CXCL10

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) also known as Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) or small-inducible cytokine B10 is an 8.7 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL10 gene. C-X-C motif chemokine 10 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family.

CXCL10
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1O80, 1LV9, 1O7Y, 1O7Z
Identifiers
Aliases	CXCL10, C7, IFI10, INP10, IP-10, SCYB10, crg-2, gIP-10, mob-1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, C-X-C motif chemokine 10
External IDs	OMIM: 147310; MGI: 1352450; HomoloGene: 1203; GeneCards: CXCL10; OMA:CXCL10 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 4 (human) Band 4q21.1 Start 76,021,118 bp End 76,023,497 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 5 (mouse) Band 5 E2|5 46.57 cM Start 92,494,497 bp End 92,496,748 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in appendix testicle decidua lymph node rectum monocyte granulocyte olfactory zone of nasal mucosa smooth muscle tissue epithelium of nasopharynx Top expressed in mesenteric lymph nodes thymus spleen spermatocyte optic nerve embryo right kidney subcutaneous adipose tissue embryo granulocyte More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function cytokine activity heparin binding CXCR3 chemokine receptor binding chemokine activity protein binding cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity signaling receptor binding chemoattractant activity Cellular component extracellular region external side of plasma membrane extracellular space intracellular anatomical structure Biological process regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis negative regulation of myoblast differentiation cellular response to heat response to vitamin D positive regulation of cell migration T cell chemotaxis chemokine-mediated signaling pathway cell-cell signaling response to virus muscle organ development positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol endothelial cell activation positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling regulation of T cell chemotaxis blood circulation chemotaxis positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis cell surface receptor signaling pathway response to lipopolysaccharide negative regulation of myoblast fusion defense response to virus regulation of cell population proliferation immune response positive regulation of cell population proliferation response to auditory stimulus negative regulation of angiogenesis response to cold cellular response to lipopolysaccharide response to gamma radiation positive regulation of T cell migration signal transduction positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of protein kinase activity defense response inflammatory response antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide regulation of signaling receptor activity G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cytokine-mediated signaling pathway adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway response to bacterium neutrophil chemotaxis leukocyte chemotaxis positive chemotaxis regulation of apoptotic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3627 15945 Ensembl ENSG00000169245 ENSMUSG00000034855 UniProt P02778 P17515 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001565 NM_021274 RefSeq (protein) NP_001556 NP_067249 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 76.02 – 76.02 Mb Chr 5: 92.49 – 92.5 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Gene

The gene for CXCL10 is located on human chromosome 4 in a cluster among several other CXC chemokines.

Function

CXCL10 is secreted by several cell types in response to IFN-γ. These cell types include monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. CXCL10 has been attributed to several roles, such as chemoattraction for monocytes/macrophages, T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells, promotion of T cell adhesion to endothelial cells, antitumor activity, and inhibition of bone marrow colony formation and angiogenesis.

This chemokine elicits its effects by binding to the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3.

Structure

The three-dimensional crystal structure of this chemokine has been determined under 3 different conditions to a resolution of up to 1.92 Å. The Protein Data Bank accession codes for the structures of CXCL10 are 1lv9​, 1o7y​, and 1o80​.

Biomarkers

CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 have proven to be valid biomarkers for the development of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, suggesting an underlining pathophysiological relation between levels of these chemokines and the development of adverse cardiac remodeling.

Clinical significance

Baseline pre-treatment plasma levels of CXCL10 are elevated in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) of genotypes 1 or 4 who do not achieve a sustained viral response (SVR) after completion of antiviral therapy. CXCL10 in plasma is mirrored by intrahepatic CXCL10 mRNA, and both strikingly predict the first days of elimination of HCV RNA ("first phase decline") during interferon/ribavirin therapy for all HCV genotypes. This also applies for patients co-infected with HIV, where pre-treatment IP-10 levels below 150 pg/mL are predictive of a favorable response, and may thus be useful in encouraging these otherwise difficult-to-treat patients to initiate therapy. The pathogen Leishmania major utilizes a protease, GP63, that cleaves CXCL10, implicating CXCL10 in host defense mechanisms of certain intracellular pathogens like Leishmania. Through binding to the CXCR3 receptor on CD8⁺ T lymphocytes, CXCL10 has been seen to drive their chemotaxis and infiltration through the blood-brain barrier where they have been implicated in neuroinflammation and the development of Alzheimer's disease–related neurodegenerative features.

Further reading

• Farber JM (March 1997). "Mig and IP-10: CXC chemokines that target lymphocytes". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 61 (3): 246–57. doi:10.1002/jlb.61.3.246. PMID 9060447. S2CID 14935171.
• Neville LF, Mathiak G, Bagasra O (September 1997). "The immunobiology of interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 kD (IP-10): a novel, pleiotropic member of the C-X-C chemokine superfamily". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 8 (3): 207–19. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(97)00015-4. PMID 9462486.

External links

• Human C7 genome location and C7 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
• Human CXCL10 genome location and CXCL10 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P02778 (C-X-C motif chemokine 10) at the PDBe-KB.