Wikipedia

Big Four (banking)

The Big Four (or Big 4) is the colloquial name given to the four main banks in several countries where the banking industry is dominated by just four institutions and where the phrase has thus gained relevance.[1] Some countries include more or fewer institutions in such rankings, leading to other names such as Big Three, Big Five, or Big Six.

International use

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Internationally, the term "Big Four Banks" has traditionally referred to the following central banks:[2]

Official name Short-form name Year of inception
Bank of England BOE 1694
Federal Reserve (United States) The Fed 1913
Bank of Japan BOJ 1882
European Central Bank ECB 1998

Australia

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In Australia, the "big four banks" refers to the four largest banks that have historically dominated Australia's banking industry in terms of market share, revenue, and total assets.[3][4] The "big four banks" of Australia are:[5]

Official name Short-form name Year of inception
ANZ Bank ANZ 1835
Commonwealth Bank CommBank or CBA 1911
National Australia Bank NAB 1858
Westpac WBC 1817

Austria

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Belgium

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The big four banks of Belgium[7] are a result of national and international mergers in the early 90s.

Brazil

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According to S&P Global in 2024, the "Big Five" banks in Brazil[8] (which are also the 5 largest banks in Latin America):

Rank Bank Ownership Total assets (USD B) Year of incorporation
1 Itaú Unibanco Private bank 555.72 2008 (merger of Itaú and Unibanco; Itaú founded in 1945)
2 Banco do Brasil Public bank 447.72 1808
3 Banco Bradesco Private bank 394.76 1943
4 Caixa Econômica Federal Public bank 377.29 1861
5 Santander Brasil Private bank 237.66 1982

Cambodia

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According to the National Bank of Cambodia, the top three largest banks in Cambodia dominates 39.1% (The largest bank in term of total asset is Canadia Bank at 14.2%, followed by ACLEDA Bank at 12.7%, in third place Advanced Bank of Asia (ABA) at 12.2%) of the overall banking assets as of 2020. These banks are:[9]

Canada

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There are six banks dominating the Canadian banking sector. Five of these six banks make up what is known as the "Big Five".

Official name Short-form name Year of inception
Royal Bank of Canada RBC 1864
Toronto-Dominion Bank TD 1955
Scotiabank BNS 1832
Bank of Montreal BMO 1817
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce CIBC 1961
National Bank of Canada NBC 1928

China

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In the People's Republic of China, the "Big Four" banks (四大银行) are:[10]

Official name Short-form name Chinese name Year of inception
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China ICBC 中国工商银行 1984
Bank of China BOC 中国银行 1912
China Construction Bank CCB 中国建设银行 1954
Agricultural Bank of China ABC / AgBank 中国农业银行 1951

Colombia

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According to reports from 2025, only 4 banks surpass the 100 trillion Colombian peso gap, They account about 65% of all assets.

NameOwnershipBranchesTotal assets in COP billions
(USD billions)
BancolombiaPrivate bank650264 790(73,38)[11]
DaviviendaPrivate bank663224 497(62,03)[12]
Banco de BogotáPrivate bank422156 164(43,15)[13]
BBVA ColombiaPrivate bank379110 164(30,50)[14]

Czech Republic

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Egypt

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As of 2025 data, big five dominat banks are:

NameOwnershipBranches Total assets
(USD billions)
National Bank of EgyptPublic bank679(156 89)[16]
Banque MisrPublic bank820(78)[17]
Commercial International Bank Private bank 214 (23,4) [18]
Arab African Internatıonal BankJoint-stock company99(18,2)[19]
QNB EgyptPrivate bank239(17,9)[20]

Estonia

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Finland

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France

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According to S&P Global in 2024,[21] the 'Big Six' major banking groups in France are:

Bank Assets (EUR billion) Year of incorporation
BNP Paribas 2,594.14 2000
Crédit Agricole 2,476.43 1894
Société Générale 1,553.81 1864
BPCE Group 1,544.14 2009
Crédit Mutuel 1,142.19 1882
La Banque postale 738.15 2006

Germany

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Greece

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Hong Kong

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Bank Chinese name Year of incorporation
HSBC (Hong Kong)香港上海滙豐銀行1865
Bank of China (Hong Kong)中國銀行(香港)2001
Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong)渣打銀行(香港)1859
Hang Seng Bank恒生銀行1933

HSBC Hong Kong, Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong), and Bank of China (Hong Kong) are the three note-issuing banks; Hang Seng and HSBC Hong Kong are both under the common ownership of London-based HSBC Holdings plc. According to Global Retail Banking Cross-sell conducted by RFi group in 2015, HSBC, Bank of China (Hong Kong), and Hang Seng Bank were the top 3 most popular banks in Hong Kong.[22]

India

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In India the largest banks, based on total market capitalization, are:[23]

Big Four private banks in India
Big Four public sector banks in India

Indonesia

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In Indonesia, the four largest banks by total assets, revenue, and market capitalization consist of 3 government-owned banks and 1 private bank. As of 2025, the four largest banks by market capitalization are:[24]

Official name Short-form name Year of inception
Bank Central Asia BCA 1957
Bank Rakyat Indonesia BRI 1895
Bank Mandiri BMRI 1998
Bank Negara Indonesia BNI 1946

BRI, Bank Mandiri, and BNI are all controlled by the central government as state-owned enterprises as a part of Danantara Indonesia.

Ireland

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In Ireland, the term "big four" applies to the four largest banks by market capitalisation.[25][26]

Israel

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In Israel, the term "big five"[28] is used instead of "big four".

Bank Hebrew name Year of incorporation
Bank Leumiבנק לאומי1902[29]
Bank Hapoalimבנק הפועלים1921[30]
Israel Discount Bankבנק דיסקונט לישראל1935
Bank Mizrahi-Tefahotבנק מזרחי טפחות1923[31]
First International Bank of Israelהבנק הבינלאומי1970

Italy

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According to S&P Global in 2024,[32] the 'Big Five' major banking groups in Italy are:

Bank Assets (EUR billion) Year of incorporation
Intesa Sanpaolo 965.13 2007[33]
UniCredit 789.24 1998
Banco BPM 202.13 2017[34]
BPER Banca 142.13 1867
Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena 122.61 1472

Japan

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In Japan, the term "big three"[35][36] is used instead of "big four". The related term city bank is also sometimes used for these banks. The "big three" are:

Financial group Bank Japanese name Year of incorporation
Mitsubishi UFJ Financial GroupMUFG Bank三菱UFJ銀行2005
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial GroupSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC)三井住友銀行2002
Mizuho Financial GroupMizuho Bankみずほ銀行2000

These banks are all listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange (where they are constituents of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX Core30 indices) and the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American depositary receipts; MUFG and SMBC Group are both additionally listed in the Nagoya Stock Exchange and serve as the financial arms of their respective namesake keiretsu (Mitsubishi for MUFG, Sumitomo and Mitsui for SMBC).

Kenya

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Latvia

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According to a consumer survey conducted in 2019,[37] the "big four" retail banks in Latvia are:

Lebanon

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In Lebanon, where the banks have retained their banking secrecy laws since 1956, which is prevalent in the whole MENA region, and while adopting international measures to fight money laundering, the "big four" banks consist of:[38]

  • Bank Audi (founded in 1830 and ranked on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest public companies in the world in 2016)
  • Byblos Bank (founded in 1950 as "Société Commerciale et Agricole Byblos Bassil Frères & Co.")
  • BLOM Bank: Banque du Liban et d'Outre-Mer S.A.L (founded in 1951)
  • Fransabank (founded in 1921 as Société Centrale de Banque)

Furthermore, as of September 2016, there are more than 51 banks in Lebanon, one of the smallest countries in the Middle East, a fact that has always made investors from the Arab countries, especially the GCC petrodollar in addition to the European and world investors, to place their funds in the Lebanese banks.

Luxembourg

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The "big four" full-service banks in Luxembourg are:[39]

There are bigger banks in Luxembourg, but these only deliver a limited number of services such as investment banking, private banking, or corporate banking only. Luxembourg is a financial center.

Macau

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In Macau, the four major banks are:[40]

Malaysia

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According to Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM), the 5 largest Malaysian banks by assets size are:[41]

Bank name Year of inception
Maybank 1960
CIMB 2006
Public Bank 1966
RHB Bank 1997
Hong Leong Bank 1965

Mexico

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According to S&P Global in 2024, the "Big Four" banks in Mexico[42] (which are within the 10 largest banks in Latin America):

Bank Total assets (USD B) Ownership Year of incorporation
BBVA México 197.29 Private (Foreign-owned) 1932
Banorte 134.56 Private bank 1899
Santander México 108.40 Private (Foreign-owned) 1932 (as Banco Mexicano) / 1997 (became part of Santander)
Banamex 93.92 Private bank 1884

Myanmar

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According to Asia Times, the four largest banks in Myanmar are:[43]

Netherlands

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The "big four" banks in the Netherlands by market concentration are:[44]

Official name Year of inception
ING Group 1991
Rabobank 1898
ABN AMRO 1991
de Volksbank 1817

The market leader for the Netherlands, ING Group, is one of the world's largest multinational banking and financial service corporations, with products and services reaching over 41 countries worldwide.[45]

New Zealand

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New Zealand is Australia's closest neighbour, with very close cultural and economic ties. The big four Australian banks (often referred to collectively as the "big banks"[46][47][48] or the "big Aussie banks") also dominate the banking sector in New Zealand, through subsidiaries:

Together they hold over 90% of gross loans and advances in New Zealand[49] as well as close to 90% of all mortgages.[50]

These four NZ subsidiaries are massively profitable and sometimes even outperform the Australian parent companies.[51] The extent to which they dominate the banking sector can be seen in profits: In the 2012/2013 financial year, the largest of the Big Banks, ANZ New Zealand, made a profit of NZ$1.37 billion. The smallest, BNZ, made a profit of NZ$695 million.[46] State-owned Kiwibank, community trust-owned TSB Bank, SBS Bank (formerly Southland Building Society) and Heartland Bank, the next four largest banks by profit, made NZ$97 million,[52] NZ$73.5 million,[53] NZ$14 million[54] and NZ$7 million (albeit with an underlying result of about NZ$30 million) respectively.[55] Thus, the profit of New Zealand's next four largest banks (after the Big Four) is equal to less than 30% of the smallest of the Big Four, BNZ.

Nigeria

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The term "Big Five" is used instead of four, with five banks dominating the Nigerian banking world. As of 2025 data:

NameOwnershipBranches Total assets
(USD billions)
Access Bank GroupPrivate bank940(30,42)[56]
United Bank for AfricaPrivate bank738(22,57)[57]
Zenith BankPrivate bank500(22,31)[58]
First Bank of NigeriaPrivate bank820(20,26)[59]
GTCO Group Private bank 350 (13,23) [60]

North Macedonia

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According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, the three largest banks in North Macedonia dominate 60% of the banking market share.[61]

Pakistan

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In Pakistan, six banks have a market cap of more than $1 billion, three of which are designated by the State Bank of Pakistan as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs)[62]

Bank Market Cap (as of

October 2025 in PKR bn)[63]

 Year of

Incorporation

 D-SIB?
United Bank Limited 1011 1959 Yes
Meezan Bank 827 1997 No
Bank Alfalah 170 1997 No
National Bank of Pakistan 461 1949 Yes
Habib Bank 441 1941 Yes
MCB Bank 433 1947 No

Panama

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Peru

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In Peru the "big four" are:[64]

Philippines

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The term "Big Four" is not explicitly used in the Philippines. The following are the four largest banks in the country in terms of total assets as of December 2024:[65]

Poland

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Based on market capitalization, assets, and systemic importance, the "Big Four" banks in Poland as of 2025–2026 are generally recognized as.

  • PKO Bank Polski (PKO BP): The largest bank in Poland, which is partially state-owned and holds a dominant market share (approx. 15.70% as of late 2024).
  • Bank Pekao (Polska Kasa Opieki): Often ranked second behind PKO BP, it is a significant player with a high level of state ownership through PZU and PFR.
  • Santander Bank Polska: One of the most profitable foreign-owned networks, which has maintained a strong position in the Polish market.
  • mBank: A major player known for digital banking, majority-owned by Commerzbank.

Romania

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The Romanian banking system has almost 40 banks, most detained by local financial vehicles and some subsidiaries of foreign banks. The big four are as follows.

Other major banks are Raiffeisen Bank, Unicredit Bank, and the ING Bank of Holland subsidiary.

Russia

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The largest banks by operations and assets in Russia:

Bank Russian name Year of incorporation
SberbankСбербанк1841
VTB BankБанк ВТБ1990
Alfa-BankАльфа-Банк
Russian Agricultural Bank (Rosselkhozbank)Россельхозбанк2000
GazprombankГазпромбанк1990
Otkritie FC BankБанк «ФК Открытие»1992

Saudi Arabia

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In Saudi Arabia, the "Big Five" are:[66]

Official name Arabic name Year of inception
Saudi National Bank البنك الوطني السعودي 1953
Al Rajhi Bank مصرف الراجحي 1957
Riyad Bank بنك الرياض
Saudi Awwal Bank البنك السعودي الأول 1978
Banque Saudi Fransi بنك سعودي فرنسي 1977

Singapore

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According to S&P Global in 2024, the "Big Three" banks in Singapore are:[67]

Bank Assets (USD billion) Subsidiary bank Year of incorporation
DBS Bank 461.0 POSB Bank 1968 (DBS), 1877 (POSB)
OCBC Bank 435.1 Bank of Singapore 1932
United Overseas Bank 396.4 1935

South Africa

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In South Africa, the "big four", These are banks with assets exceeding 100 billion, and they have operations in other African countries. As of 2025 data:

NameOwnershipBranches Total assets
(USD billions)
Standard BankPrivate bank720(220,6)[68]
FirstRandPrivate bank767(164,1)[69]
Absa BankPrivate bank1035(137,2)[70]
NedbankPrivate bank546(100,1)[71]

South Korea

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In South Korea, the "Big Eight" are:[72]

Financial group Bank Korean name Year of inception
KB Financial GroupKookmin Bank (KB)국민은행1963
Shinhan Financial GroupShinhan Bank신한은행1982
Hana Financial GroupHana Bank하나은행1967
Woori Financial GroupWoori Bank우리은행2002
Industrial Bank of Korea(IBK)기업은행1961
Nonghyup Bank(NH Bank)NH농협은행2012
BNK Financial GroupBusan Bank부산은행1967
IM Financial GroupDaegu Bank대구은행2012

Spain

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As of September 2021, the "big four" in Spain are:[73]

Official name Short-form name Year of inception
Banco Santander Santander 1857
Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria BBVA
Caixabank Caixabank 2011
Banco Sabadell Sabadell 1881

Sri Lanka

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Sweden

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Switzerland

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In Switzerland, the Big Four are as follows:

Official name Year of inception
UBS 1998
Raiffeisen Bank 1899
Zurich Cantonal Bank (ZKB) 1870
PostFinance 1906

Taiwan

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In Taiwan, the seven "systemic banks" are:[77][78]

Bank Chinese name Year of incorporation
CTBC Bank中國信託商業銀行1966
Bank of Taiwan臺灣銀行1946
Mega International Commercial Bank兆豐國際商業銀行1992
Taipei Fubon Bank台北富邦銀行1963
Taiwan Cooperative Bank臺灣合作金庫銀行1923
First Commercial Bank第一商業銀行1899
Cathay United Bank國泰世華商業銀行1975

Thailand

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The "Big Six" banks in Thailand are as follows:

Bank Acronym Thai name Year of incorporation
Siam Commercial BankSCBธนาคารไทยพาณิชย์1906
KasikornbankKBankธนาคารกสิกรไทย1945
Krungthai BankKTBธนาคารกรุงไทย1966
Bangkok BankBBLธนาคารกรุงเทพ1944
TMBThanachart BankTTBธนาคารทหารไทยธนชาต1957[79]
Bank of Ayudhya (Krungsri)BAYธนาคารกรุงศรีอยุธยา1945

Before the Siamese Revolution, the banking system was controlled by foreign powers, particularly the "big four" European banks.[80]: 160–169 

Turkey

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In 2021, the top three largest state-owned banks held over 37.1% of the market share, while Turkey's top four largest foreign-owned banks dominate 22.9% of the overall market share.[81]

State-owned banks

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Privately-owned banks

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United Arab Emirates

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Based on the total assets of listed banks at the end of 2017,[82][83] big five banks in United Arab Emirates are:

United Kingdom

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England and Wales and UK as a whole

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In relation to England and Wales and the United Kingdom as a whole, the phrase "big four" is used to refer to the four largest High Street retail banking groups:[84][85]

Official name Year of inception
HSBC UK 1865
Barclays UK 1690
Lloyds Bank 1765
NatWest Group 1968

Scotland

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In relation to Scotland, the phrase "big four" is used to refer to the four largest banking groups:

Northern Ireland

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In relation to Northern Ireland, the phrase "big four" is used to refer to the four largest banking groups:

Historical use

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Until 1970, the phrase "big five" (as opposed to "little six")[87] was used to refer to the five largest UK clearing banks (institutions which clear bankers' cheques), which in England and Wales were:

After the merger of Westminster Bank, National Provincial Bank and District Bank to form National Westminster Bank (now part of NatWest Group) in 1970,[88] the term "big four" came into use instead.[89]

United States

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In the United States, the "big four" banks hold about 45% of all U.S. customer deposits (as of 2018), and each have assets of roughly $1.7 trillion U.S. dollars. As of 2023, they have combined assets of more than $9.2 trillion.[90] The banks are, in order of size:[91][92]

NameHeadquartered inChartered in
JPMorgan ChaseNew York CityColumbus, Ohio
Bank of AmericaCharlotte, North Carolina
CitigroupNew York CitySioux Falls, South Dakota
Wells FargoSan Francisco

Regardless of the jurisdiction of charter, all these banks are legally subsidiaries of Delaware-chartered bank holding companies.

From a retail banking perspective, U.S. Bank and PNC Bank both have significantly more branches than Citibank, the retail banking arm of Citigroup.[93] However, Citigroup still has significantly more assets than U.S. Bancorp and PNC Financial Services.[94]

Vietnam

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In Vietnam, the four major banking groups are:[95]

As of the start of 2024, the big four held VNĐ13.5 quadrillion worth of public deposits (bank liabilities), equivalent to 50% of all bank deposits nationwide. Meanwhile, during the annual year 2023, these banks represented 42% of the outstanding loans (bank credit) that were issued over this period nationwide, a total of VNĐ685 trillion.[96]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "Big banks". BusinessDictionary.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 May 2011.
  2. ↑ Adler, Lee (25 June 2013). "The Big Four Central Banks Muddy The Same Sea of Liquidity". WolfStreet.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  3. ↑ "Big four banks lower fixed rates". ABC News. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  4. ↑ "Who really owns Australia's Big Four banks?". Finty Australia. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  5. ↑ "'Big four' banks made huge profits as Australians took out bigger mortgages for pricier housing". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  6. ↑ "Österreich – Größte Banken nach Bilanzsumme 2016". Statista. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  7. ↑ "Grootbanken gaan bankautomaten samenvoegen: kosten besparen en betere spreiding". VRTNWS. 8 January 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  8. ↑ "Latin America's 30 largest banks by assets, 2024". S&P Global. 30 April 2024.
  9. ↑ "National Bank of Cambodia Supervision Annual Report 2020" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022. The largest bank in term of total asset is Canadia Bank at 14.2%, followed by ACLEDA Bank at 12.7%, in third place Advanced Bank of Asia (ABA) at 12.2%. Source: National Bank of Cambodia
  10. ↑ 黎晨 [Li Chen] (2015). "Holding 'China Inc.' together: The restructuring of the centrally controlled financial system". China's Centralized Industrial Order. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. pp. 126–147. ISBN 978-1-317-91055-8. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  11. ↑ "Informe de gestión 2025 Bancolombia S.A." (PDF) (in Spanish).
  12. ↑ "Davivienda Informe de gestión 2025" (PDF) (in Spanish).
  13. ↑ "Informe de Gestión Banco de Bogotá 2025" (in Spanish).
  14. ↑ "Estados Financieros Consolidados 2025 - BBVA Colombia" (PDF) (in Spanish).
  15. ↑ "Největší banky v Česku. Nové žebříčky podle klientů a peněz". Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  16. ↑ National Bank of Egypt
  17. ↑ "Financial Statements Banque Misr".
  18. ↑ Investors Relations, Financial Highlights
  19. ↑ Anual Report AAIB 2024
  20. ↑ Consolidated Financial Statements Together With Auditors’ Report For The Year Ended December 31, 2025
  21. ↑ "Europe's 50 largest banks by assets, 2024". S&P Global. 30 April 2024.
  22. ↑ "m18講場：你揀銀行同大部分港人有冇唔同？". on.cc東網 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  23. ↑ Forbes India (16 October 2023). "Top 10 banks in India by market cap in 2023". Forbes. Forbes India.
  24. ↑ Anggela, Ni Luh (11 September 2025). "Top 10 Bank dengan Kapitalisasi Pasar (Market Cap) Jumbo: BBCA Juara, BNLI & BRIS Melesat". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  25. ↑ "Anglo Irish Bank Corporation (Executive Summary)". SME Financial. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012. ...The only banks with higher market capitalisation were Allied Irish Banks (AIB) and Bank of Ireland, with strong retail and commercial presences. Ulster Bank and National Irish Bank are the other members of the 'Big Four' retail and commercial banks, both owned by overseas parents and not listed on the Irish Stock Exchange
  26. ↑ Hardiman, Cyril (12 February 2005). "'Big Four' Northern banks face probe on pricing and competition claims". Irish Independent. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  27. ↑ Ryan, Susan. AIB's First Trust refunds £350,000 to customers over fee error Archived 1 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Business ETC, 30 November 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  28. ↑ "TA-Banks5 Index About", tase.co.il, Israel: The Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, 9 February 2017, retrieved 15 November 2024
  29. ↑ "Bank Leumi History". Wikipedia. Retrieved 15 October 2025.
  30. ↑ "Bank Hapoalim History". Wikipedia. Retrieved 15 October 2025.
  31. ↑ Formed by the merger of Bank Mizrahi (established 1923) and Tefahot Bank (established 1980)
  32. ↑ "Europe's 50 largest banks by assets, 2024". S&P Global. 30 April 2024.
  33. ↑ Formed by the merger of Banca Intesa (1998) and Sanpaolo IMI (1998)
  34. ↑ Formed by the merger of Banco Popolare and Banca Popolare di Milano
  35. ↑ "Japan's Biggest Banks See Profit Declining in Second Half". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  36. ↑ Nakano, M., Financial Crisis and Bank Management in Japan (1997 to 2016) (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), p. 128.
  37. ↑ "Kuras bankas ir Latvijas iedzīvotāju Topā? SKDS paziņo jaunākos datus".
  38. ↑ "Top Lebanese Banks by Assets". Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  39. ↑ "Luxembourg Banking Insights 2015" (PDF). pwc. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  40. ↑ "如何開澳門銀行戶口？澳門銀行開設戶口教學". Wise (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 26 June 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  41. ↑ Khoo, Daniel (6 February 2020). "Malaysia's top 3 banks need to maintain higher than average capital needs". The Star. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  42. ↑ "Latin America's 30 largest banks by assets, 2024". S&P Global. 30 April 2024.
  43. ↑ Oo, Dominic; W. Crispin, Shawn (2 June 2021). "Myanmar banks on edge of a coup-caused collapse". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  44. ↑ "Nederlandse Bankensector "(dutch)"". Banken.nl. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  45. ↑ "Products and Services". ING Group. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  46. 1 2 Parker, Tamsyn. NZ's big banks record $3.5b profit Archived 21 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New Zealand Herald, 5 November 2013. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  47. ↑ Gray, Jamie. NZ's big banks under pressure Archived 21 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New Zealand Herald, 5 August 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  48. ↑ "Big Four banks' New Zealand profit up". Stuff. 9 November 2012. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  49. ↑ "Insights – KPMG – NZ". KPMG. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  50. ↑ "Kiwibank has the largest mortgage market share percentage growth in 2011; ANZ NZ adds the most volume". interest.co.nz. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  51. ↑ Westpac NZ outperforms Australian parent Archived 21 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New Zealand Herald, 16 August 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  52. ↑ Weir, James. Kiwibank lifts profit as customer base expands Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ↑ TSB profit rises despite mortgage market competition Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Radio New Zealand, 31 May 2013. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  54. ↑ "SBS Bank lifts annual net profit nearly 22%". Radio New Zealand. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  55. ↑ "Heartland sees core growth". Radio New Zealand. 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  56. ↑ Access Bank | Anual Report 2024
  57. ↑ United Bank for Africa Annual Report 2024
  58. ↑ Zenith Bank Plc Moody's
  59. ↑ First Bank of Nigeria Ltd Standard & Poor's
  60. ↑ Guaranty Trust Holding Company Plc. Audited Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements
  61. ↑ "Banking Market". PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021. The three largest banks – Komercijalna Banka, Stopanska Banka Skopje (National Bank of Greece is the main shareholder) and NLB Tutunska Banka (NLB Group is the main shareholder) dominate in the banking system, holding together more than 60% of the total market activities.
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  77. ↑ "大到不能倒！ 金管會公布5大系統性銀行名單" Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, China Times, 27 June 2019.
  78. ↑ Shih-ching, K., "Five banks given 'important' status" Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Taipei Times, 1 July 2019.
  79. ↑ Formed by the 2021 merger of TMB Bank (1957) and Thanachart Bank (2002)
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  86. ↑ Aguado, Jesús (1 July 2025). "Santander bolsters presence in UK with acquisition of TSB for $3.64 billion". Reuters. Retrieved 10 May 2026.
  87. ↑ Morgan, Glenn and Sturdy, Andrew Beyond Organizational Change: Structure, Discourse and Power in UK Financial Services Archived 14 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine (p.57) Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 2000
  88. ↑ Pohl, Manfred Handbook on the History of European Banks Archived 14 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine (p.1232) Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994
  89. ↑ Turner, John D. (2014). Banking in Crisis: The Rise and Fall of British Banking Stability, 1800 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–48. ISBN 978-1-107-03094-7.
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