflecting the overall drop in elevation from the northern highlands to the southern lowlands.

Western and southern districts

In-west central New Hampshire, the course of the Connecticut River flows through the region known as the "Upper Valley," straddling the border between New Hampshire and Vermont and centered on Lebanon, New Hampshire and White River Junction, Vermont. The region generally extends south to Cornish, New Hampshire and Windsor, Vermont, and north to Piermont, New Hampshire and Bradford, Vermont. More broadly, the state's south and west contains the topographical districts of the "Connecticut River Valley" and "Merrimack River basin." In the west of New Hampshire, the Connecticut River Valley extends beyond the immediate drainage area of the Connecticut River and is defined in part by a prominent ridge located several miles east of the river. This ridge, forming a natural eastern boundary, is composed largely of quartzose hills. The valley follows a generally north–south alignment, with adjacent river valleys such as that of the Johns River and adjoining upland basins. The terrain within this district consists of fertile lowlands near the river, bordered by higher elevations and ridgelines that rise sharply in places. In the southern New Hampshire, the Merrimack Valley forms the largest topographical district in New Hampshire, extending beyond the river’s drainage basin in some areas while excluding others. The landscape is characterized by hills and scattered mountains, many of which are suitable for cultivation, interspersed with sandy plains and alluvial plains underlain primarily by granitic and gneissic rock.

Eastern districts

The eastern boundary of New Hampshire traverses a varied landscape extending from dense northern forests through mountainous and irregular terrain to more settled lowlands in the south. In the northern section, the land is heavily forested and initially descends before leveling near the upper branches of the Magalloway River, after which it rises again across a series of ridges and peaks, including Mount Carmel, one of the highest points along the boundary. Farther south, the terrain remains uneven, crossing multiple streams, ridgelines, and upland features, as well as lakes such as Umbagog Lake. The boundary continues across mountainous areas, including parts of the White Mountains, before descending into river valleys such as those of the Androscoggin River and the Saco River. South of these highlands, the landscape becomes more rolling, with scattered hills, ponds, and lowland terrain. The boundary ultimately follows the Salmon Falls River to the coast, where it extends into the Atlantic and divides the Isles of Shoals.

Public lands

See also: List of New Hampshire state parks

Warning sign for the White Mountain National Forest

New Hampshire contains one designated national forests, the White Mountains National Forest, approximately 94% of which lies within the state’s borders. Within the Forest are six Federal Wilderness Areas: the Presidential Range/Dry River Wilderness covering 27,380-acre (11,080 ha), the 5,552-acre (2,247 ha) Great Gulf Wilderness, the 45,000-acre (18,000 ha) Pemigewasset Wilderness, the 35,800-acre (14,500 ha) Sandwich Range Wilderness, the 12,000-acre (4,900 ha) Caribou/Speckled Mountain Wilderness, and the 23,700-acre (9,600 ha) Wild River Wilderness. Federal lands in New Hampshire constitute approximately 805,472 acres, or about 14% of the state's total land area, with roughly three-quarters of the state’s wildlands located on federally managed lands. By 1928, of New Hampshire's 4,434,793 acres of forestland, about 11% was owned by federal, state, and local governments, as well as public institutions, while about 21% was held by corporations and roughly 68% by private individuals.

In 1928, the Franconia Notch State Park became New Hampshire's first designated state park, subsuming an area of about 6,000 acres of forestland surrounding the Franconia Notch near the heart of the White Mountains. Additional public recreation lands were maintained by organizations such as the Appalachian Mountain Club and the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests. In 1901, the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests was granted a state charter allowing it to hold forest lands in trust for public use. Upon acquiring multiple reservations totaling several thousand acres, these tracts were soon developed for recreational purposes.

Protected areas in New Hampshire

Mount Washington State Park
White Mountain National Forest
Isles of Shoals
Chesterfield Gorge Natural Area
Franconia Notch State Park
Kearsarge Mountain State Forest
Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park

Climate

Climate data for Mount Washington, elev. 6,267 ft (1,910.2 m) near the summit (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1933–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	48 (9)	48 (9)	54 (12)	60 (16)	66 (19)	72 (22)	71 (22)	72 (22)	69 (21)	62 (17)	52 (11)	47 (8)	72 (22)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	38.7 (3.7)	35.6 (2.0)	40.8 (4.9)	49.0 (9.4)	58.8 (14.9)	64.5 (18.1)	65.4 (18.6)	64.2 (17.9)	61.4 (16.3)	53.8 (12.1)	45.8 (7.7)	39.8 (4.3)	67.2 (19.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	14.9 (−9.5)	14.8 (−9.6)	20.8 (−6.2)	30.7 (−0.7)	42.5 (5.8)	51.4 (10.8)	55.3 (12.9)	54.2 (12.3)	49.1 (9.5)	37.7 (3.2)	28.4 (−2.0)	20.1 (−6.6)	35.0 (1.7)
Daily mean °F (°C)	5.8 (−14.6)	5.9 (−14.5)	12.9 (−10.6)	23.7 (−4.6)	36.3 (2.4)	45.5 (7.5)	49.9 (9.9)	48.7 (9.3)	43.1 (6.2)	31.3 (−0.4)	20.8 (−6.2)	11.8 (−11.2)	28.0 (−2.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	−3.2 (−19.6)	−3.0 (−19.4)	4.9 (−15.1)	16.7 (−8.5)	30.2 (−1.0)	39.6 (4.2)	44.5 (6.9)	43.2 (6.2)	37.1 (2.8)	24.9 (−3.9)	13.1 (−10.5)	3.5 (−15.8)	21.0 (−6.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	−28.6 (−33.7)	−25.2 (−31.8)	−19.4 (−28.6)	−1.1 (−18.4)	14.0 (−10.0)	25.7 (−3.5)	34.4 (1.3)	31.4 (−0.3)	21.3 (−5.9)	8.3 (−13.2)	−5.8 (−21.0)	−20.8 (−29.3)	−32.3 (−35.7)
Record low °F (°C)	−47 (−44)	−47 (−44)	−38 (−39)	−20 (−29)	−2 (−19)	8 (−13)	24 (−4)	20 (−7)	9 (−13)	−5 (−21)	−26 (−32)	−46 (−43)	−47 (−44)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	5.74 (146)	5.45 (138)	6.72 (171)	7.31 (186)	7.68 (195)	8.59 (218)	8.93 (227)	7.72 (196)	7.66 (195)	9.99 (254)	8.09 (205)	7.35 (187)	91.23 (2,317)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	41.4 (105)	43.3 (110)	46.2 (117)	33.1 (84)	12.9 (33)	1.3 (3.3)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)	1.2 (3.0)	19.0 (48)	35.6 (90)	47.7 (121)	281.8 (716)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)	14.1 (36)	16.3 (41)	17.6 (45)	14.5 (37)	6.1 (15)	0.5 (1.3)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.3 (0.76)	5.7 (14)	8.3 (21)	12.7 (32)	21.0 (53)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	20.0	18.3	19.7	18.3	17.4	17.6	17.5	15.5	13.7	18.1	19.2	21.0	216.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	19.6	18.1	18.0	14.1	6.5	1.2	0.2	0.2	1.3	9.9	15.1	19.7	123.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours	92.0	106.9	127.6	143.2	171.3	151.3	145.0	130.5	127.2	127.1	82.4	83.1	1,487.6
Percentage possible sunshine	32	36	34	35	37	33	31	30	34	37	29	30	33
Source 1: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)
Source 2: Mount Washington Observatory (extremes 1933–present)

Climate data for Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1954–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	71 (22)	75 (24)	89 (32)	94 (34)	94 (34)	97 (36)	102 (39)	104 (40)	96 (36)	88 (31)	78 (26)	75 (24)	104 (40)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	55.3 (12.9)	56.8 (13.8)	66.0 (18.9)	81.2 (27.3)	88.1 (31.2)	91.3 (32.9)	93.6 (34.2)	92.0 (33.3)	88.3 (31.3)	78.4 (25.8)	68.9 (20.5)	57.8 (14.3)	95.3 (35.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	32.6 (0.3)	35.6 (2.0)	43.3 (6.3)	55.8 (13.2)	66.1 (18.9)	75.0 (23.9)	80.5 (26.9)	79.4 (26.3)	71.8 (22.1)	59.7 (15.4)	48.1 (8.9)	37.8 (3.2)	57.1 (14.0)
Daily mean °F (°C)	24.4 (−4.2)	26.6 (−3.0)	34.3 (1.3)	45.3 (7.4)	55.4 (13.0)	64.5 (18.1)	70.3 (21.3)	69.1 (20.6)	61.7 (16.5)	50.1 (10.1)	39.7 (4.3)	30.0 (−1.1)	47.6 (8.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	16.3 (−8.7)	17.6 (−8.0)	25.3 (−3.7)	34.8 (1.6)	44.8 (7.1)	54.1 (12.3)	60.1 (15.6)	58.8 (14.9)	51.7 (10.9)	40.5 (4.7)	31.2 (−0.4)	22.3 (−5.4)	38.1 (3.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	−4.2 (−20.1)	−1.2 (−18.4)	6.4 (−14.2)	22.7 (−5.2)	31.1 (−0.5)	41.2 (5.1)	49.4 (9.7)	47.5 (8.6)	35.4 (1.9)	26.4 (−3.1)	16.1 (−8.8)	4.8 (−15.1)	−6.9 (−21.6)
Record low °F (°C)	−26 (−32)	−15 (−26)	−8 (−22)	10 (−12)	15 (−9)	32 (0)	38 (3)	33 (1)	23 (−5)	14 (−10)	−6 (−21)	−17 (−27)	−26 (−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.63 (92)	3.57 (91)	4.77 (121)	4.56 (116)	3.95 (100)	4.59 (117)	3.89 (99)	3.66 (93)	4.08 (104)	4.95 (126)	4.12 (105)	4.88 (124)	50.65 (1,288)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	17.1 (43)	15.8 (40)	13.9 (35)	2.3 (5.8)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)	1.6 (4.1)	14.2 (36)	65.0 (165)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)	11.0 (28)	12.5 (32)	11.2 (28)	2.1 (5.3)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.8 (2.0)	8.4 (21)	17.9 (45)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.6	9.3	10.9	11.1	11.3	11.3	10.7	8.7	9.1	10.6	10.9	11.3	125.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	6.9	5.9	4.6	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	5.3	24.6
Source: NOAA

Climate data for Concord Municipal Airport, New Hampshire (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1868–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	72 (22)	74 (23)	89 (32)	95 (35)	98 (37)	101 (38)	102 (39)	101 (38)	98 (37)	92 (33)	80 (27)	73 (23)	102 (39)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	52.4 (11.3)	54.3 (12.4)	65.6 (18.7)	81.6 (27.6)	89.6 (32.0)	92.8 (33.8)	93.8 (34.3)	92.4 (33.6)	89.0 (31.7)	79.0 (26.1)	68.6 (20.3)	56.9 (13.8)	96.1 (35.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	31.6 (−0.2)	34.8 (1.6)	43.6 (6.4)	57.5 (14.2)	69.3 (20.7)	77.8 (25.4)	83.0 (28.3)	81.7 (27.6)	73.7 (23.2)	60.9 (16.1)	48.4 (9.1)	37.1 (2.8)	58.3 (14.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)	22.3 (−5.4)	24.7 (−4.1)	33.4 (0.8)	45.4 (7.4)	56.7 (13.7)	65.8 (18.8)	71.1 (21.7)	69.5 (20.8)	61.4 (16.3)	49.3 (9.6)	38.6 (3.7)	28.3 (−2.1)	47.2 (8.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	12.9 (−10.6)	14.7 (−9.6)	23.3 (−4.8)	33.3 (0.7)	44.1 (6.7)	53.7 (12.1)	59.2 (15.1)	57.2 (14.0)	49.0 (9.4)	37.8 (3.2)	28.7 (−1.8)	19.5 (−6.9)	36.1 (2.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	−9.2 (−22.9)	−7.2 (−21.8)	1.6 (−16.9)	19.2 (−7.1)	29.2 (−1.6)	39.0 (3.9)	47.1 (8.4)	44.1 (6.7)	32.1 (0.1)	22.1 (−5.5)	11.8 (−11.2)	−0.9 (−18.3)	−12.4 (−24.7)
Record low °F (°C)	−35 (−37)	−37 (−38)	−20 (−29)	4 (−16)	21 (−6)	26 (−3)	33 (1)	29 (−2)	20 (−7)	10 (−12)	−17 (−27)	−24 (−31)	−37 (−38)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	2.80 (71)	2.75 (70)	3.28 (83)	3.43 (87)	3.47 (88)	3.77 (96)	3.62 (92)	3.63 (92)	3.63 (92)	4.43 (113)	3.44 (87)	3.70 (94)	41.95 (1,066)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	17.1 (43)	16.9 (43)	13.6 (35)	2.5 (6.4)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.8 (2.0)	2.5 (6.4)	14.3 (36)	67.7 (172)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)	11.9 (30)	15.3 (39)	13.9 (35)	4.0 (10)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.6 (1.5)	2.0 (5.1)	9.1 (23)	19.8 (50)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	11.2	10.0	11.5	11.4	12.4	12.8	10.9	9.9	9.3	10.6	10.8	12.0	132.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	8.1	7.6	5.2	1.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.6	6.3	30.3
Average relative humidity (%)	67.9	66.0	64.8	62.0	65.0	70.9	71.8	74.5	76.3	72.8	73.3	72.3	69.8
Average dew point °F (°C)	10.2 (−12.1)	12.0 (−11.1)	20.8 (−6.2)	29.8 (−1.2)	42.1 (5.6)	53.8 (12.1)	58.8 (14.9)	57.9 (14.4)	50.5 (10.3)	38.3 (3.5)	28.8 (−1.8)	16.7 (−8.5)	35.0 (1.7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	162.8	171.8	210.5	223.2	258.4	274.3	295.8	261.9	214.7	183.4	127.8	134.8	2,519.4
Percentage possible sunshine	56	58	57	56	57	60	64	61	57	54	44	48	56
Average ultraviolet index	1	2	4	5	7	8	8	7	6	3	2	1	5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity , dew points and sun 1961–1990)
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)

Political and human geography

Glossary

From a list of terms that appear in Cranmore Wallace's geography:

• township: a land division used primarily for administrative and cadastral purposes
• town: when a place becomes settled and its residents begin to hold formal town meetings
• county: is an administrative division of multiple towns, established to hold courts and manage regional governance
• shire town: is a central village in a county where a courthouse and jail are located and where the county’s courts are held

Standard townships are typically designed as square areas measuring six miles on each side, resulting in a total area of thirty-six square miles. These areas are often further subdivided into thirty-six sections, each one mile square, to facilitate land management and property delineation. In certain regions, such as New Hampshire, township boundaries frequently deviate from the ideal square shape due to geographical features, historical settlement patterns, or coastal limitations. Consequently, many townships in these areas are irregular in shape and may occupy less than the standard area.

Regions

The six geographical districts naturally distinguished in the Guide to the Granite State.

Administrative divisions

Coös

Grafton

Cheshire

Merrimack

Sullivan

Hillsborough

Belknap

Carroll

Rockingham

Strafford

County	County seat	Area		Population (census 2022)	Nominal GDP
		km2	mi2		Billions EUR (2023)	Share of GDP (%)
Baden-Württemberg	Stuttgart	35,751	13,804	11,104,040	615.071	14.92
Bavaria	Munich	70,550	27,240	13,038,724	768.469	18.65
Berlin	Berlin	892	344	3,596,999	193.219	4.69
Brandenburg	Potsdam	29,654	11,449	2,534,075	97.477	2.37
Bremen	Bremen	420	162	693,204	39.252	0.95
Hamburg	Hamburg	755	292	1,808,846	150.575	3.65
Hesse	Wiesbaden	21,115	8,153	6,207,278	351.139	8.52
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Schwerin	23,214	8,963	1,570,817	59.217	1.44
Lower Saxony	Hanover	47,593	18,376	7,943,265	363.109	8.81
North Rhine-Westphalia	Düsseldorf	34,113	13,171	17,890,489	839.084	20.36
Rhineland-Palatinate	Mainz	19,854	7,666	4,094,169	174.249	4.23
Saarland	Saarbrücken	2,569	992	1,006,864	41.348	1.00
Saxony	Dresden	18,416	7,110	4,038,131	155.982	3.78
Saxony-Anhalt	Magdeburg	20,452	7,897	2,146,443	78.38	1.90
Schleswig-Holstein	Kiel	15,802	6,101	2,927,542	118.68	2.88
Thuringia	Erfurt	16,202	6,256	2,110,396	75.909	1.84
New Hampshire	Concord	357,386	137,988	82,719,540	4,121.16	100

Flora and Fauna

See also: List of New Hampshire state symbols

Common lilac

White Birch

Forests and timberlands

Main article: List of New Hampshire state forests

New Hampshire is dominated by New England-Acadian forests, an endangered ecoregion containing a humid continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. It includes the Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome, predominantly comprising of broadleaf tree forests with mixed coniferous-broadleaf tree and coniferous forest ecoregions. The biome's coniferous forests are mostly found in New Hampshire's White Mountains as part of the greater New England Uplands, while its mountains that reach above the tree line foster a treeless, Arctic tundra-like communities of Alpine climates. New Hampshire's coast consists of the seaboard lowlands of the ecoregion, bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, bringing a more mild climate with rain all year round. The federally managed White Mountain National Forest (WMNF) is one of the most visited outdoor recreation sites east of the Mississippi River. At approximately 750,852 acres (303,859 ha) (1,225 sq mi), the forest traverses parts of Grafton, Coos, and Carroll counties in New Hampshire, as well as parts of Oxford County in Maine. The WMNF is one of the most heavily used forests in the United States, containing 1200 miles of hiking trails, 400 miles of snowmobile trails, 160 miles of the Appalachian Trail, 23 developed campgrounds, and four alpine ski areas; the park receives about 6 million visitors, over 864,249 of which are skiers, annually.

The White Mountain National Forest contains six designated Federal Wilderness Areas, totaling over 115,000 acres. These include the 5,552 acre Great Gulf, the 27,380 acres Presidential Range/Dry River Wilderness, the 25,000 acre Sandwich Range, 45,000 acre Pemigewasset Wilderness, and the 12,000 acre Caribou-Speckled Wilderness. The forest is intersected by several U.S. and NH State highways: I-93, US 2, US 3, US 302, NH 16 (White Mountain Highway), NH 112 (Kancamagus Highway), and NH 118 (Sawyer Highway). Nash Stream Forest is New Hampshire's largest state-owned forest by a land area of nearly 40,000-acre (160 km²). It is located south of Dixville Notch on either side of Nash Stream, a tributary of the Upper Ammonoosuc River.

Pumpkins are the official state fruit of New Hampshire

The New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands, part of the New Hampshire Department of Natural and Cultural Resources (DNCR), is responsible for protecting over 4.5 million acres (1,800,000 ha) of both public and private forestlands in New Hampshire. The program is responsible for the management of several other New Hampshire state forests, including the notable Abbott State Forest, Agnew State Forest, Ballard State Forest, Belknap Mountain State Forest, Black Mountain State Forest, Blue Job State Forest, Connecticut Lakes State Forest, Conway Common Lands State Forest, Devils Slide State Forest, Gile State Forest, Hemenway State Forest, and Kearsarge Mountain State Forest, a IUCN category V protected landscape/seascape.

Economic geography

Chipmunks

Marine ecology

Further information: List of fishes of New Hampshire

Images

Indian Summer, Mount Washington.jpg: Mount Washington during Indian summer. Mount Washington Cog Railway October 2021 015 edit.jpg: Browning trees seen from the Mount Washington Cog Railway during Autumn. Photo of the Week - Hampton Beach in New Hampshire (5169633559).jpg: Hampton Beach State Park, where the Hampton River meets the Atlantic Ocean. USA New Hampshire relief location map.svg: New Hampshire's topography, showing lakes, rivers, and bordersMount Washington, the highest peak in New Hampshire and the Northeastern United States: Mt. Washington from Bretton Woods.JPG White Mountains - panoramio.jpg. New Hampshire in United States.svg The Swift Diamond River in Second College Grant, New Hampshire. The Swift River in October in the White Mountain National Forest. South Branch Baker River Wentworth NH.jpg. New Hampshire Clouds (243107819).jpeg. NewRiverNHMay2023.jpg:

M-7 Kenison (ascending), Mount Washington Cog Railway, New Hampshire. Mount Washington Cog Railway October 2021 015 edit.jp

The New River stream in the White MountainsTemple Mountain State Reservation (NH) sign 2012.jpg: Sign for the Temple Mountain State Reservation in the Wapack Range in Hillsborough CountyMount Adams, the second-highest peak of New Hampshire, seen from Mount Moriah: Jefferson, Adams and Madison from Mt. Mor iah.JPG Photo of the Week - Hampton Beach in New Hampshire (5169633559).jpg: Hampton Beach State Park, where the Hampton River meets the Atlantic Ocean. Indian Summer, Mount Washington.jpg

Mount Washington, the highest peak in New Hampshire and the Northeastern United States. Autumn in New Hampshire.jpg; Evening at Lonesome Lake.jpg; Baker River, Rumney, New Hampshire (10110531583).jpg; Mount Washington Cog Railway October 2021 015 edit.jpg. Highland 057.jpg

Merrimack River from Terrill Park.jpg: View of the Merrimack River in Concord

Con00393 (27940698565).jpg: Mount Washington in White Mountain National Forest

Walleye

Evening at Lonesome Lake.jpg: Lonesome Lake in the evening

Autumn in New Hampshire.jpg: An autumn pond in New Hampshire

Salvelinus fontinalis.jpg: state's saltwater fish

Kancamagus Hwy, Lincoln (494318) (11925094454).jpg

See also

New Hampshire portal

• Outline of New Hampshire
• List of lakes of New Hampshire

• List of mountains of New Hampshire
• List of rivers of New Hampshire

Bibliography

• Farmer, John; Moore, Jacob Baily (1823). A gazetteer of the state of New-Hampshire. Concord: J.B. Moore. LCCN 01007931. OCLC 2314578.
• Moore, Jacob Baily; et al. (John Farmer) (1822–1823). Collections, Topographical, Historical and Biographical, Relating Principally to New Hampshire. Concord: Hill and Moore. LCCN 01007930.
• Hitchcock, C.H.; Huntington, Joshua Henry (1874). "1". The Geology of New Hampshire: a report comprising the results of explorations ordered by the legislature. Part I: Physical geography. E.A. Jenks. ISBN 9780282581077. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Charlton, Edwin A. (1855). New Hampshire as It Is. Claremont, New Hampshire: Tracy and Sanford. LCCN 01007939. OCLC 1857032.
• Hitchcock, C.H. (1877). "2". The Geology of New Hampshire: A Report Comprising the Results of Explorations Ordered by the Legislature. Part II: Stratigraphical Geography. University of Michigan: E. A. Jenks, state printer. ISBN 9780282581077. OL 239726W. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Hitchcock, C.H. (1878). "3". The Geology of New Hampshie: A Report Comprising the Results of Explorations Ordered by the Legislature. Part III: Stratigraphical Geography, Part IV: Mineralogy and lithology, Part V: Economic geology. University of Michigan: E. A. Jenks, state printer. ISBN 9780282581077. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Wallace, Cranmore (1829). A geography of New Hampshire. Boston: Carter & Hendee. LCCN 01007947.
• Carter, James G. (1831). A Geography of New Hampshire with a New Map of the State, for Families and Schools. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, Little & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0282634513. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Sperduto, Nichols, Daniel D., William F. (2004). Kimball, Ben (ed.). Natural Communities of New Hampshire. New Hampshire Natural Heritage Bureau. ISBN 0971967539.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Federal Writers' Project, of the Works Progress Administration for the State of New Hampshire (1938). New Hampshire: A Guide to the Granite State. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0403021796. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Hancock, Mary Louise (1949). The Mountains of New Hampshire. New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission.
• Heald, Bruce D. (2011). White Mountain National Forest and Great North Woods. Arcadia. ISBN 9781439639252.
• Smagula, Amy P.; Connor, Jody (2007). Aquatic Plants & Algae & Algae of New Hampshire’s Lakes and Ponds (PDF). Illustrated by Brandy M. Penna, Stephanie Bowser, Patty Warren, Sheila Murray and the Florida Center for Aquatic Plants (First ed.). New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. ASIN B0781V7FMN.
• Novotny, Robert F (1969). The geology of the seacoast region, New Hampshire. Concord: New Hampshire Department of Resources and Economic Development.
• Leak, William B. (1979). Effects of habitat on stand productivity in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Broomall, Pennsylvania: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
• Tree, Christina; Hamm, Christine; Imbrie, Katherine (September 20, 2010). Explorer's Guide New Hampshire (7th ed.). Countryman Press.
• Goldthwait, James Walter (1925). The Geology of New Hampshire (1st ed.). Concord, New Hampshire: Rumford Press.
• Coolidge, A. J.; Mansfield, J. B. (1860). History and Description of New England. New Hampshire. Boston: A. J. Coolidge. LCCN 01027954. OCLC 2926166.
• New Hampshire Board of Agriculture (1892). Lakes and Summer Resorts in New Hampshire. Concord, NH: Ira C. Evans, Public Printer.
• Goldthwait, James Walter; Goldthwait, Lawrence; Goldthwait, Richard Parker (1951). The Geology of New Hampshire: Part I - Surficial Geology. New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission.
• Nelson, Beatrice Ward (1928). "New Hampshire". State Recreation: Parks, Forests, and Game Preserves. National Conference on State Parks.
• Emerson, Philip (1922). The Geography of New England. Macmillian. ISBN 978-1120884091. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Geography of New England. [New York, Cincinnati, etc.] 1921. LCCN unk84027490. OCLC 1045533423.
• "New Hampshire". Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: Collier's. 1921. pp. 429–431.
• Davis, William Morris (1922). Topographical Maps of the United States. Vol. 15, No. 6. Science Press.

Further reading

• Moore, Jacob Bailey (1822). A topographical and historical sketch of the town of Andover, in the county of Hillsborough, and state of New Hampshire. Concord. LCCN 01007970.

• Cenkl, Pavel (September 1, 2006). This Vast Book of Nature: Writing the Landscape of New Hampshire’s White Mountains, 1784–1911. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 1587294982.
• Sperduto, Daniel D; Kimball, Ben (2011). The Nature of New Hampshire: Natural Communities of the Granite State. University of New Hampshire Press. ISBN 1584658983.
• Hitchcock, Charles H.; Huntington, Joshua Henry; Nelson, S. A.; Clough, A. F.; Kimball, Howard A.; Smith, Theodore; Holden, Luther Loud (1871). Mount Washington in winter, or the experiences of a scientific expedition upon the highest mountain in New England--1870-71. Boston: Chick and Andrews. OCLC 1049697235.
• New Hampshire Maine Boundary Line Commission (1874). Report of the survey of the boundary between New Hampshire and Maine during the year 1874. Contributed by Joshua Henry Huntington – via New Hampshire Historical Society.
• Harper, firm, publishers, N.Y (1878). "Special Geography of New Hampshire and Vermont". Harper's School Geography. Harper.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Leak, William B. (1983). Stocking, growth, and habitat relations in New Hampshire hardwoods. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
• United States Geographic Board (1916). Mount Kearsarge and Mount Pequawket New Hampshire, Historical Notes Relating to the Conflicting Names of Mount Kearsarge and Mount Pequawket New Hampshire. Vol. 2. Washington Government Printing Office. OCLC 1049698026.

External links

• Wikimedia Atlas of New Hampshire