The border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia is the longest land border for each of these countries, and is a significant matter in their overall relations. The countries share a 932-kilometer (579 mi) border.
History
editBosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia agreed on a border demarcation treaty in 1999. The treaty was signed by the two former presidents, Alija Izetbegović and Franjo Tuđman, but it was never ratified by the respective parliaments, therefore it never entered into force. Croatia continues to administer areas that the deal assigns to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The agreement foresees a definition of the two countries' territory, in the area of the Pelješac peninsula which is slightly different from what is shown on maps, since Croatia agreed to recognise the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina over two small rock islands (Mali Školj and Veliki Školj) and the tip of the peninsula of Klek near Neum.[1]
After Croatia became a member of the European Union in the 2013 enlargement, the border forms the external boundary of the European Union. This then became the third longest external land border in the EU.
Una river
editSections of the Una River and villages at the base of Mount Plješevica are in Croatia, while some are in Bosnia, which means that there would have to be nine border crossings on a single route. Lack of action on this problem impedes any serious development in the region. The Zagreb–Bihać–Split railway line is still closed for major traffic due to this issue.[2]
The border on the Una River between Hrvatska Kostajnica on the northern, Croatian side of the river, and Kostajnica on the southern, Bosnian side, is also being discussed. A river island between the two towns is under Croatian control, but is claimed by Bosnia and Herzegovina. A shared border crossing point has been built and has been functioning since 2003, and is used without hindrance by either party.
Neum
edit
The Herzegovinian municipality of Neum in the south makes the southernmost part of Croatia (Dubrovnik–Neretva County) an exclave. In 1999, a border agreement between former Croatian President Franjo Tuđman and President of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović moved the Croatia – Bosnia and Herzegovina border near Neum from the very coast (during SFR Yugoslavia era and confirmed by the Badinter Arbitration Committee) further into the sea waters of the Mali Ston Bay, placing two Croatian islands (Mali and Veliki Škoj, incidentally translated into English as Little and Big Island) under Bosnia-Herzegovina sovereignty. Six years later, the Croatian government called for the ratification of this agreement; however, as of 2007, it was not ratified.[3][4] The two countries negotiated Neum Agreement and Ploče Agreement defining special arrangements for Croatian transit traffic through Neum and Bosnia and Herzegovina access to the port of Ploče to compensate for non-contiguity of Croatian territory between Ploče and Dubrovnik and lack of a seaport in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[5][6]
Pelješac Bridge and access to the high seas
edit
Croatia has opted to build a bridge to the Pelješac peninsula to connect the Croatian mainland with the exclave as part of the A1 motorway Zagreb–Dubrovnik. On 7 June 2017, the European Commission approved the Croatian Major Project "Road to South Dalmatia" which aims at connecting the southern Dalmatian peninsula of Peljesac with the mainland and thus connect Dubrovnik-Neretva County with the rest of the country. This territory is now separated from the rest of Croatia by around 9 km large corridor of territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The project has a total cost of € 526 million with a total eligible cost of € 420 million and an ERDF co-financing of € 357 million.[citation needed]
Croatia claims that the bridge is located exclusively within Croatian territory and Croatian territorial waters and that it is thus entitled under the international law of the sea to construct the bridge without requiring any consent from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatia also expressed commitment to fully respect the international rights enjoyed by other countries in the Pelješac peninsula, including the right of innocent passage enjoyed by all countries under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the right of Bosnia and Herzegovina to have unrestricted access to the high seas.[citation needed] Croatia recalled that the foreseen height of the bridge (55 m, 180 ft) will allow the totality of the current Bosnian shipping to use the existing navigational route to transit under the bridge, and that in case any ship taller than 55 meters (180 ft) would need to call on a port in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it could dock instead at the Croatian Ploče port, in line with the 1995 Free Transit agreement.[citation needed]
The construction of the bridge has also been opposed by various political actors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, mostly Bosniak, as they deem it would complicate the country's access to international waters.[7] Bosnian authorities initially opposed the building of the bridge, originally planned to be only 35 meters (115 feet) high, because it would have made it impossible for large ships to enter the harbor of Neum.[8] Although Neum harbor is not currently fit for commercial traffic, and most of the trade to and from Bosnia and Herzegovina goes through the Croatian port of Ploče, the Bosnian government declared that a new one might be built in the future, and that the construction of the bridge would compromise this ambition.[9][10]
On 17 October 2007, the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted an official position stating that "Bosnia and Herzegovina opposes the construction of the [Pelješac] bridge until the issues related to the determination of the sea borderline between the two countries are resolved" and asking Croatia not to undertake any unilateral actions concerning the construction of the bridge. Bosnian MP Halid Genjac has stated that such official position has never been reverted and is thus still in force, while no official Bosnian body has given its express consent to the construction of the bridge. He argued that "the claims that Croatia is building a bridge on its territory are incorrect because the sea waters beneath the Peljesac bridge are not and cannot be Croatian or internal waters, but international waters stretching from the territorial waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the open sea," Genjac argued.[1][11] The bridge and its access roads opened for traffic on 26 July 2022.
Road border crossings
editThis is a list of road border crossings that exist as of 2026[update]:[12]
| Bosnian name | Bosnian road | Croatian name | Croatian road | Status[12] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brčko | M-14.1 | Gunja |  |
international |
| Orašje | M-1.8 | Županja | | |
international |
| Bosanski Šamac | M-17 | Slavonski Šamac |  |
international |
| Donji Svilaj |  |
Svilaj |  |
international |
| Bosanski Brod | M-15.1 | Slavonski Brod |  |
international |
| Bosanska Gradiška | M-16 | Stara Gradiška |  |
international |
| Bosanska Gradiška |  |
Gornji Varoš | |
international |
| Gradina Donja | M-14 | Jasenovac |  |
international |
| Kozarska Dubica | adjacent to M-14 | Hrvatska Dubica | adjacent to |
local |
| Bosanska Kostajnica | adjacent to M-14 | Hrvatska Kostajnica | adjacent to |
international |
| Novi Grad | M-4 | Dvor |  |
international |
| Velika Kladuša | R-400a | Maljevac |  |
international |
| Zagrad | R-401 | Pašin Potok | local road | local |
| Hadžin Potok | local road | Bogovolja | local road | local |
| Tržačka Raštela | R-403 | Kordunski Ljeskovac | local road | international |
| Izačić | M-5 | Ličko Petrovo Selo |  |
international |
| Ripač | M-11 | Užljebić |  |
international |
| Lička Kaldrma | local road | Kaldrma | local road | local |
| Strmica | M-14.2 | Strmica |  |
international |
| Uništa | local road | Kijevo | local road | local (no checks) |
| Vaganj | R-416a | Bili Brig |  |
local |
| Kamensko | M-16 | Kamensko |  |
international |
| Gornja Prisika | M-16.3 | Aržano |  |
international |
| Vinica | local road | Aržano Pazar | local road | local |
| Subašići | local road | Dvorine | local road | local |
| Vir | local road | Cera | local road | local |
| Čitluk | local road | Jovića most | local road | local |
| Osoje | M-15 | Gornji Vinjani |  |
international |
| Gorica | M-6 | Donji Vinjani |  |
international |
| Drinovci | local road | Runović | local road | local |
| Drinovačko Brdo | local road | Slivno | local road | local |
| Orahovlje | R-422 | Orah | local road | international |
| Prolog | M-16.3 | Podprolog | local road | local |
| Crveni Grm | R-424 | Mali Prolog |  |
international |
| Bijača | |
Nova Sela | |
international |
| Zvirići | R-423 | Prud | Road 6218 | international |
| Gabela | R-425a | Gabela Polje 1 | local road | local |
| Gabela | local road | Gabela Polje 2 | local road | local |
| Doljani | M-17 | Metković |  |
international |
| Radež | local road | Vukov Klanac | local road | local |
| Neum 1 | M-2 | Klek |  |
international |
| Neum 2 | M-2 | Zaton Doli | (old) |
international |
| Duži | M-17.3 | Imotica | local road | local |
| Trebimlja | local road | Čepikuće |  |
local |
| Orahov Do | R-428 | Slano | Road 6232 | local |
| Ivanica | M-20 | Gornji Brgat |  |
international |
Railway border crossings
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References
edit- 1 2 "Croatia Rejects Bosnian 'Threats' Over Peljesac Bridge". 2017-08-07. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ↑ Milan Cimeša (2010-08-06). "Vlakom prema jugu". Novosti (in Serbian). Retrieved 2013-10-20.
- ↑ "Predsjednik Vlade RH: Sporazum o granici s BiH nije do kraja pravičan". Croatian Government (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
- ↑ Soldić, Zdravka; Selimović; Šenol (2007-03-07). "BiH traži na moru granicu s Italijom". Široki.com (in Croatian). Retrieved 2009-04-12.
- ↑ "Neum Agreement, May 1996" (PDF). Technical annex on a proposed loan to the Republic of Croatia for an emergency transport and mine clearing project. World Bank. 15 October 1996. pp. 45–47. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ↑ "Zbirka međunarodnih ugovora" [Collection of international agreements] (in Croatian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia). Archived from the original on 31 March 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ↑ "Sarajevski ultimatum: Bosna do Italije". Globus (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ↑ "BiH protiv nižeg Pelješkog mosta" (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ↑ "Akcija bh. parlamentaraca: Hrvatska ne smije graditi Pelješki most". 2 August 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ↑ "Bh. parlamentarci spremaju pismo EU: Lažirana saglasnost BiH za gradnju Pelješkog mosta". Novinska agencija Patria. 2017-08-03. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ↑ "Bosnia Determined to Stop Pelješac Bridge Construction". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- 1 2 https://www.granpol.gov.ba/en/portal/post/border-crossing-map-1771228216937